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b/diagrams/poky-buildprocess/pokyarch4.png differ diff --git a/documentation/Makefile b/documentation/Makefile new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3bc9a21 --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/Makefile @@ -0,0 +1,395 @@ +# This is a single Makefile to handle all generated Yocto Project documents. +# The Makefile needs to live in the documents directory and all figures used +# in any manuals must be .PNG files and live in the individual book's figures +# directory as well as in the figures directory for the mega-manual. +# Note that the figures for the Yocto Project Development Manual +# differ depending on the BRANCH being built. +# +# The Makefile has these targets: +# +# pdf: generates a PDF version of a manual. Not valid for the Quick Start +# or the mega-manual (single, large HTML file comprised of all +# Yocto Project manuals). +# html: generates an HTML version of a manual. +# eclipse: generates an HTML version of a manual that can be used as +# eclipse help (including necessary metadata files). +# tarball: creates a tarball for the doc files. +# validate: validates +# publish: pushes generated files to the Yocto Project website +# clean: removes files +# +# The Makefile generates an HTML and PDF version of every document except the +# Yocto Project Quick Start and the single, HTML mega-manual, which is comprised +# of all the individual Yocto Project manuals. These two manuals are in HTML +# form only. The variable DOC indicates the folder name for a given manual. The +# variable VER represents the distro version of the Yocto Release for which the +# manuals are being generated. The variable BRANCH is used to indicate the +# branch (edison or denzil) and is used only when DOC=dev-manual or +# DOC=mega-manual. If you do not specify a BRANCH, the default branch used +# will be for the latest Yocto Project release. If you build for either +# edison or denzil, you must use BRANCH. You do not need to use BRANCH for +# any release beyond denzil. +# +# To build a manual, you must invoke Makefile with the DOC argument. If you +# are going to publish the manual, then you must invoke Makefile with both the +# DOC and the VER argument. Furthermore, if you are building or publishing +# the edison or denzil versions of the Yocto Poject Development Manual or +# the mega-manual, you must also use the BRANCH argument. +# +# Examples: +# +# make DOC=bsp-guide +# make DOC=yocto-project-qs +# make pdf DOC=ref-manual +# make DOC=dev-manual BRANCH=edison +# make DOC=mega-manual BRANCH=denzil +# +# The first example generates the HTML and PDF versions of the BSP Guide. +# The second example generates the HTML version only of the Quick Start. Note that +# the Quick Start only has an HTML version available. The third example generates +# both the PDF and HTML versions of the Yocto Project Reference Manual. The +# fourth example generates both the PDF and HTML 'edison' versions of the YP +# Development Manual. The last exmample generates the HTML version of the +# mega-manual and uses the 'denzil' branch when choosing figures for the +# tarball of figures. Any example that does not use the BRANCH argument +# builds the current version of the manual set. +# +# Use the publish target to push the generated manuals to the Yocto Project +# website. All files needed for the manual's HTML form are pushed as well as the +# PDF version (if applicable). +# Examples: +# +# make publish DOC=bsp-guide VER=1.3 +# make publish DOC=adt-manual VER=1.3 +# make publish DOC=dev-manual VER=1.1.1 BRANCH=edison +# make publish DOC=dev-manual VER=1.2 BRANCH=denzil +# +# The first example publishes the 1.3 version of both the PDF and HTML versions of +# the BSP Guide. The second example publishes the 1.3 version of both the PDF and +# HTML versions of the ADT Manual. The third example publishes the PDF and HTML +# 'edison' versions of the YP Development Manual. The fourth example publishes +# the PDF and HTML 'denzil' versions of the YP Development Manual. +# + +ifeq ($(DOC),bsp-guide) +XSLTOPTS = --xinclude +ALLPREQ = html pdf eclipse tarball +TARFILES = bsp-style.css bsp-guide.html bsp-guide.pdf figures/bsp-title.png \ + eclipse +MANUALS = $(DOC)/$(DOC).html $(DOC)/$(DOC).pdf $(DOC)/eclipse +FIGURES = figures +STYLESHEET = $(DOC)/*.css + +endif + +ifeq ($(DOC),dev-manual) +XSLTOPTS = --xinclude +ALLPREQ = html pdf eclipse tarball +# +# Note that the tarfile might produce the "Cannot stat: No such file or directory" error +# message for .PNG files that are not present when building a particular branch. The +# list of files is all-inclusive for all branches. Note, if you don't provide a BRANCH +# option, it defaults to the latest stuff. This would be appropriate for "master" branch. +# + + ifeq ($(BRANCH),edison) +TARFILES = dev-style.css dev-manual.html dev-manual.pdf \ + figures/app-dev-flow.png figures/bsp-dev-flow.png figures/dev-title.png \ + figures/git-workflow.png figures/index-downloads.png figures/kernel-dev-flow.png \ + figures/kernel-example-repos-edison.png \ + figures/kernel-overview-1.png figures/kernel-overview-2.png \ + figures/kernel-overview-3-edison.png \ + figures/source-repos.png figures/yp-download.png \ + figures/wip.png + else ifeq ($(BRANCH),denzil) +TARFILES = dev-style.css dev-manual.html dev-manual.pdf \ + figures/app-dev-flow.png figures/bsp-dev-flow.png figures/dev-title.png \ + figures/git-workflow.png figures/index-downloads.png figures/kernel-dev-flow.png \ + figures/kernel-example-repos-denzil.png \ + figures/kernel-overview-1.png figures/kernel-overview-2.png \ + figures/kernel-overview-3-denzil.png \ + figures/source-repos.png figures/yp-download.png \ + figures/wip.png + else +TARFILES = dev-style.css dev-manual.html dev-manual.pdf \ + figures/app-dev-flow.png figures/bsp-dev-flow.png figures/dev-title.png \ + figures/git-workflow.png figures/index-downloads.png figures/kernel-dev-flow.png \ + figures/kernel-overview-1.png figures/kernel-overview-2-generic.png \ + figures/source-repos.png figures/yp-download.png figures/recipe-workflow.png \ + eclipse + endif + +MANUALS = $(DOC)/$(DOC).html $(DOC)/$(DOC).pdf $(DOC)/eclipse +FIGURES = figures +STYLESHEET = $(DOC)/*.css + +endif + +ifeq ($(DOC),yocto-project-qs) +XSLTOPTS = --xinclude +ALLPREQ = html eclipse tarball +TARFILES = yocto-project-qs.html qs-style.css figures/yocto-environment.png \ + figures/building-an-image.png figures/using-a-pre-built-image.png \ + figures/yocto-project-transp.png \ + eclipse +MANUALS = $(DOC)/$(DOC).html $(DOC)/eclipse +FIGURES = figures +STYLESHEET = $(DOC)/*.css +endif + +ifeq ($(DOC),mega-manual) +XSLTOPTS = --stringparam html.stylesheet mega-style.css \ + --stringparam chapter.autolabel 1 \ + --stringparam section.autolabel 1 \ + --stringparam section.label.includes.component.label 1 \ + --xinclude +ALLPREQ = html tarball + + ifeq ($(BRANCH),edison) +TARFILES = mega-manual.html mega-style.css figures/yocto-environment.png figures/building-an-image.png \ + figures/using-a-pre-built-image.png \ + figures/poky-title.png \ + figures/adt-title.png figures/bsp-title.png \ + figures/kernel-title.png figures/kernel-architecture-overview.png \ + figures/app-dev-flow.png figures/bsp-dev-flow.png figures/dev-title.png \ + figures/git-workflow.png figures/index-downloads.png figures/kernel-dev-flow.png \ + figures/kernel-example-repos-edison.png \ + figures/kernel-overview-1.png figures/kernel-overview-2.png \ + figures/kernel-overview-3-edison.png \ + figures/source-repos.png figures/yp-download.png \ + figures/wip.png + else ifeq ($(BRANCH),denzil) +TARFILES = mega-manual.html mega-style.css figures/yocto-environment.png figures/building-an-image.png \ + figures/using-a-pre-built-image.png \ + figures/poky-title.png \ + figures/adt-title.png figures/bsp-title.png \ + figures/kernel-title.png figures/kernel-architecture-overview.png \ + figures/app-dev-flow.png figures/bsp-dev-flow.png figures/dev-title.png \ + figures/git-workflow.png figures/index-downloads.png figures/kernel-dev-flow.png \ + figures/kernel-example-repos-denzil.png \ + figures/kernel-overview-1.png figures/kernel-overview-2.png \ + figures/kernel-overview-3-denzil.png \ + figures/source-repos.png figures/yp-download.png \ + figures/wip.png + else +TARFILES = mega-manual.html mega-style.css figures/yocto-environment.png figures/building-an-image.png \ + figures/using-a-pre-built-image.png \ + figures/poky-title.png figures/buildhistory.png figures/buildhistory-web.png \ + figures/adt-title.png figures/bsp-title.png \ + figures/kernel-dev-title.png figures/kernel-architecture-overview.png \ + figures/app-dev-flow.png figures/bsp-dev-flow.png figures/dev-title.png \ + figures/git-workflow.png figures/index-downloads.png figures/kernel-dev-flow.png \ + figures/kernel-overview-1.png figures/kernel-overview-2-generic.png \ + figures/source-repos.png figures/yp-download.png \ + figures/profile-title.png figures/kernelshark-all.png \ + figures/kernelshark-choose-events.png figures/kernelshark-i915-display.png \ + figures/kernelshark-output-display.png figures/lttngmain0.png \ + figures/oprofileui-busybox.png figures/oprofileui-copy-to-user.png \ + figures/oprofileui-downloading.png figures/oprofileui-processes.png \ + figures/perf-probe-do_fork-profile.png figures/perf-report-cycles-u.png \ + figures/perf-systemwide.png figures/perf-systemwide-libc.png \ + figures/perf-wget-busybox-annotate-menu.png figures/perf-wget-busybox-annotate-udhcpc.png \ + figures/perf-wget-busybox-debuginfo.png figures/perf-wget-busybox-dso-zoom.png \ + figures/perf-wget-busybox-dso-zoom-menu.png figures/perf-wget-busybox-expanded-stripped.png \ + figures/perf-wget-flat-stripped.png figures/perf-wget-g-copy-from-user-expanded-stripped.png \ + figures/perf-wget-g-copy-to-user-expanded-debuginfo.png figures/perf-wget-g-copy-to-user-expanded-stripped.png \ + figures/perf-wget-g-copy-to-user-expanded-stripped-unresolved-hidden.png figures/pybootchartgui-linux-yocto.png \ + figures/pychart-linux-yocto-rpm.png figures/pychart-linux-yocto-rpm-nostrip.png \ + figures/sched-wakeup-profile.png figures/sysprof-callers.png \ + figures/sysprof-copy-from-user.png figures/sysprof-copy-to-user.png figures/cross-development-toolchains.png \ + figures/yocto-environment-ref.png figures/user-configuration.png figures/source-input.png \ + figures/package-feeds.png figures/layer-input.png figures/images.png figures/sdk.png \ + figures/source-fetching.png figures/patching.png figures/configuration-compile-autoreconf.png \ + figures/analysis-for-package-splitting.png figures/image-generation.png \ + figures/sdk-generation.png figures/recipe-workflow.png + endif + +MANUALS = $(DOC)/$(DOC).html +FIGURES = figures +STYLESHEET = $(DOC)/*.css + +endif + +ifeq ($(DOC),ref-manual) +XSLTOPTS = --xinclude +ALLPREQ = html pdf eclipse tarball +TARFILES = ref-manual.html ref-style.css figures/poky-title.png \ + figures/buildhistory.png figures/buildhistory-web.png eclipse \ + figures/cross-development-toolchains.png figures/layer-input.png \ + figures/package-feeds.png figures/source-input.png \ + figures/user-configuration.png figures/yocto-environment-ref.png \ + figures/images.png figures/sdk.png figures/source-fetching.png \ + figures/patching.png figures/configuration-compile-autoreconf.png \ + figures/analysis-for-package-splitting.png figures/image-generation.png \ + figures/sdk-generation.png +MANUALS = $(DOC)/$(DOC).html $(DOC)/$(DOC).pdf $(DOC)/eclipse +FIGURES = figures +STYLESHEET = $(DOC)/*.css +endif + + +ifeq ($(DOC),adt-manual) +XSLTOPTS = --xinclude +ALLPREQ = html pdf eclipse tarball +TARFILES = adt-manual.html adt-manual.pdf adt-style.css figures/adt-title.png \ + eclipse +MANUALS = $(DOC)/$(DOC).html $(DOC)/$(DOC).pdf $(DOC)/eclipse +FIGURES = figures +STYLESHEET = $(DOC)/*.css +endif + +ifeq ($(DOC),profile-manual) +XSLTOPTS = --xinclude +ALLPREQ = html pdf eclipse tarball +TARFILES = profile-manual.html profile-manual.pdf profile-manual-style.css \ + figures/profile-title.png figures/kernelshark-all.png \ + figures/kernelshark-choose-events.png figures/kernelshark-i915-display.png \ + figures/kernelshark-output-display.png figures/lttngmain0.png \ + figures/oprofileui-busybox.png figures/oprofileui-copy-to-user.png \ + figures/oprofileui-downloading.png figures/oprofileui-processes.png \ + figures/perf-probe-do_fork-profile.png figures/perf-report-cycles-u.png \ + figures/perf-systemwide.png figures/perf-systemwide-libc.png \ + figures/perf-wget-busybox-annotate-menu.png figures/perf-wget-busybox-annotate-udhcpc.png \ + figures/perf-wget-busybox-debuginfo.png figures/perf-wget-busybox-dso-zoom.png \ + figures/perf-wget-busybox-dso-zoom-menu.png figures/perf-wget-busybox-expanded-stripped.png \ + figures/perf-wget-flat-stripped.png figures/perf-wget-g-copy-from-user-expanded-stripped.png \ + figures/perf-wget-g-copy-to-user-expanded-debuginfo.png figures/perf-wget-g-copy-to-user-expanded-stripped.png \ + figures/perf-wget-g-copy-to-user-expanded-stripped-unresolved-hidden.png figures/pybootchartgui-linux-yocto.png \ + figures/pychart-linux-yocto-rpm.png figures/pychart-linux-yocto-rpm-nostrip.png \ + figures/sched-wakeup-profile.png figures/sysprof-callers.png \ + figures/sysprof-copy-from-user.png figures/sysprof-copy-to-user.png \ + eclipse +MANUALS = $(DOC)/$(DOC).html $(DOC)/$(DOC).pdf $(DOC)/eclipse +FIGURES = figures +STYLESHEET = $(DOC)/*.css +endif + +ifeq ($(DOC),kernel-dev) +XSLTOPTS = --xinclude +ALLPREQ = html pdf eclipse tarball +TARFILES = kernel-dev.html kernel-dev.pdf kernel-dev-style.css figures/kernel-dev-title.png \ + figures/kernel-architecture-overview.png \ + eclipse +MANUALS = $(DOC)/$(DOC).html $(DOC)/$(DOC).pdf $(DOC)/eclipse +FIGURES = figures +STYLESHEET = $(DOC)/*.css +endif + + +## +# These URI should be rewritten by your distribution's xml catalog to +# match your localy installed XSL stylesheets. +XSL_BASE_URI = http://docbook.sourceforge.net/release/xsl/current +XSL_XHTML_URI = $(XSL_BASE_URI)/xhtml/docbook.xsl + +all: $(ALLPREQ) + +pdf: +ifeq ($(DOC),yocto-project-qs) + @echo " " + @echo "ERROR: You cannot generate a yocto-project-qs PDF file." + @echo " " + +else ifeq ($(DOC),mega-manual) + @echo " " + @echo "ERROR: You cannot generate a mega-manual PDF file." + @echo " " + +else + + cd $(DOC); ../tools/poky-docbook-to-pdf $(DOC).xml ../template; cd .. +endif + +html: +ifeq ($(DOC),mega-manual) +# See http://www.sagehill.net/docbookxsl/HtmlOutput.html + @echo " " + @echo "******** Building "$(DOC) + @echo " " + cd $(DOC); xsltproc $(XSLTOPTS) -o $(DOC).html $(DOC)-customization.xsl $(DOC).xml; cd .. + @echo " " + @echo "******** Using mega-manual.sed to process external links" + @echo " " + cd $(DOC); sed -f ../tools/mega-manual.sed < mega-manual.html > mega-output.html; cd .. + @echo " " + @echo "******** Cleaning up transient file mega-output.html" + @echo " " + cd $(DOC); rm mega-manual.html; mv mega-output.html mega-manual.html; cd .. +else +# See http://www.sagehill.net/docbookxsl/HtmlOutput.html + @echo " " + @echo "******** Building "$(DOC) + @echo " " + cd $(DOC); xsltproc $(XSLTOPTS) -o $(DOC).html $(DOC)-customization.xsl $(DOC).xml; cd .. +endif + + +eclipse: BASE_DIR = html/$(DOC)/ + +eclipse: eclipse-generate eclipse-resolve-links + +.PHONY : eclipse-generate eclipse-resolve-links + +eclipse-generate: +ifeq ($(filter $(DOC), adt-manual bsp-guide dev-manual kernel-dev profile-manual ref-manual yocto-project-qs),) + @echo " " + @echo "ERROR: You can only create eclipse documentation" + @echo " of the following documentation parts:" + @echo " - adt-manual" + @echo " - bsp-guide" + @echo " - dev-manual" + @echo " - kernel-dev" + @echo " - profile-manual" + @echo " - ref-manual" + @echo " - yocto-project-qs" + @echo " " +else + @echo " " + @echo "******** Building eclipse help of "$(DOC) + @echo " " + cd $(DOC) && \ + xsltproc $(XSLTOPTS) \ + --stringparam base.dir '$(BASE_DIR)' \ + -o eclipse/$(DOC).html \ + $(DOC)-eclipse-customization.xsl $(DOC).xml && \ + mv eclipse/toc.xml eclipse/$(DOC)-toc.xml && \ + cp -rf $(FIGURES) eclipse/$(BASE_DIR) && \ + cd ..; + + $(call modify-eclipse) +endif + +eclipse-resolve-links: + @echo " " + @echo "******** Using eclipse-help.sed to process external links" + @echo " " + $(foreach FILE, \ + $(wildcard $(DOC)/eclipse/html/$(DOC)/*.html), \ + $(shell sed -i -f tools/eclipse-help.sed $(FILE))) + +tarball: html + @echo " " + @echo "******** Creating Tarball of document files" + @echo " " + cd $(DOC); tar -cvzf $(DOC).tgz $(TARFILES); cd .. + +validate: + cd $(DOC); xmllint --postvalid --xinclude --noout $(DOC).xml; cd .. + + +publish: + @if test -f $(DOC)/$(DOC).html; \ + then \ + echo " "; \ + echo "******** Publishing "$(DOC)".html"; \ + echo " "; \ + scp -r $(MANUALS) $(STYLESHEET) docs.yp:/var/www/www.yoctoproject.org-docs/$(VER)/$(DOC); \ + cd $(DOC); scp -r $(FIGURES) docs.yp:/var/www/www.yoctoproject.org-docs/$(VER)/$(DOC); \ + else \ + echo " "; \ + echo $(DOC)".html missing. Generate the file first then try again."; \ + echo " "; \ + fi + +clean: + rm -rf $(MANUALS); rm $(DOC)/$(DOC).tgz; diff --git a/documentation/README b/documentation/README new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d01678d --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/README @@ -0,0 +1,91 @@ +documentation +============= + +This is the directory that contains the Yocto Project documentation. The Yocto +Project source repositories at http://git.yoctoproject.org/cgit.cgi have two +instances of the "documentation" directory. You should understand each of +these instances. + + poky/documentation - The directory within the poky Git repository containing + the set of Yocto Project manuals. When you clone the + poky Git repository, the documentation directory + contains the manuals. The state of the manuals in this + directory is guaranteed to reflect the latest Yocto + Project release. The manuals at the tip of this + directory will also likely contain most manual + development changes. + + yocto-docs/documentation - The Git repository for the Yocto Project manuals. + This repository is where manual development + occurs. If you plan on contributing back to the + Yocto Project documentation, you should set up + a local Git repository based on this upstream + repository as follows: + + git clone git://git.yoctoproject.org/yocto-docs + + Changes and patches are first pushed to the + yocto-docs Git repository. Later, they make it + into the poky Git repository found at + git://git.yoctoproject.org/poky. + +Manual Organization +=================== + +Folders exist for individual manuals as follows: + +* adt-manual - The Yocto Project Application Developer's Guide. +* bsp-guide - The Yocto Project Board Support Package (BSP) Developer's Guide +* dev-manual - The Yocto Project Development Manual +* kernel-dev - The Yocto Project Linux Kernel Development Manual +* ref-manual - The Yocto Project Reference Manual +* yocto-project-qs - The Yocto Project Quick Start +* mega-manual - An aggregated manual comprised of all YP manuals and guides +* profile-manual - The Yocto Project Profile and Tracing Manual + +Each folder is self-contained regarding content and figures. Note that there +is a sed file needed to process the links of the mega-manual. The sed file +is located in the tools directory. Also note that the figures folder in the +mega-manual directory contains duplicates of all the figures in the YP folders +directories for all YP manuals and guides. + +If you want to find HTML versions of the Yocto Project manuals on the web, +go to http://www.yoctoproject.org and click on the "Documentation" tab. From +there you have access to archived documentation from previous releases, current +documentation for the latest release, and "Docs in Progress" for the release +currently being developed. + +In general, the Yocto Project site (http://www.yoctoproject.org) is a great +reference for both information and downloads. + +Makefile +======== + +The Makefile processes manual directories to create HTML, PDF, +tarballs, etc. Details on how the Makefile work are documented +inside the Makefile. See that file for more information. + +To build a manual, you run the make command and pass it the name +of the folder containing the manual's contents. +For example, the following command run from the documentation directory +creates an HTML and a PDF version of the ADT manual. +The DOC variable specifies the manual you are making: + + $ make DOC=adt-manual + +poky.ent +======== + +This file defines variables used for documentation production. The variables +are used to define release pathnames, URLs for the published manuals, etc. + +template +======== +Contains various templates, fonts, and some old PNG files. + +tools +===== +Contains a tool to convert the DocBook files to PDF format. This folder also +contains the mega-manual.sed file, which is used by Makefile to process +cross-references from within the manual that normally go to an external +manual. diff --git a/documentation/adt-manual/adt-command.xml b/documentation/adt-manual/adt-command.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9aa25fa --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/adt-manual/adt-command.xml @@ -0,0 +1,224 @@ + %poky; ] > + + +Using the Command Line + + + Recall that earlier the manual discussed how to use an existing toolchain + tarball that had been installed into the default installation + directory, /opt/poky/&DISTRO;, which is outside of the + Build Directory + (see the section "Using a Cross-Toolchain Tarball)". + And, that sourcing your architecture-specific environment setup script + initializes a suitable cross-toolchain development environment. + + + + During this setup, locations for the compiler, QEMU scripts, QEMU binary, + a special version of pkgconfig and other useful + utilities are added to the PATH variable. + Also, variables to assist + pkgconfig and autotools + are also defined so that, for example, configure.sh + can find pre-generated test results for tests that need target hardware + on which to run. + + + + Collectively, these conditions allow you to easily use the toolchain + outside of the OpenEmbedded build environment on both Autotools-based + projects and Makefile-based projects. + This chapter provides information for both these types of projects. + + + +
+Autotools-Based Projects + + + Once you have a suitable cross-toolchain installed, it is very easy to + develop a project outside of the OpenEmbedded build system. + This section presents a simple "Helloworld" example that shows how + to set up, compile, and run the project. + + +
+ Creating and Running a Project Based on GNU Autotools + + + Follow these steps to create a simple Autotools-based project: + + Create your directory: + Create a clean directory for your project and then make + that directory your working location: + + $ mkdir $HOME/helloworld + $ cd $HOME/helloworld + + Populate the directory: + Create hello.c, Makefile.am, + and configure.in files as follows: + + For hello.c, include + these lines: + + #include <stdio.h> + + main() + { + printf("Hello World!\n"); + } + + For Makefile.am, + include these lines: + + bin_PROGRAMS = hello + hello_SOURCES = hello.c + + For configure.in, + include these lines: + + AC_INIT(hello.c) + AM_INIT_AUTOMAKE(hello,0.1) + AC_PROG_CC + AC_PROG_INSTALL + AC_OUTPUT(Makefile) + + + Source the cross-toolchain + environment setup file: + Installation of the cross-toolchain creates a cross-toolchain + environment setup script in the directory that the ADT + was installed. + Before you can use the tools to develop your project, you must + source this setup script. + The script begins with the string "environment-setup" and contains + the machine architecture, which is followed by the string + "poky-linux". + Here is an example that sources a script from the + default ADT installation directory that uses the + 32-bit Intel x86 Architecture and using the + &DISTRO_NAME; Yocto Project release: + + $ source /opt/poky/&DISTRO;/environment-setup-i586-poky-linux + + Generate the local aclocal.m4 + files and create the configure script: + The following GNU Autotools generate the local + aclocal.m4 files and create the + configure script: + + $ aclocal + $ autoconf + + Generate files needed by GNU + coding standards: + GNU coding standards require certain files in order for the + project to be compliant. + This command creates those files: + + $ touch NEWS README AUTHORS ChangeLog + + Generate the configure + file: + This command generates the configure: + + $ automake -a + + Cross-compile the project: + This command compiles the project using the cross-compiler: + + $ ./configure ${CONFIGURE_FLAGS} + + Make and install the project: + These two commands generate and install the project into the + destination directory: + + $ make + $ make install DESTDIR=./tmp + + Verify the installation: + This command is a simple way to verify the installation + of your project. + Running the command prints the architecture on which + the binary file can run. + This architecture should be the same architecture that + the installed cross-toolchain supports. + + $ file ./tmp/usr/local/bin/hello + + Execute your project: + To execute the project in the shell, simply enter the name. + You could also copy the binary to the actual target hardware + and run the project there as well: + + $ ./hello + + As expected, the project displays the "Hello World!" message. + + + +
+ +
+ Passing Host Options + + + For an Autotools-based project, you can use the cross-toolchain by just + passing the appropriate host option to configure.sh. + The host option you use is derived from the name of the environment setup + script found in the directory in which you installed the cross-toolchain. + For example, the host option for an ARM-based target that uses the GNU EABI + is armv5te-poky-linux-gnueabi. + You will notice that the name of the script is + environment-setup-armv5te-poky-linux-gnueabi. + Thus, the following command works: + + $ ./configure --host=armv5te-poky-linux-gnueabi \ + --with-libtool-sysroot=<sysroot-dir> + + + + + This single command updates your project and rebuilds it using the appropriate + cross-toolchain tools. + + If the configure script results in problems recognizing the + --with-libtool-sysroot=<sysroot-dir> option, + regenerate the script to enable the support by doing the following and then + run the script again: + + $ libtoolize --automake + $ aclocal -I ${OECORE_NATIVE_SYSROOT}/usr/share/aclocal \ + [-I <dir_containing_your_project-specific_m4_macros>] + $ autoconf + $ autoheader + $ automake -a + + + +
+
+ +
+Makefile-Based Projects + + + For a Makefile-based project, you use the cross-toolchain by making sure + the tools are used. + You can do this as follows: + + CC=arm-poky-linux-gnueabi-gcc + LD=arm-poky-linux-gnueabi-ld + CFLAGS=”${CFLAGS} --sysroot=<sysroot-dir>” + CXXFLAGS=”${CXXFLAGS} --sysroot=<sysroot-dir>” + + +
+ + + diff --git a/documentation/adt-manual/adt-intro.xml b/documentation/adt-manual/adt-intro.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ed13a23 --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/adt-manual/adt-intro.xml @@ -0,0 +1,179 @@ + %poky; ] > + + + The Application Development Toolkit (ADT) + + + Part of the Yocto Project development solution is an Application Development + Toolkit (ADT). + The ADT provides you with a custom-built, cross-development + platform suited for developing a user-targeted product application. + + + + Fundamentally, the ADT consists of the following: + + An architecture-specific cross-toolchain and matching + sysroot both built by the OpenEmbedded build system. + The toolchain and sysroot are based on a + Metadata + configuration and extensions, + which allows you to cross-develop on the host machine for the target hardware. + + The Eclipse IDE Yocto Plug-in. + The Quick EMUlator (QEMU), which lets you simulate target hardware. + + Various user-space tools that greatly enhance your application + development experience. + + + +
+ The Cross-Development Toolchain + + + The + Cross-Development Toolchain + consists of a cross-compiler, cross-linker, and cross-debugger + that are used to develop user-space applications for targeted + hardware. + This toolchain is created either by running the ADT Installer + script, a toolchain installer script, or through a + Build Directory + that is based on your Metadata configuration or extension for + your targeted device. + The cross-toolchain works with a matching target sysroot. + +
+ +
+ Sysroot + + + The matching target sysroot contains needed headers and libraries for generating + binaries that run on the target architecture. + The sysroot is based on the target root filesystem image that is built by + the OpenEmbedded build system and uses the same Metadata configuration + used to build the cross-toolchain. + +
+ +
+ Eclipse Yocto Plug-in + + + The Eclipse IDE is a popular development environment and it fully supports + development using the Yocto Project. + When you install and configure the Eclipse Yocto Project Plug-in into + the Eclipse IDE, you maximize your Yocto Project experience. + Installing and configuring the Plug-in results in an environment that + has extensions specifically designed to let you more easily develop software. + These extensions allow for cross-compilation, deployment, and execution of + your output into a QEMU emulation session. + You can also perform cross-debugging and profiling. + The environment also supports a suite of tools that allows you to perform + remote profiling, tracing, collection of power data, collection of + latency data, and collection of performance data. + + + + For information about the application development workflow that uses the Eclipse + IDE and for a detailed example of how to install and configure the Eclipse + Yocto Project Plug-in, see the + "Working Within Eclipse" section + of the Yocto Project Development Manual. + +
+ +
+ The QEMU Emulator + + + The QEMU emulator allows you to simulate your hardware while running your + application or image. + QEMU is made available a number of ways: + + + If you use the ADT Installer script to install ADT, you can + specify whether or not to install QEMU. + + + If you have cloned the poky Git + repository to create a + Source Directory + and you have sourced the environment setup script, QEMU is + installed and automatically available. + + + If you have downloaded a Yocto Project release and unpacked + it to create a + Source Directory + and you have sourced the environment setup script, QEMU is + installed and automatically available. + + + If you have installed the cross-toolchain tarball and you + have sourced the toolchain's setup environment script, QEMU + is also installed and automatically available. + + + +
+ +
+ User-Space Tools + + + User-space tools are included as part of the distribution. + You will find these tools helpful during development. + The tools include LatencyTOP, PowerTOP, OProfile, Perf, SystemTap, and Lttng-ust. + These tools are common development tools for the Linux platform. + + LatencyTOP: LatencyTOP focuses on latency + that causes skips in audio, + stutters in your desktop experience, or situations that overload your server + even when you have plenty of CPU power left. + + PowerTOP: Helps you determine what + software is using the most power. + You can find out more about PowerTOP at + . + OProfile: A system-wide profiler for Linux + systems that is capable of profiling all running code at low overhead. + You can find out more about OProfile at + . + For examples on how to setup and use this tool, see the + "OProfile" + section in the Yocto Project Profiling and Tracing Manual. + + Perf: Performance counters for Linux used + to keep track of certain types of hardware and software events. + For more information on these types of counters see + . + For examples on how to setup and use this tool, see the + "perf" + section in the Yocto Project Profiling and Tracing Manual. + + SystemTap: A free software infrastructure + that simplifies information gathering about a running Linux system. + This information helps you diagnose performance or functional problems. + SystemTap is not available as a user-space tool through the Eclipse IDE Yocto Plug-in. + See for more information + on SystemTap. + For examples on how to setup and use this tool, see the + "SystemTap" + section in the Yocto Project Profiling and Tracing Manual. + Lttng-ust: A User-space Tracer designed to + provide detailed information on user-space activity. + See for more information on Lttng-ust. + + + +
+ + + diff --git a/documentation/adt-manual/adt-manual-customization.xsl b/documentation/adt-manual/adt-manual-customization.xsl new file mode 100644 index 0000000..373bdb7 --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/adt-manual/adt-manual-customization.xsl @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/documentation/adt-manual/adt-manual-eclipse-customization.xsl b/documentation/adt-manual/adt-manual-eclipse-customization.xsl new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d16ffbb --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/adt-manual/adt-manual-eclipse-customization.xsl @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/documentation/adt-manual/adt-manual-intro.xml b/documentation/adt-manual/adt-manual-intro.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fccacc4 --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/adt-manual/adt-manual-intro.xml @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ + %poky; ] > + + +Introduction + + + Welcome to the Yocto Project Application Developer's Guide. + This manual provides information that lets you begin developing applications + using the Yocto Project. + + + + The Yocto Project provides an application development environment based on + an Application Development Toolkit (ADT) and the availability of stand-alone + cross-development toolchains and other tools. + This manual describes the ADT and how you can configure and install it, + how to access and use the cross-development toolchains, how to + customize the development packages installation, + how to use command line development for both Autotools-based and Makefile-based projects, + and an introduction to the Eclipse IDE + Yocto Plug-in. + + The ADT is distribution-neutral and does not require the Yocto + Project reference distribution, which is called Poky. + This manual, however, uses examples that use the Poky distribution. + + + + diff --git a/documentation/adt-manual/adt-manual.xml b/documentation/adt-manual/adt-manual.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..895c75b --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/adt-manual/adt-manual.xml @@ -0,0 +1,125 @@ + %poky; ] > + + + + + + + + + + + + Yocto Project Application Developer's Guide + + + + + Jessica Zhang + + Intel Corporation + + jessica.zhang@intel.com + + + + + + 1.0 + 6 April 2011 + Released with the Yocto Project 1.0 Release. + + + 1.0.1 + 23 May 2011 + Released with the Yocto Project 1.0.1 Release. + + + 1.1 + 6 October 2011 + Released with the Yocto Project 1.1 Release. + + + 1.2 + April 2012 + Released with the Yocto Project 1.2 Release. + + + 1.3 + October 2012 + Released with the Yocto Project 1.3 Release. + + + 1.4 + April 2013 + Released with the Yocto Project 1.4 Release. + + + 1.5 + October 2013 + Released with the Yocto Project 1.5 Release. + + + 1.5.1 + January 2014 + Released with the Yocto Project 1.5.1 Release. + + + 1.6 + April 2014 + Released with the Yocto Project 1.6 Release. + + + 1.6.1 + Sometime in 2014 + Released with the Yocto Project 1.6.1 Release. + + + + + ©RIGHT_YEAR; + Linux Foundation + + + + + Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under + the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales as published by Creative Commons. + + + For the latest version of this manual associated with this + Yocto Project release, see the + Yocto Project Application Developer's Guide + from the Yocto Project website. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/documentation/adt-manual/adt-package.xml b/documentation/adt-manual/adt-package.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..da032ee --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/adt-manual/adt-package.xml @@ -0,0 +1,101 @@ + %poky; ] > + + +Optionally Customizing the Development Packages Installation + + + Because the Yocto Project is suited for embedded Linux development, it is + likely that you will need to customize your development packages installation. + For example, if you are developing a minimal image, then you might not need + certain packages (e.g. graphics support packages). + Thus, you would like to be able to remove those packages from your target sysroot. + + +
+ Package Management Systems + + + The OpenEmbedded build system supports the generation of sysroot files using + three different Package Management Systems (PMS): + + OPKG: A less well known PMS whose use + originated in the OpenEmbedded and OpenWrt embedded Linux projects. + This PMS works with files packaged in an .ipk format. + See for more + information about OPKG. + RPM: A more widely known PMS intended for GNU/Linux + distributions. + This PMS works with files packaged in an .rms format. + The build system currently installs through this PMS by default. + See + for more information about RPM. + Debian: The PMS for Debian-based systems + is built on many PMS tools. + The lower-level PMS tool dpkg forms the base of the Debian PMS. + For information on dpkg see + . + + +
+ +
+ Configuring the PMS + + + Whichever PMS you are using, you need to be sure that the + PACKAGE_CLASSES + variable in the conf/local.conf + file is set to reflect that system. + The first value you choose for the variable specifies the package file format for the root + filesystem at sysroot. + Additional values specify additional formats for convenience or testing. + See the configuration file for details. + + + + For build performance information related to the PMS, see the + "package.bbclass" + section in the Yocto Project Reference Manual. + + + + As an example, consider a scenario where you are using OPKG and you want to add + the libglade package to the target sysroot. + + + + First, you should generate the IPK file for the + libglade package and add it + into a working opkg repository. + Use these commands: + + $ bitbake libglade + $ bitbake package-index + + + + + Next, source the environment setup script found in the + Source Directory. + Follow that by setting up the installation destination to point to your + sysroot as <sysroot_dir>. + Finally, have an OPKG configuration file <conf_file> + that corresponds to the opkg repository you have just created. + The following command forms should now work: + + $ opkg-cl –f <conf_file> -o <sysroot_dir> update + $ opkg-cl –f <cconf_file> -o <sysroot_dir> \ + --force-overwrite install libglade + $ opkg-cl –f <cconf_file> -o <sysroot_dir> \ + --force-overwrite install libglade-dbg + $ opkg-cl –f <conf_file> -o <sysroot_dir> \ + --force-overwrite install libglade-dev + + +
+ + diff --git a/documentation/adt-manual/adt-prepare.xml b/documentation/adt-manual/adt-prepare.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..89ef09f --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/adt-manual/adt-prepare.xml @@ -0,0 +1,671 @@ + %poky; ] > + + + +Preparing for Application Development + + + In order to develop applications, you need set up your host development system. + Several ways exist that allow you to install cross-development tools, QEMU, the + Eclipse Yocto Plug-in, and other tools. + This chapter describes how to prepare for application development. + + +
+ Installing the ADT and Toolchains + + + The following list describes installation methods that set up varying degrees of tool + availability on your system. + Regardless of the installation method you choose, + you must source the cross-toolchain + environment setup script before you use a toolchain. + See the "Setting Up the + Cross-Development Environment" section for more information. + + + + Avoid mixing installation methods when installing toolchains for different architectures. + For example, avoid using the ADT Installer to install some toolchains and then hand-installing + cross-development toolchains by running the toolchain installer for different architectures. + Mixing installation methods can result in situations where the ADT Installer becomes + unreliable and might not install the toolchain. + If you must mix installation methods, you might avoid problems by deleting + /var/lib/opkg, thus purging the opkg package + metadata + + + + + Use the ADT installer script: + This method is the recommended way to install the ADT because it + automates much of the process for you. + For example, you can configure the installation to install the QEMU emulator + and the user-space NFS, specify which root filesystem profiles to download, + and define the target sysroot location. + Use an existing toolchain: + Using this method, you select and download an architecture-specific + toolchain installer and then run the script to hand-install the toolchain. + If you use this method, you just get the cross-toolchain and QEMU - you do not + get any of the other mentioned benefits had you run the ADT Installer script. + Use the toolchain from within the Build Directory: + If you already have a + Build Directory, + you can build the cross-toolchain within the directory. + However, like the previous method mentioned, you only get the cross-toolchain and QEMU - you + do not get any of the other benefits without taking separate steps. + + + +
+ Using the ADT Installer + + + To run the ADT Installer, you need to get the ADT Installer tarball, be sure + you have the necessary host development packages that support the ADT Installer, + and then run the ADT Installer Script. + + + + For a list of the host packages needed to support ADT installation and use, see the + "ADT Installer Extras" lists in the + "Required Packages for the Host Development System" section + of the Yocto Project Reference Manual. + + +
+ Getting the ADT Installer Tarball + + + The ADT Installer is contained in the ADT Installer tarball. + You can get the tarball using either of these methods: + + Download the Tarball: + You can download the tarball from + into + any directory. + Build the Tarball: + You can use + BitBake + to generate the tarball inside an existing + Build Directory. + + If you use BitBake to generate the ADT Installer + tarball, you must source the + environment setup script + (&OE_INIT_FILE; + or + oe-init-build-env-memres) + located in the Source Directory before running the + bitbake command that creates the + tarball. + The following example commands establish + the + Source Directory, + check out the current release branch, set up the + build environment while also creating the default + Build Directory, and run the + bitbake command that results in the + tarball + poky/build/tmp/deploy/sdk/adt_installer.tar.bz2: + + Before using BitBake to build the ADT tarball, be + sure to make sure your + local.conf file is properly + configured. + + + $ cd ~ + $ git clone git://git.yoctoproject.org/poky + $ cd poky + $ git checkout -b &DISTRO_NAME; origin/&DISTRO_NAME; + $ source &OE_INIT_FILE; + $ bitbake adt-installer + + + +
+ +
+ Configuring and Running the ADT Installer Script + + + Before running the ADT Installer script, you need to unpack the tarball. + You can unpack the tarball in any directory you wish. + For example, this command copies the ADT Installer tarball from where + it was built into the home directory and then unpacks the tarball into + a top-level directory named adt-installer: + + $ cd ~ + $ cp poky/build/tmp/deploy/sdk/adt_installer.tar.bz2 $HOME + $ tar -xjf adt_installer.tar.bz2 + + Unpacking it creates the directory adt-installer, + which contains the ADT Installer script (adt_installer) + and its configuration file (adt_installer.conf). + + + + Before you run the script, however, you should examine the ADT Installer configuration + file and be sure you are going to get what you want. + Your configurations determine which kernel and filesystem image are downloaded. + + + + The following list describes the configurations you can define for the ADT Installer. + For configuration values and restrictions, see the comments in + the adt-installer.conf file: + + + YOCTOADT_REPO: This area + includes the IPKG-based packages and the root filesystem upon which + the installation is based. + If you want to set up your own IPKG repository pointed to by + YOCTOADT_REPO, you need to be sure that the + directory structure follows the same layout as the reference directory + set up at . + Also, your repository needs to be accessible through HTTP. + YOCTOADT_TARGETS: The machine + target architectures for which you want to set up cross-development + environments. + YOCTOADT_QEMU: Indicates whether + or not to install the emulator QEMU. + YOCTOADT_NFS_UTIL: Indicates whether + or not to install user-mode NFS. + If you plan to use the Eclipse IDE Yocto plug-in against QEMU, + you should install NFS. + To boot QEMU images using our userspace NFS server, you need + to be running portmap or rpcbind. + If you are running rpcbind, you will also need to add the + -i option when rpcbind starts up. + Please make sure you understand the security implications of doing this. + You might also have to modify your firewall settings to allow + NFS booting to work. + YOCTOADT_ROOTFS_<arch>: The root + filesystem images you want to download from the + YOCTOADT_IPKG_REPO repository. + YOCTOADT_TARGET_SYSROOT_IMAGE_<arch>: The + particular root filesystem used to extract and create the target sysroot. + The value of this variable must have been specified with + YOCTOADT_ROOTFS_<arch>. + For example, if you downloaded both minimal and + sato-sdk images by setting + YOCTOADT_ROOTFS_<arch> + to "minimal sato-sdk", then YOCTOADT_ROOTFS_<arch> + must be set to either "minimal" or "sato-sdk". + + YOCTOADT_TARGET_SYSROOT_LOC_<arch>: The + location on the development host where the target sysroot is created. + + + + + + After you have configured the adt_installer.conf file, + run the installer using the following command: + + $ cd adt-installer + $ ./adt_installer + + Once the installer begins to run, you are asked to enter the + location for cross-toolchain installation. + The default location is + /opt/poky/<release>. + After either accepting the default location or selecting your + own location, you are prompted to run the installation script + interactively or in silent mode. + If you want to closely monitor the installation, + choose “I” for interactive mode rather than “S” for silent mode. + Follow the prompts from the script to complete the installation. + + + + Once the installation completes, the ADT, which includes the + cross-toolchain, is installed in the selected installation + directory. + You will notice environment setup files for the cross-toolchain + in the installation directory, and image tarballs in the + adt-installer directory according to your + installer configurations, and the target sysroot located + according to the + YOCTOADT_TARGET_SYSROOT_LOC_<arch> + variable also in your configuration file. + +
+
+ +
+ Using a Cross-Toolchain Tarball + + + If you want to simply install a cross-toolchain by hand, you can + do so by running the toolchain installer. + The installer includes the pre-built cross-toolchain, the + runqemu script, and support files. + If you use this method to install the cross-toolchain, you + might still need to install the target sysroot by installing and + extracting it separately. + For information on how to install the sysroot, see the + "Extracting the Root Filesystem" section. + + + + Follow these steps: + + Get your toolchain installer using one of the following methods: + + Go to + + and find the folder that matches your host + development system (i.e. i686 + for 32-bit machines or x86_64 + for 64-bit machines). + Go into that folder and download the toolchain + installer whose name includes the appropriate target + architecture. + The toolchains provided by the Yocto Project + are based off of the + core-image-sato image and + contain libraries appropriate for developing + against that image. + For example, if your host development system is a + 64-bit x86 system and you are going to use + your cross-toolchain for a 32-bit x86 + target, go into the x86_64 + folder and download the following installer: + + poky-eglibc-x86_64-core-image-sato-i586-toolchain-&DISTRO;.sh + + Build your own toolchain installer. + For cases where you cannot use an installer + from the download area, you can build your own as + described in the + "Optionally Building a Toolchain Installer" + section. + + Once you have the installer, run it to install the toolchain: + + You must change the permissions on the toolchain + installer script so that it is executable. + + The following command shows how to run the installer + given a toolchain tarball for a 64-bit x86 development host + system and a 32-bit x86 target architecture. + The example assumes the toolchain installer is located + in ~/Downloads/. + + $ ~/Downloads/poky-eglibc-x86_64-core-image-sato-i586-toolchain-&DISTRO;.sh + + The first thing the installer prompts you for is the + directory into which you want to install the toolchain. + The default directory used is + /opt/poky/&DISTRO;. + If you do not have write permissions for the directory + into which you are installing the toolchain, the + toolchain installer notifies you and exits. + Be sure you have write permissions in the directory and + run the installer again. + When the script finishes, the cross-toolchain is + installed. + You will notice environment setup files for the + cross-toolchain in the installation directory. + + + +
+ +
+ Using BitBake and the Build Directory + + + A final way of making the cross-toolchain available is to use BitBake + to generate the toolchain within an existing + Build Directory. + This method does not install the toolchain into the default + /opt directory. + As with the previous method, if you need to install the target sysroot, you must + do that separately as well. + + + + Follow these steps to generate the toolchain into the Build Directory: + + Set up the Build Environment: + Source the OpenEmbedded build environment setup + script (i.e. + &OE_INIT_FILE; + or + oe-init-build-env-memres) + located in the + Source Directory. + + Check your Local Configuration File: + At this point, you should be sure that the + MACHINE variable + in the local.conf file found in the + conf directory of the Build Directory + is set for the target architecture. + Comments within the local.conf file + list the values you can use for the + MACHINE variable. + + You can populate the Build Directory with the + cross-toolchains for more than a single architecture. + You just need to edit the MACHINE + variable in the local.conf file and + re-run the bitbake command. + + Generate the Cross-Toolchain: + Run bitbake meta-ide-support to + complete the cross-toolchain generation. + Once the bitbake command finishes, + the cross-toolchain is + generated and populated within the Build Directory. + You will notice environment setup files for the + cross-toolchain that contain the string + "environment-setup" in the + Build Directory's tmp folder. + Be aware that when you use this method to install the + toolchain, you still need to separately extract and install + the sysroot filesystem. + For information on how to do this, see the + "Extracting the Root Filesystem" section. + + + +
+
+ +
+ Setting Up the Cross-Development Environment + + + Before you can develop using the cross-toolchain, you need to set up the + cross-development environment by sourcing the toolchain's environment setup script. + If you used the ADT Installer or hand-installed cross-toolchain, + then you can find this script in the directory you chose for installation. + For this release, the default installation directory is + &YOCTO_ADTPATH_DIR;. + If you installed the toolchain in the + Build Directory, + you can find the environment setup + script for the toolchain in the Build Directory's tmp directory. + + + + Be sure to run the environment setup script that matches the + architecture for which you are developing. + Environment setup scripts begin with the string + "environment-setup" and include as part of their + name the architecture. + For example, the toolchain environment setup script for a 64-bit + IA-based architecture installed in the default installation directory + would be the following: + + &YOCTO_ADTPATH_DIR;/environment-setup-x86_64-poky-linux + + +
+ +
+ Securing Kernel and Filesystem Images + + + You will need to have a kernel and filesystem image to boot using your + hardware or the QEMU emulator. + Furthermore, if you plan on booting your image using NFS or you want to use the root filesystem + as the target sysroot, you need to extract the root filesystem. + + +
+ Getting the Images + + + To get the kernel and filesystem images, you either have to build them or download + pre-built versions. + You can find examples for both these situations in the + "A Quick Test Run" section of + the Yocto Project Quick Start. + + + + The Yocto Project ships basic kernel and filesystem images for several + architectures (x86, x86-64, + mips, powerpc, and arm) + that you can use unaltered in the QEMU emulator. + These kernel images reside in the release + area - + and are ideal for experimentation using Yocto Project. + For information on the image types you can build using the OpenEmbedded build system, + see the + "Images" chapter in + the Yocto Project Reference Manual. + + + + If you are planning on developing against your image and you are not + building or using one of the Yocto Project development images + (e.g. core-image-*-dev), you must be sure to + include the development packages as part of your image recipe. + + + + Furthermore, if you plan on remotely deploying and debugging your + application from within the + Eclipse IDE, you must have an image that contains the Yocto Target Communication + Framework (TCF) agent (tcf-agent). + By default, the Yocto Project provides only one type of pre-built + image that contains the tcf-agent. + And, those images are SDK (e.g.core-image-sato-sdk). + + + + If you want to use a different image type that contains the tcf-agent, + you can do so one of two ways: + + Modify the conf/local.conf configuration in + the Build Directory + and then rebuild the image. + With this method, you need to modify the + EXTRA_IMAGE_FEATURES + variable to have the value of "tools-debug" before rebuilding the image. + Once the image is rebuilt, the tcf-agent will be included + in the image and is launched automatically after the boot. + Manually build the tcf-agent. + To build the agent, follow these steps: + + Be sure the ADT is installed as described in the + "Installing the ADT and Toolchains" section. + + Set up the cross-development environment as described in the + "Setting + Up the Cross-Development Environment" section. + Get the tcf-agent source code using + the following commands: + + $ git clone http://git.eclipse.org/gitroot/tcf/org.eclipse.tcf.agent.git + $ cd org.eclipse.tcf.agent/agent + + Locate the + Makefile.inc file inside the + agent folder and modify it + for the cross-compilation environment by setting the + OPSYS and + MACHINE + variables according to your target. + + Use the cross-development tools to build the + tcf-agent. + Before you "Make" the file, be sure your cross-tools are set up first. + See the "Makefile-Based Projects" + section for information on how to make sure the cross-tools are set up + correctly. + If the build is successful, the tcf-agent output will + be obj/$(OPSYS)/$(MACHINE)/Debug/agent. + Deploy the agent into the image's root filesystem. + + + + +
+ +
+ Extracting the Root Filesystem + + + If you install your toolchain by hand or build it using BitBake and + you need a root filesystem, you need to extract it separately. + If you use the ADT Installer to install the ADT, the root + filesystem is automatically extracted and installed. + + + + Here are some cases where you need to extract the root filesystem: + + You want to boot the image using NFS. + + You want to use the root filesystem as the + target sysroot. + For example, the Eclipse IDE environment with the Eclipse + Yocto Plug-in installed allows you to use QEMU to boot + under NFS. + You want to develop your target application + using the root filesystem as the target sysroot. + + + + + + To extract the root filesystem, first source + the cross-development environment setup script. + If you built the toolchain in the Build Directory, you will find + the toolchain environment script in the + tmp directory. + If you installed the toolchain by hand, the environment setup + script is located in /opt/poky/&DISTRO;. + + + + After sourcing the environment script, use the + runqemu-extract-sdk command and provide the + filesystem image. + + + + Following is an example. + The second command sets up the environment. + In this case, the setup script is located in the + /opt/poky/&DISTRO; directory. + The third command extracts the root filesystem from a previously + built filesystem that is located in the + ~/Downloads directory. + Furthermore, this command extracts the root filesystem into the + qemux86-sato directory: + + $ cd ~ + $ source /opt/poky/&DISTRO;/environment-setup-i586-poky-linux + $ runqemu-extract-sdk \ + ~/Downloads/core-image-sato-sdk-qemux86-2011091411831.rootfs.tar.bz2 \ + $HOME/qemux86-sato + + You could now point to the target sysroot at + qemux86-sato. + +
+
+ +
+ Optionally Building a Toolchain Installer + + + As an alternative to locating and downloading a toolchain installer, + you can build the toolchain installer one of two ways if you have a + Build Directory: + + + Use bitbake meta-toolchain. + This method requires you to still install the target + sysroot by installing and extracting it separately. + For information on how to install the sysroot, see the + "Extracting the Root Filesystem" + section. + + + Use bitbake <image> -c populate_sdk. + This method has significant advantages over the previous method + because it results in a toolchain installer that contains the + sysroot that matches your target root filesystem. + + + Another powerful feature is that the toolchain is + completely self-contained. + The binaries are linked against their own copy of + libc, which results in no dependencies + on the target system. + To achieve this, the pointer to the dynamic loader is + configured at install time since that path cannot be dynamically + altered. + This is the reason for a wrapper around the + populate_sdk archive. + + Another feature is that only one set of cross-canadian + toolchain binaries are produced per architecture. + This feature takes advantage of the fact that the target + hardware can be passed to gcc as a set of + compiler options. + Those options are set up by the environment script and + contained in variables like CC and LD. + This reduces the space needed for the tools. + Understand, however, that a sysroot is still needed for every + target since those binaries are target-specific. + + + + + + Remember, before using any BitBake command, you + must source the build environment setup script + (i.e. + &OE_INIT_FILE; + or + oe-init-build-env-memres) + located in the Source Directory and you must make sure your + conf/local.conf variables are correct. + In particular, you need to be sure the + MACHINE + variable matches the architecture for which you are building and that + the + SDKMACHINE + variable is correctly set if you are building a toolchain designed to + run on an architecture that differs from your current development host + machine (i.e. the build machine). + + + + When the bitbake command completes, the toolchain + installer will be in + tmp/deploy/sdk in the Build Directory. + + By default, this toolchain does not build static binaries. + If you want to use the toolchain to build these types of libraries, + you need to be sure your image has the appropriate static + development libraries. + Use the + IMAGE_INSTALL + variable inside your local.conf file to + install the appropriate library packages. + Following is an example using eglibc static + development libraries: + + IMAGE_INSTALL_append = " eglibc-staticdev" + + + +
+ + + diff --git a/documentation/adt-manual/adt-style.css b/documentation/adt-manual/adt-style.css new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3b098aa --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/adt-manual/adt-style.css @@ -0,0 +1,979 @@ +/* + Generic XHTML / DocBook XHTML CSS Stylesheet. + + Browser wrangling and typographic design by + Oyvind Kolas / pippin@gimp.org + + Customised for Poky by + Matthew Allum / mallum@o-hand.com + + Thanks to: + Liam R. E. Quin + William Skaggs + Jakub Steiner + + Structure + --------- + + The stylesheet is divided into the following sections: + + Positioning + Margins, paddings, width, font-size, clearing. + Decorations + Borders, style + Colors + Colors + Graphics + Graphical backgrounds + Nasty IE tweaks + Workarounds needed to make it work in internet explorer, + currently makes the stylesheet non validating, but up until + this point it is validating. + Mozilla extensions + Transparency for footer + Rounded corners on boxes + +*/ + + + /*************** / + / Positioning / +/ ***************/ + +body { + font-family: Verdana, Sans, sans-serif; + + min-width: 640px; + width: 80%; + margin: 0em auto; + padding: 2em 5em 5em 5em; + color: #333; +} + +h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,h7 { + font-family: Arial, Sans; + color: #00557D; + clear: both; +} + +h1 { + font-size: 2em; + text-align: left; + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; + margin: 2em 0em 0em 0em; +} + +h2.subtitle { + margin: 0.10em 0em 3.0em 0em; + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; + font-size: 1.8em; + padding-left: 20%; + font-weight: normal; + font-style: italic; +} + +h2 { + margin: 2em 0em 0.66em 0em; + padding: 0.5em 0em 0em 0em; + font-size: 1.5em; + font-weight: bold; +} + +h3.subtitle { + margin: 0em 0em 1em 0em; + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; + font-size: 142.14%; + text-align: right; +} + +h3 { + margin: 1em 0em 0.5em 0em; + padding: 1em 0em 0em 0em; + font-size: 140%; + font-weight: bold; +} + +h4 { + margin: 1em 0em 0.5em 0em; + padding: 1em 0em 0em 0em; + font-size: 120%; + font-weight: bold; +} + +h5 { + margin: 1em 0em 0.5em 0em; + padding: 1em 0em 0em 0em; + font-size: 110%; + font-weight: bold; +} + +h6 { + margin: 1em 0em 0em 0em; + padding: 1em 0em 0em 0em; + font-size: 110%; + font-weight: bold; +} + +.authorgroup { + background-color: transparent; + background-repeat: no-repeat; + padding-top: 256px; + background-image: url("figures/adt-title.png"); + background-position: left top; + margin-top: -256px; + padding-right: 50px; + margin-left: 0px; + text-align: right; + width: 740px; +} + +h3.author { + margin: 0em 0me 0em 0em; + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; + font-weight: normal; + font-size: 100%; + color: #333; + clear: both; +} + +.author tt.email { + font-size: 66%; +} + +.titlepage hr { + width: 0em; + clear: both; +} + +.revhistory { + padding-top: 2em; + clear: both; +} + +.toc, +.list-of-tables, +.list-of-examples, +.list-of-figures { + padding: 1.33em 0em 2.5em 0em; + color: #00557D; +} + +.toc p, +.list-of-tables p, +.list-of-figures p, +.list-of-examples p { + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; + padding: 0em 0em 0.3em; + margin: 1.5em 0em 0em 0em; +} + +.toc p b, +.list-of-tables p b, +.list-of-figures p b, +.list-of-examples p b{ + font-size: 100.0%; + font-weight: bold; +} + +.toc dl, +.list-of-tables dl, +.list-of-figures dl, +.list-of-examples dl { + margin: 0em 0em 0.5em 0em; + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; +} + +.toc dt { + margin: 0em 0em 0em 0em; + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; +} + +.toc dd { + margin: 0em 0em 0em 2.6em; + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; +} + +div.glossary dl, +div.variablelist dl { +} + +.glossary dl dt, +.variablelist dl dt, +.variablelist dl dt span.term { + font-weight: normal; + width: 20em; + text-align: right; +} + +.variablelist dl dt { + margin-top: 0.5em; +} + +.glossary dl dd, +.variablelist dl dd { + margin-top: -1em; + margin-left: 25.5em; +} + +.glossary dd p, +.variablelist dd p { + margin-top: 0em; + margin-bottom: 1em; +} + + +div.calloutlist table td { + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; + margin: 0em 0em 0em 0em; +} + +div.calloutlist table td p { + margin-top: 0em; + margin-bottom: 1em; +} + +div p.copyright { + text-align: left; +} + +div.legalnotice p.legalnotice-title { + margin-bottom: 0em; +} + +p { + line-height: 1.5em; + margin-top: 0em; + +} + +dl { + padding-top: 0em; +} + +hr { + border: solid 1px; +} + + +.mediaobject, +.mediaobjectco { + text-align: center; +} + +img { + border: none; +} + +ul { + padding: 0em 0em 0em 1.5em; +} + +ul li { + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; +} + +ul li p { + text-align: left; +} + +table { + width :100%; +} + +th { + padding: 0.25em; + text-align: left; + font-weight: normal; + vertical-align: top; +} + +td { + padding: 0.25em; + vertical-align: top; +} + +p a[id] { + margin: 0px; + padding: 0px; + display: inline; + background-image: none; +} + +a { + text-decoration: underline; + color: #444; +} + +pre { + overflow: auto; +} + +a:hover { + text-decoration: underline; + /*font-weight: bold;*/ +} + + +div.informalfigure, +div.informalexample, +div.informaltable, +div.figure, +div.table, +div.example { + margin: 1em 0em; + padding: 1em; + page-break-inside: avoid; +} + + +div.informalfigure p.title b, +div.informalexample p.title b, +div.informaltable p.title b, +div.figure p.title b, +div.example p.title b, +div.table p.title b{ + padding-top: 0em; + margin-top: 0em; + font-size: 100%; + font-weight: normal; +} + +.mediaobject .caption, +.mediaobject .caption p { + text-align: center; + font-size: 80%; + padding-top: 0.5em; + padding-bottom: 0.5em; +} + +.epigraph { + padding-left: 55%; + margin-bottom: 1em; +} + +.epigraph p { + text-align: left; +} + +.epigraph .quote { + font-style: italic; +} +.epigraph .attribution { + font-style: normal; + text-align: right; +} + +span.application { + font-style: italic; +} + +.programlisting { + font-family: monospace; + font-size: 80%; + white-space: pre; + margin: 1.33em 0em; + padding: 1.33em; +} + +.tip, +.warning, +.caution, +.note { + margin-top: 1em; + margin-bottom: 1em; + +} + +/* force full width of table within div */ +.tip table, +.warning table, +.caution table, +.note table { + border: none; + width: 100%; +} + + +.tip table th, +.warning table th, +.caution table th, +.note table th { + padding: 0.8em 0.0em 0.0em 0.0em; + margin : 0em 0em 0em 0em; +} + +.tip p, +.warning p, +.caution p, +.note p { + margin-top: 0.5em; + margin-bottom: 0.5em; + padding-right: 1em; + text-align: left; +} + +.acronym { + text-transform: uppercase; +} + +b.keycap, +.keycap { + padding: 0.09em 0.3em; + margin: 0em; +} + +.itemizedlist li { + clear: none; +} + +.filename { + font-size: medium; + font-family: Courier, monospace; +} + + +div.navheader, div.heading{ + position: absolute; + left: 0em; + top: 0em; + width: 100%; + background-color: #cdf; + width: 100%; +} + +div.navfooter, div.footing{ + position: fixed; + left: 0em; + bottom: 0em; + background-color: #eee; + width: 100%; +} + + +div.navheader td, +div.navfooter td { + font-size: 66%; +} + +div.navheader table th { + /*font-family: Georgia, Times, serif;*/ + /*font-size: x-large;*/ + font-size: 80%; +} + +div.navheader table { + border-left: 0em; + border-right: 0em; + border-top: 0em; + width: 100%; +} + +div.navfooter table { + border-left: 0em; + border-right: 0em; + border-bottom: 0em; + width: 100%; +} + +div.navheader table td a, +div.navfooter table td a { + color: #777; + text-decoration: none; +} + +/* normal text in the footer */ +div.navfooter table td { + color: black; +} + +div.navheader table td a:visited, +div.navfooter table td a:visited { + color: #444; +} + + +/* links in header and footer */ +div.navheader table td a:hover, +div.navfooter table td a:hover { + text-decoration: underline; + background-color: transparent; + color: #33a; +} + +div.navheader hr, +div.navfooter hr { + display: none; +} + + +.qandaset tr.question td p { + margin: 0em 0em 1em 0em; + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; +} + +.qandaset tr.answer td p { + margin: 0em 0em 1em 0em; + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; +} +.answer td { + padding-bottom: 1.5em; +} + +.emphasis { + font-weight: bold; +} + + + /************* / + / decorations / +/ *************/ + +.titlepage { +} + +.part .title { +} + +.subtitle { + border: none; +} + +/* +h1 { + border: none; +} + +h2 { + border-top: solid 0.2em; + border-bottom: solid 0.06em; +} + +h3 { + border-top: 0em; + border-bottom: solid 0.06em; +} + +h4 { + border: 0em; + border-bottom: solid 0.06em; +} + +h5 { + border: 0em; +} +*/ + +.programlisting { + border: solid 1px; +} + +div.figure, +div.table, +div.informalfigure, +div.informaltable, +div.informalexample, +div.example { + border: 1px solid; +} + + + +.tip, +.warning, +.caution, +.note { + border: 1px solid; +} + +.tip table th, +.warning table th, +.caution table th, +.note table th { + border-bottom: 1px solid; +} + +.question td { + border-top: 1px solid black; +} + +.answer { +} + + +b.keycap, +.keycap { + border: 1px solid; +} + + +div.navheader, div.heading{ + border-bottom: 1px solid; +} + + +div.navfooter, div.footing{ + border-top: 1px solid; +} + + /********* / + / colors / +/ *********/ + +body { + color: #333; + background: white; +} + +a { + background: transparent; +} + +a:hover { + background-color: #dedede; +} + + +h1, +h2, +h3, +h4, +h5, +h6, +h7, +h8 { + background-color: transparent; +} + +hr { + border-color: #aaa; +} + + +.tip, .warning, .caution, .note { + border-color: #fff; +} + + +.tip table th, +.warning table th, +.caution table th, +.note table th { + border-bottom-color: #fff; +} + + +.warning { + background-color: #f0f0f2; +} + +.caution { + background-color: #f0f0f2; +} + +.tip { + background-color: #f0f0f2; +} + +.note { + background-color: #f0f0f2; +} + +.glossary dl dt, +.variablelist dl dt, +.variablelist dl dt span.term { + color: #044; +} + +div.figure, +div.table, +div.example, +div.informalfigure, +div.informaltable, +div.informalexample { + border-color: #aaa; +} + +pre.programlisting { + color: black; + background-color: #fff; + border-color: #aaa; + border-width: 2px; +} + +.guimenu, +.guilabel, +.guimenuitem { + background-color: #eee; +} + + +b.keycap, +.keycap { + background-color: #eee; + border-color: #999; +} + + +div.navheader { + border-color: black; +} + + +div.navfooter { + border-color: black; +} + + + /*********** / + / graphics / +/ ***********/ + +/* +body { + background-image: url("images/body_bg.jpg"); + background-attachment: fixed; +} + +.navheader, +.note, +.tip { + background-image: url("images/note_bg.jpg"); + background-attachment: fixed; +} + +.warning, +.caution { + background-image: url("images/warning_bg.jpg"); + background-attachment: fixed; +} + +.figure, +.informalfigure, +.example, +.informalexample, +.table, +.informaltable { + background-image: url("images/figure_bg.jpg"); + background-attachment: fixed; +} + +*/ +h1, +h2, +h3, +h4, +h5, +h6, +h7{ +} + +/* +Example of how to stick an image as part of the title. + +div.article .titlepage .title +{ + background-image: url("figures/white-on-black.png"); + background-position: center; + background-repeat: repeat-x; +} +*/ + +div.preface .titlepage .title, +div.colophon .title, +div.chapter .titlepage .title, +div.article .titlepage .title +{ +} + +div.section div.section .titlepage .title, +div.sect2 .titlepage .title { + background: none; +} + + +h1.title { + background-color: transparent; + background-image: url("figures/yocto-project-bw.png"); + background-repeat: no-repeat; + height: 256px; + text-indent: -9000px; + overflow:hidden; +} + +h2.subtitle { + background-color: transparent; + text-indent: -9000px; + overflow:hidden; + width: 0px; + display: none; +} + + /*************************************** / + / pippin.gimp.org specific alterations / +/ ***************************************/ + +/* +div.heading, div.navheader { + color: #777; + font-size: 80%; + padding: 0; + margin: 0; + text-align: left; + position: absolute; + top: 0px; + left: 0px; + width: 100%; + height: 50px; + background: url('/gfx/heading_bg.png') transparent; + background-repeat: repeat-x; + background-attachment: fixed; + border: none; +} + +div.heading a { + color: #444; +} + +div.footing, div.navfooter { + border: none; + color: #ddd; + font-size: 80%; + text-align:right; + + width: 100%; + padding-top: 10px; + position: absolute; + bottom: 0px; + left: 0px; + + background: url('/gfx/footing_bg.png') transparent; +} +*/ + + + + /****************** / + / nasty ie tweaks / +/ ******************/ + +/* +div.heading, div.navheader { + width:expression(document.body.clientWidth + "px"); +} + +div.footing, div.navfooter { + width:expression(document.body.clientWidth + "px"); + margin-left:expression("-5em"); +} +body { + padding:expression("4em 5em 0em 5em"); +} +*/ + + /**************************************** / + / mozilla vendor specific css extensions / +/ ****************************************/ +/* +div.navfooter, div.footing{ + -moz-opacity: 0.8em; +} + +div.figure, +div.table, +div.informalfigure, +div.informaltable, +div.informalexample, +div.example, +.tip, +.warning, +.caution, +.note { + -moz-border-radius: 0.5em; +} + +b.keycap, +.keycap { + -moz-border-radius: 0.3em; +} +*/ + +table tr td table tr td { + display: none; +} + + +hr { + display: none; +} + +table { + border: 0em; +} + + .photo { + float: right; + margin-left: 1.5em; + margin-bottom: 1.5em; + margin-top: 0em; + max-width: 17em; + border: 1px solid gray; + padding: 3px; + background: white; +} + .seperator { + padding-top: 2em; + clear: both; + } + + #validators { + margin-top: 5em; + text-align: right; + color: #777; + } + @media print { + body { + font-size: 8pt; + } + .noprint { + display: none; + } + } + + +.tip, +.note { + background: #f0f0f2; + color: #333; + padding: 20px; + margin: 20px; +} + +.tip h3, +.note h3 { + padding: 0em; + margin: 0em; + font-size: 2em; + font-weight: bold; + color: #333; +} + +.tip a, +.note a { + color: #333; + text-decoration: underline; +} + +.footnote { + font-size: small; + color: #333; +} + +/* Changes the announcement text */ +.tip h3, +.warning h3, +.caution h3, +.note h3 { + font-size:large; + color: #00557D; +} + diff --git a/documentation/adt-manual/figures/adt-title.png b/documentation/adt-manual/figures/adt-title.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6e71e41 Binary files /dev/null and b/documentation/adt-manual/figures/adt-title.png differ diff --git a/documentation/bsp-guide/bsp-guide-customization.xsl b/documentation/bsp-guide/bsp-guide-customization.xsl new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5560289 --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/bsp-guide/bsp-guide-customization.xsl @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/documentation/bsp-guide/bsp-guide-eclipse-customization.xsl b/documentation/bsp-guide/bsp-guide-eclipse-customization.xsl new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1c80bee --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/bsp-guide/bsp-guide-eclipse-customization.xsl @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/documentation/bsp-guide/bsp-guide.xml b/documentation/bsp-guide/bsp-guide.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9af9943 --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/bsp-guide/bsp-guide.xml @@ -0,0 +1,128 @@ + %poky; ] > + + + + + + + + + + + + Yocto Project Board Support Package Developer's Guide + + + + + Tom Zanussi + + Intel Corporation + + tom.zanussi@intel.com + + + Richard Purdie + + Linux Foundation + + richard.purdie@linuxfoundation.org + + + + + + 0.9 + 24 November 2010 + The initial document draft released with the Yocto Project 0.9 Release. + + + 1.0 + 6 April 2011 + Released with the Yocto Project 1.0 Release. + + + 1.0.1 + 23 May 2011 + Released with the Yocto Project 1.0.1 Release. + + + 1.1 + 6 October 2011 + Released with the Yocto Project 1.1 Release. + + + 1.2 + April 2012 + Released with the Yocto Project 1.2 Release. + + + 1.3 + October 2012 + Released with the Yocto Project 1.3 Release. + + + 1.4 + April 2013 + Released with the Yocto Project 1.4 Release. + + + 1.5 + October 2013 + Released with the Yocto Project 1.5 Release. + + + 1.5.1 + January 2014 + Released with the Yocto Project 1.5.1 Release. + + + 1.6 + April 2014 + Released with the Yocto Project 1.6 Release. + + + 1.6.1 + Sometime in 2014 + Released with the Yocto Project 1.6.1 Release. + + + + + ©RIGHT_YEAR; + Linux Foundation + + + + + Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under + the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales as published by Creative Commons. + + + For the latest version of this manual associated with this + Yocto Project release, see the + Yocto Project Board Support Package (BSP) Developer's Guide + from the Yocto Project website. + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/documentation/bsp-guide/bsp-style.css b/documentation/bsp-guide/bsp-style.css new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4a1a45e --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/bsp-guide/bsp-style.css @@ -0,0 +1,980 @@ +/* + Generic XHTML / DocBook XHTML CSS Stylesheet. + + Browser wrangling and typographic design by + Oyvind Kolas / pippin@gimp.org + + Customised for Poky by + Matthew Allum / mallum@o-hand.com + + Thanks to: + Liam R. E. Quin + William Skaggs + Jakub Steiner + + Structure + --------- + + The stylesheet is divided into the following sections: + + Positioning + Margins, paddings, width, font-size, clearing. + Decorations + Borders, style + Colors + Colors + Graphics + Graphical backgrounds + Nasty IE tweaks + Workarounds needed to make it work in internet explorer, + currently makes the stylesheet non validating, but up until + this point it is validating. + Mozilla extensions + Transparency for footer + Rounded corners on boxes + +*/ + + + /*************** / + / Positioning / +/ ***************/ + +body { + font-family: Verdana, Sans, sans-serif; + + min-width: 640px; + width: 80%; + margin: 0em auto; + padding: 2em 5em 5em 5em; + color: #333; +} + +h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,h7 { + font-family: Arial, Sans; + color: #00557D; + clear: both; +} + +h1 { + font-size: 2em; + text-align: left; + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; + margin: 2em 0em 0em 0em; +} + +h2.subtitle { + margin: 0.10em 0em 3.0em 0em; + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; + font-size: 1.8em; + padding-left: 20%; + font-weight: normal; + font-style: italic; +} + +h2 { + margin: 2em 0em 0.66em 0em; + padding: 0.5em 0em 0em 0em; + font-size: 1.5em; + font-weight: bold; +} + +h3.subtitle { + margin: 0em 0em 1em 0em; + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; + font-size: 142.14%; + text-align: right; +} + +h3 { + margin: 1em 0em 0.5em 0em; + padding: 1em 0em 0em 0em; + font-size: 140%; + font-weight: bold; +} + +h4 { + margin: 1em 0em 0.5em 0em; + padding: 1em 0em 0em 0em; + font-size: 120%; + font-weight: bold; +} + +h5 { + margin: 1em 0em 0.5em 0em; + padding: 1em 0em 0em 0em; + font-size: 110%; + font-weight: bold; +} + +h6 { + margin: 1em 0em 0em 0em; + padding: 1em 0em 0em 0em; + font-size: 110%; + font-weight: bold; +} + +.authorgroup { + background-color: transparent; + background-repeat: no-repeat; + padding-top: 256px; + background-image: url("figures/bsp-title.png"); + background-position: left top; + margin-top: -256px; + padding-right: 50px; + margin-left: 0px; + text-align: right; + width: 740px; +} + +h3.author { + margin: 0em 0me 0em 0em; + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; + font-weight: normal; + font-size: 100%; + color: #333; + clear: both; +} + +.author tt.email { + font-size: 66%; +} + +.titlepage hr { + width: 0em; + clear: both; +} + +.revhistory { + padding-top: 2em; + clear: both; +} + +.toc, +.list-of-tables, +.list-of-examples, +.list-of-figures { + padding: 1.33em 0em 2.5em 0em; + color: #00557D; +} + +.toc p, +.list-of-tables p, +.list-of-figures p, +.list-of-examples p { + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; + padding: 0em 0em 0.3em; + margin: 1.5em 0em 0em 0em; +} + +.toc p b, +.list-of-tables p b, +.list-of-figures p b, +.list-of-examples p b{ + font-size: 100.0%; + font-weight: bold; +} + +.toc dl, +.list-of-tables dl, +.list-of-figures dl, +.list-of-examples dl { + margin: 0em 0em 0.5em 0em; + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; +} + +.toc dt { + margin: 0em 0em 0em 0em; + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; +} + +.toc dd { + margin: 0em 0em 0em 2.6em; + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; +} + +div.glossary dl, +div.variablelist dl { +} + +.glossary dl dt, +.variablelist dl dt, +.variablelist dl dt span.term { + font-weight: normal; + width: 20em; + text-align: right; +} + +.variablelist dl dt { + margin-top: 0.5em; +} + +.glossary dl dd, +.variablelist dl dd { + margin-top: -1em; + margin-left: 25.5em; +} + +.glossary dd p, +.variablelist dd p { + margin-top: 0em; + margin-bottom: 1em; +} + + +div.calloutlist table td { + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; + margin: 0em 0em 0em 0em; +} + +div.calloutlist table td p { + margin-top: 0em; + margin-bottom: 1em; +} + +div p.copyright { + text-align: left; +} + +div.legalnotice p.legalnotice-title { + margin-bottom: 0em; +} + +p { + line-height: 1.5em; + margin-top: 0em; + +} + +dl { + padding-top: 0em; +} + +hr { + border: solid 1px; +} + + +.mediaobject, +.mediaobjectco { + text-align: center; +} + +img { + border: none; +} + +ul { + padding: 0em 0em 0em 1.5em; +} + +ul li { + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; +} + +ul li p { + text-align: left; +} + +table { + width :100%; +} + +th { + padding: 0.25em; + text-align: left; + font-weight: normal; + vertical-align: top; +} + +td { + padding: 0.25em; + vertical-align: top; +} + +p a[id] { + margin: 0px; + padding: 0px; + display: inline; + background-image: none; +} + +a { + text-decoration: underline; + color: #444; +} + +pre { + overflow: auto; +} + +a:hover { + text-decoration: underline; + /*font-weight: bold;*/ +} + + +div.informalfigure, +div.informalexample, +div.informaltable, +div.figure, +div.table, +div.example { + margin: 1em 0em; + padding: 1em; + page-break-inside: avoid; +} + + +div.informalfigure p.title b, +div.informalexample p.title b, +div.informaltable p.title b, +div.figure p.title b, +div.example p.title b, +div.table p.title b{ + padding-top: 0em; + margin-top: 0em; + font-size: 100%; + font-weight: normal; +} + +.mediaobject .caption, +.mediaobject .caption p { + text-align: center; + font-size: 80%; + padding-top: 0.5em; + padding-bottom: 0.5em; +} + +.epigraph { + padding-left: 55%; + margin-bottom: 1em; +} + +.epigraph p { + text-align: left; +} + +.epigraph .quote { + font-style: italic; +} +.epigraph .attribution { + font-style: normal; + text-align: right; +} + +span.application { + font-style: italic; +} + +.programlisting { + font-family: monospace; + font-size: 80%; + white-space: pre; + margin: 1.33em 0em; + padding: 1.33em; +} + +.tip, +.warning, +.caution, +.note { + margin-top: 1em; + margin-bottom: 1em; + +} + +/* force full width of table within div */ +.tip table, +.warning table, +.caution table, +.note table { + border: none; + width: 100%; +} + + +.tip table th, +.warning table th, +.caution table th, +.note table th { + padding: 0.8em 0.0em 0.0em 0.0em; + margin : 0em 0em 0em 0em; +} + +.tip p, +.warning p, +.caution p, +.note p { + margin-top: 0.5em; + margin-bottom: 0.5em; + padding-right: 1em; + text-align: left; +} + +.acronym { + text-transform: uppercase; +} + +b.keycap, +.keycap { + padding: 0.09em 0.3em; + margin: 0em; +} + +.itemizedlist li { + clear: none; +} + +.filename { + font-size: medium; + font-family: Courier, monospace; +} + + +div.navheader, div.heading{ + position: absolute; + left: 0em; + top: 0em; + width: 100%; + background-color: #cdf; + width: 100%; +} + +div.navfooter, div.footing{ + position: fixed; + left: 0em; + bottom: 0em; + background-color: #eee; + width: 100%; +} + + +div.navheader td, +div.navfooter td { + font-size: 66%; +} + +div.navheader table th { + /*font-family: Georgia, Times, serif;*/ + /*font-size: x-large;*/ + font-size: 80%; +} + +div.navheader table { + border-left: 0em; + border-right: 0em; + border-top: 0em; + width: 100%; +} + +div.navfooter table { + border-left: 0em; + border-right: 0em; + border-bottom: 0em; + width: 100%; +} + +div.navheader table td a, +div.navfooter table td a { + color: #777; + text-decoration: none; +} + +/* normal text in the footer */ +div.navfooter table td { + color: black; +} + +div.navheader table td a:visited, +div.navfooter table td a:visited { + color: #444; +} + + +/* links in header and footer */ +div.navheader table td a:hover, +div.navfooter table td a:hover { + text-decoration: underline; + background-color: transparent; + color: #33a; +} + +div.navheader hr, +div.navfooter hr { + display: none; +} + + +.qandaset tr.question td p { + margin: 0em 0em 1em 0em; + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; +} + +.qandaset tr.answer td p { + margin: 0em 0em 1em 0em; + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; +} +.answer td { + padding-bottom: 1.5em; +} + +.emphasis { + font-weight: bold; +} + + + /************* / + / decorations / +/ *************/ + +.titlepage { +} + +.part .title { +} + +.subtitle { + border: none; +} + +/* +h1 { + border: none; +} + +h2 { + border-top: solid 0.2em; + border-bottom: solid 0.06em; +} + +h3 { + border-top: 0em; + border-bottom: solid 0.06em; +} + +h4 { + border: 0em; + border-bottom: solid 0.06em; +} + +h5 { + border: 0em; +} +*/ + +.programlisting { + border: solid 1px; +} + +div.figure, +div.table, +div.informalfigure, +div.informaltable, +div.informalexample, +div.example { + border: 1px solid; +} + + + +.tip, +.warning, +.caution, +.note { + border: 1px solid; +} + +.tip table th, +.warning table th, +.caution table th, +.note table th { + border-bottom: 1px solid; +} + +.question td { + border-top: 1px solid black; +} + +.answer { +} + + +b.keycap, +.keycap { + border: 1px solid; +} + + +div.navheader, div.heading{ + border-bottom: 1px solid; +} + + +div.navfooter, div.footing{ + border-top: 1px solid; +} + + /********* / + / colors / +/ *********/ + +body { + color: #333; + background: white; +} + +a { + background: transparent; +} + +a:hover { + background-color: #dedede; +} + + +h1, +h2, +h3, +h4, +h5, +h6, +h7, +h8 { + background-color: transparent; +} + +hr { + border-color: #aaa; +} + + +.tip, .warning, .caution, .note { + border-color: #fff; +} + + +.tip table th, +.warning table th, +.caution table th, +.note table th { + border-bottom-color: #fff; +} + + +.warning { + background-color: #f0f0f2; +} + +.caution { + background-color: #f0f0f2; +} + +.tip { + background-color: #f0f0f2; +} + +.note { + background-color: #f0f0f2; +} + +.glossary dl dt, +.variablelist dl dt, +.variablelist dl dt span.term { + color: #044; +} + +div.figure, +div.table, +div.example, +div.informalfigure, +div.informaltable, +div.informalexample { + border-color: #aaa; +} + +pre.programlisting { + color: black; + background-color: #fff; + border-color: #aaa; + border-width: 2px; +} + +.guimenu, +.guilabel, +.guimenuitem { + background-color: #eee; +} + + +b.keycap, +.keycap { + background-color: #eee; + border-color: #999; +} + + +div.navheader { + border-color: black; +} + + +div.navfooter { + border-color: black; +} + + + /*********** / + / graphics / +/ ***********/ + +/* +body { + background-image: url("images/body_bg.jpg"); + background-attachment: fixed; +} + +.navheader, +.note, +.tip { + background-image: url("images/note_bg.jpg"); + background-attachment: fixed; +} + +.warning, +.caution { + background-image: url("images/warning_bg.jpg"); + background-attachment: fixed; +} + +.figure, +.informalfigure, +.example, +.informalexample, +.table, +.informaltable { + background-image: url("images/figure_bg.jpg"); + background-attachment: fixed; +} + +*/ +h1, +h2, +h3, +h4, +h5, +h6, +h7{ +} + +/* +Example of how to stick an image as part of the title. + +div.article .titlepage .title +{ + background-image: url("figures/white-on-black.png"); + background-position: center; + background-repeat: repeat-x; +} +*/ + +div.preface .titlepage .title, +div.colophon .title, +div.chapter .titlepage .title { + background-image: url("images/title-bg.png"); + background-position: bottom; + background-repeat: repeat-x; +} + +div.section div.section .titlepage .title, +div.sect2 .titlepage .title { + background: none; +} + + +h1.title { + background-color: transparent; + background-image: url("poky-ref-manual.png"); + background-repeat: no-repeat; + height: 256px; + text-indent: -9000px; + overflow:hidden; +} + +h2.subtitle { + background-color: transparent; + text-indent: -9000px; + overflow:hidden; + width: 0px; + display: none; +} + + /*************************************** / + / pippin.gimp.org specific alterations / +/ ***************************************/ + +/* +div.heading, div.navheader { + color: #777; + font-size: 80%; + padding: 0; + margin: 0; + text-align: left; + position: absolute; + top: 0px; + left: 0px; + width: 100%; + height: 50px; + background: url('/gfx/heading_bg.png') transparent; + background-repeat: repeat-x; + background-attachment: fixed; + border: none; +} + +div.heading a { + color: #444; +} + +div.footing, div.navfooter { + border: none; + color: #ddd; + font-size: 80%; + text-align:right; + + width: 100%; + padding-top: 10px; + position: absolute; + bottom: 0px; + left: 0px; + + background: url('/gfx/footing_bg.png') transparent; +} +*/ + + + + /****************** / + / nasty ie tweaks / +/ ******************/ + +/* +div.heading, div.navheader { + width:expression(document.body.clientWidth + "px"); +} + +div.footing, div.navfooter { + width:expression(document.body.clientWidth + "px"); + margin-left:expression("-5em"); +} +body { + padding:expression("4em 5em 0em 5em"); +} +*/ + + /**************************************** / + / mozilla vendor specific css extensions / +/ ****************************************/ +/* +div.navfooter, div.footing{ + -moz-opacity: 0.8em; +} + +div.figure, +div.table, +div.informalfigure, +div.informaltable, +div.informalexample, +div.example, +.tip, +.warning, +.caution, +.note { + -moz-border-radius: 0.5em; +} + +b.keycap, +.keycap { + -moz-border-radius: 0.3em; +} +*/ + +table tr td table tr td { + display: none; +} + + +hr { + display: none; +} + +table { + border: 0em; +} + + .photo { + float: right; + margin-left: 1.5em; + margin-bottom: 1.5em; + margin-top: 0em; + max-width: 17em; + border: 1px solid gray; + padding: 3px; + background: white; +} + .seperator { + padding-top: 2em; + clear: both; + } + + #validators { + margin-top: 5em; + text-align: right; + color: #777; + } + @media print { + body { + font-size: 8pt; + } + .noprint { + display: none; + } + } + + +.tip, +.note { + background: #f0f0f2; + color: #333; + padding: 20px; + margin: 20px; +} + +.tip h3, +.note h3 { + padding: 0em; + margin: 0em; + font-size: 2em; + font-weight: bold; + color: #333; +} + +.tip a, +.note a { + color: #333; + text-decoration: underline; +} + +.footnote { + font-size: small; + color: #333; +} + +/* Changes the announcement text */ +.tip h3, +.warning h3, +.caution h3, +.note h3 { + font-size:large; + color: #00557D; +} + diff --git a/documentation/bsp-guide/bsp.xml b/documentation/bsp-guide/bsp.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..eef36cb --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/bsp-guide/bsp.xml @@ -0,0 +1,1493 @@ + %poky; ] > + + + + Board Support Packages (BSP) - Developer's Guide + + + A Board Support Package (BSP) is a collection of information that + defines how to support a particular hardware device, set of devices, or + hardware platform. + The BSP includes information about the hardware features + present on the device and kernel configuration information along with any + additional hardware drivers required. + The BSP also lists any additional software + components required in addition to a generic Linux software stack for both + essential and optional platform features. + + + + This guide presents information about BSP Layers, defines a structure for components + so that BSPs follow a commonly understood layout, discusses how to customize + a recipe for a BSP, addresses BSP licensing, and provides information that + shows you how to create and manage a + BSP Layer using two Yocto Project + BSP Tools. + + +
+ BSP Layers + + + The BSP consists of a file structure inside a base directory. + Collectively, you can think of the base directory and the file structure + as a BSP Layer. + Although not a strict requirement, layers in the Yocto Project use the + following well established naming convention: + + meta-<bsp_name> + + The string "meta-" is prepended to the machine or platform name, which is + "bsp_name" in the above form. + + + + The layer's base directory (meta-<bsp_name>) is the root + of the BSP Layer. + This root is what you add to the + BBLAYERS + variable in the conf/bblayers.conf file found in the + Build Directory. + Adding the root allows the OpenEmbedded build system to recognize the BSP + definition and from it build an image. + Here is an example: + + BBLAYERS ?= " \ + /usr/local/src/yocto/meta \ + /usr/local/src/yocto/meta-yocto \ + /usr/local/src/yocto/meta-yocto-bsp \ + /usr/local/src/yocto/meta-mylayer \ + " + + BBLAYERS_NON_REMOVABLE ?= " \ + /usr/local/src/yocto/meta \ + /usr/local/src/yocto/meta-yocto \ + " + + + + + Some BSPs require additional layers on + top of the BSP's root layer in order to be functional. + For these cases, you also need to add those layers to the + BBLAYERS variable in order to build the BSP. + You must also specify in the "Dependencies" section of the BSP's + README file any requirements for additional + layers and, preferably, any + build instructions that might be contained elsewhere + in the README file. + + + + Some layers function as a layer to hold other BSP layers. + An example of this type of layer is the meta-intel layer. + The meta-intel layer contains many individual BSP layers. + + + + For more detailed information on layers, see the + "Understanding and Creating Layers" + section of the Yocto Project Development Manual. + +
+ + +
+ Example Filesystem Layout + + + Providing a common form allows end-users to understand and become familiar + with the layout. + A common format also encourages standardization of software support of hardware. + + + + The proposed form does have elements that are specific to the + OpenEmbedded build system. + It is intended that this information can be + used by other build systems besides the OpenEmbedded build system + and that it will be simple + to extract information and convert it to other formats if required. + The OpenEmbedded build system, through its standard layers mechanism, can directly + accept the format described as a layer. + The BSP captures all + the hardware-specific details in one place in a standard format, which is + useful for any person wishing to use the hardware platform regardless of + the build system they are using. + + + + The BSP specification does not include a build system or other tools - + it is concerned with the hardware-specific components only. + At the end-distribution point, you can ship the BSP combined with a build system + and other tools. + However, it is important to maintain the distinction that these + are separate components that happen to be combined in certain end products. + + + + Before looking at the common form for the file structure inside a BSP Layer, + you should be aware that some requirements do exist in order for a BSP to + be considered compliant with the Yocto Project. + For that list of requirements, see the + "Released BSP Requirements" + section. + + + + Below is the common form for the file structure inside a BSP Layer. + While you can use this basic form for the standard, realize that the actual structures + for specific BSPs could differ. + + + meta-<bsp_name>/ + meta-<bsp_name>/<bsp_license_file> + meta-<bsp_name>/README + meta-<bsp_name>/README.sources + meta-<bsp_name>/binary/<bootable_images> + meta-<bsp_name>/conf/layer.conf + meta-<bsp_name>/conf/machine/*.conf + meta-<bsp_name>/recipes-bsp/* + meta-<bsp_name>/recipes-core/* + meta-<bsp_name>/recipes-graphics/* + meta-<bsp_name>/recipes-kernel/linux/linux-yocto_<kernel_rev>.bbappend + + + + + Below is an example of the Crown Bay BSP: + + + meta-crownbay/COPYING.MIT + meta-crownbay/README + meta-crownbay/README.sources + meta-crownbay/binary/ + meta-crownbay/conf/ + meta-crownbay/conf/layer.conf + meta-crownbay/conf/machine/ + meta-crownbay/conf/machine/crownbay.conf + meta-crownbay/conf/machine/crownbay-noemgd.conf + meta-crownbay/recipes-bsp/ + meta-crownbay/recipes-bsp/formfactor/ + meta-crownbay/recipes-bsp/formfactor/formfactor_0.0.bbappend + meta-crownbay/recipes-bsp/formfactor/formfactor/ + meta-crownbay/recipes-bsp/formfactor/formfactor/crownbay/ + meta-crownbay/recipes-bsp/formfactor/formfactor/crownbay/machconfig + meta-crownbay/recipes-bsp/formfactor/formfactor/crownbay-noemgd/ + meta-crownbay/recipes-bsp/formfactor/formfactor/crownbay-noemgd/machconfig + meta-crownbay/recipes-graphics/ + meta-crownbay/recipes-graphics/xorg-xserver/ + meta-crownbay/recipes-graphics/xorg-xserver/xserver-xf86-config_0.1.bbappend + meta-crownbay/recipes-graphics/xorg-xserver/xserver-xf86-config/ + meta-crownbay/recipes-graphics/xorg-xserver/xserver-xf86-config/crownbay/ + meta-crownbay/recipes-graphics/xorg-xserver/xserver-xf86-config/crownbay/xorg.conf + meta-crownbay/recipes-kernel/ + meta-crownbay/recipes-kernel/linux/ + meta-crownbay/recipes-kernel/linux/linux-yocto-dev.bbappend + meta-crownbay/recipes-kernel/linux/linux-yocto-rt_3.10.bbappend + meta-crownbay/recipes-kernel/linux/linux-yocto_3.10.bbappend + meta-crownbay/recipes-kernel/linux/linux-yocto_3.14.bbappend + + + + + The following sections describe each part of the proposed BSP format. + + +
+ License Files + + + You can find these files in the BSP Layer at: + + meta-<bsp_name>/<bsp_license_file> + + + + + These optional files satisfy licensing requirements for the BSP. + The type or types of files here can vary depending on the licensing requirements. + For example, in the Crown Bay BSP all licensing requirements are handled with the + COPYING.MIT file. + + + + Licensing files can be MIT, BSD, GPLv*, and so forth. + These files are recommended for the BSP but are optional and totally up to the BSP developer. + +
+ +
+ README File + + You can find this file in the BSP Layer at: + + meta-<bsp_name>/README + + + + + This file provides information on how to boot the live images that are optionally + included in the binary/ directory. + The README file also provides special information needed for + building the image. + + + + At a minimum, the README file must + contain a list of dependencies, such as the names of + any other layers on which the BSP depends and the name of + the BSP maintainer with his or her contact information. + +
+ +
+ README.sources File + + You can find this file in the BSP Layer at: + + meta-<bsp_name>/README.sources + + + + + This file provides information on where to locate the BSP source files. + For example, information provides where to find the sources that comprise + the images shipped with the BSP. + Information is also included to help you find the + Metadata + used to generate the images that ship with the BSP. + +
+ +
+ Pre-built User Binaries + + You can find these files in the BSP Layer at: + + meta-<bsp_name>/binary/<bootable_images> + + + + + This optional area contains useful pre-built kernels and user-space filesystem + images appropriate to the target system. + This directory typically contains graphical (e.g. Sato) and minimal live images + when the BSP tarball has been created and made available in the + Yocto Project website. + You can use these kernels and images to get a system running and quickly get started + on development tasks. + + + + The exact types of binaries present are highly hardware-dependent. + However, a README file should be present in the BSP Layer that explains how to use + the kernels and images with the target hardware. + If pre-built binaries are present, source code to meet licensing requirements must also + exist in some form. + +
+ +
+ Layer Configuration File + + You can find this file in the BSP Layer at: + + meta-<bsp_name>/conf/layer.conf + + + + + The conf/layer.conf file identifies the file structure as a + layer, identifies the + contents of the layer, and contains information about how the build + system should use it. + Generally, a standard boilerplate file such as the following works. + In the following example, you would replace "bsp" and + "_bsp" with the actual name + of the BSP (i.e. <bsp_name> from the example template). + + + + + # We have a conf and classes directory, add to BBPATH + BBPATH .= ":${LAYERDIR}" + + # We have a recipes directory, add to BBFILES + BBFILES += "${LAYERDIR}/recipes-*/*/*.bb \ + ${LAYERDIR}/recipes-*/*/*.bbappend" + + BBFILE_COLLECTIONS += "bsp" + BBFILE_PATTERN_bsp = "^${LAYERDIR}/" + BBFILE_PRIORITY_bsp = "6" + + + + + To illustrate the string substitutions, here are the corresponding statements + from the Crown Bay conf/layer.conf file: + + BBFILE_COLLECTIONS += "crownbay" + BBFILE_PATTERN_crownbay = "^${LAYERDIR}/" + BBFILE_PRIORITY_crownbay = "6" + + + + + This file simply makes + BitBake + aware of the recipes and configuration directories. + The file must exist so that the OpenEmbedded build system can recognize the BSP. + +
+ +
+ Hardware Configuration Options + + You can find these files in the BSP Layer at: + + meta-<bsp_name>/conf/machine/*.conf + + + + + The machine files bind together all the information contained elsewhere + in the BSP into a format that the build system can understand. + If the BSP supports multiple machines, multiple machine configuration files + can be present. + These filenames correspond to the values to which users have set the + MACHINE variable. + + + + These files define things such as the kernel package to use + (PREFERRED_PROVIDER + of virtual/kernel), the hardware drivers to + include in different types of images, any special software components + that are needed, any bootloader information, and also any special image + format requirements. + + + + Each BSP Layer requires at least one machine file. + However, you can supply more than one file. + + + + This crownbay.conf file could also include + a hardware "tuning" file that is commonly used to + define the package architecture and specify + optimization flags, which are carefully chosen to give best + performance on a given processor. + + + + Tuning files are found in the meta/conf/machine/include + directory within the + Source Directory. + For example, the ia32-base.inc file resides in the + meta/conf/machine/include directory. + + + + To use an include file, you simply include them in the machine configuration file. + For example, the Crown Bay BSP crownbay.conf contains the + following statements: + + require conf/machine/include/intel-core2-32-common.inc + require conf/machine/include/meta-intel.inc + require conf/machine/include/meta-intel-emgd.inc + + +
+ +
+ Miscellaneous BSP-Specific Recipe Files + + You can find these files in the BSP Layer at: + + meta-<bsp_name>/recipes-bsp/* + + + + + This optional directory contains miscellaneous recipe files for the BSP. + Most notably would be the formfactor files. + For example, in the Crown Bay BSP there is the + formfactor_0.0.bbappend file, which is an + append file used to augment the recipe that starts the build. + Furthermore, there are machine-specific settings used during the + build that are defined by the machconfig file. + In the Crown Bay example, two machconfig files + exist: one that supports the Intel® Embedded Media and Graphics + Driver (Intel® EMGD) and one that does not: + + meta-crownbay/recipes-bsp/formfactor/formfactor/crownbay/machconfig + meta-crownbay/recipes-bsp/formfactor/formfactor/crownbay-noemgd/machconfig + meta-crownbay/recipes-bsp/formfactor/formfactor_0.0.bbappend + + + + + If a BSP does not have a formfactor entry, defaults are established according to + the formfactor configuration file that is installed by the main + formfactor recipe + meta/recipes-bsp/formfactor/formfactor_0.0.bb, + which is found in the + Source Directory. + +
+ +
+ Display Support Files + + You can find these files in the BSP Layer at: + + meta-<bsp_name>/recipes-graphics/* + + + + + This optional directory contains recipes for the BSP if it has + special requirements for graphics support. + All files that are needed for the BSP to support a display are kept here. + For example, the Crown Bay BSP's xorg.conf file + detects the graphics support needed (i.e. the Intel® Embedded Media + Graphics Driver (EMGD) or the Video Electronics Standards Association + (VESA) graphics): + + meta-crownbay/recipes-graphics/xorg-xserver/xserver-xf86-config_0.1.bbappend + meta-crownbay/recipes-graphics/xorg-xserver/xserver-xf86-config/crownbay/xorg.conf + + +
+ +
+ Linux Kernel Configuration + + You can find these files in the BSP Layer at: + + meta-<bsp_name>/recipes-kernel/linux/linux-yocto_*.bbappend + + + + + These files append your specific changes to the main kernel recipe you are using. + + + For your BSP, you typically want to use an existing Yocto Project kernel recipe found in the + Source Directory + at meta/recipes-kernel/linux. + You can append your specific changes to the kernel recipe by using a + similarly named append file, which is located in the BSP Layer (e.g. + the meta-<bsp_name>/recipes-kernel/linux directory). + + + Suppose you are using the linux-yocto_3.10.bb recipe to build + the kernel. + In other words, you have selected the kernel in your + <bsp_name>.conf file by adding these types + of statements: + + PREFERRED_PROVIDER_virtual/kernel ?= "linux-yocto" + PREFERRED_VERSION_linux-yocto ?= "3.10%" + + + When the preferred provider is assumed by default, the + PREFERRED_PROVIDER statement does not appear in the + <bsp_name>.conf file. + + You would use the linux-yocto_3.10.bbappend file to append + specific BSP settings to the kernel, thus configuring the kernel for your particular BSP. + + + As an example, look at the existing Crown Bay BSP. + The append file used is: + + meta-crownbay/recipes-kernel/linux/linux-yocto_3.10.bbappend + + The following listing shows the file. + Be aware that the actual commit ID strings in this example listing might be different + than the actual strings in the file from the meta-intel + Git source repository. + + FILESEXTRAPATHS_prepend := "${THISDIR}/${PN}:" + + + COMPATIBLE_MACHINE_crownbay = "crownbay" + KMACHINE_crownbay = "crownbay" + KBRANCH_crownbay = "standard/crownbay" + KERNEL_FEATURES_append_crownbay = " features/drm-emgd/drm-emgd-1.18 cfg/vesafb" + + COMPATIBLE_MACHINE_crownbay-noemgd = "crownbay-noemgd" + KMACHINE_crownbay-noemgd = "crownbay" + KBRANCH_crownbay-noemgd = "standard/crownbay" + KERNEL_FEATURES_append_crownbay-noemgd = " cfg/vesafb" + + LINUX_VERSION_crownbay = "3.10.35" + SRCREV_meta_crownbay = "b6e58b33dd427fe471f8827c83e311acdf4558a4" + SRCREV_machine_crownbay = "cee957655fe67826b2e827e2db41f156fa8f0cc4" + SRCREV_emgd_crownbay = "42d5e4548e8e79e094fa8697949eed4cf6af00a3" + + LINUX_VERSION_crownbay-noemgd = "3.10.35" + SRCREV_meta_crownbay-noemgd = "b6e58b33dd427fe471f8827c83e311acdf4558a4" + SRCREV_machine_crownbay-noemgd = "cee957655fe67826b2e827e2db41f156fa8f0cc4" + + SRC_URI_crownbay = "git://git.yoctoproject.org/linux-yocto-3.10.git;protocol=git;nocheckout=1;branch=${KBRANCH},${KMETA},emgd-1.18;name=machine,meta,emgd" + + This append file contains statements used to support the Crown Bay BSP. + The file defines machines using the + COMPATIBLE_MACHINE + variable and uses the + KMACHINE variable to + ensure the machine name used by the OpenEmbedded build system maps to the + machine name used by the Linux Yocto kernel. + The file also uses the optional + KBRANCH variable + to ensure the build process uses the standard/crownbay + kernel branch. + The + KERNEL_FEATURES + variable enables features specific to the kernel + (e.g. graphics support in this case). + The append file points to specific commits in the + Source Directory Git + repository and the meta Git repository branches to identify the + exact kernel needed to build the Crown Bay BSP. + Finally, the file includes the + SRC_URI + statement to locate the source files. + + + + One thing missing in this particular BSP, which you will typically need when + developing a BSP, is the kernel configuration file (.config) for your BSP. + When developing a BSP, you probably have a kernel configuration file or a set of kernel + configuration files that, when taken together, define the kernel configuration for your BSP. + You can accomplish this definition by putting the configurations in a file or a set of files + inside a directory located at the same level as your kernel's append file and having the same + name as the kernel's main recipe file. + With all these conditions met, simply reference those files in the + SRC_URI + statement in the append file. + + + + For example, suppose you had some configuration options in a file called + network_configs.cfg. + You can place that file inside a directory named linux-yocto and then add + a SRC_URI statement such as the following to the append file. + When the OpenEmbedded build system builds the kernel, the configuration options are + picked up and applied. + + SRC_URI += "file://network_configs.cfg" + + + + + To group related configurations into multiple files, you perform a similar procedure. + Here is an example that groups separate configurations specifically for Ethernet and graphics + into their own files and adds the configurations + by using a SRC_URI statement like the following in your append file: + + SRC_URI += "file://myconfig.cfg \ + file://eth.cfg \ + file://gfx.cfg" + + + + + The FILESEXTRAPATHS + variable is in boilerplate form in the + previous example in order to make it easy to do that. + This variable must be in your layer or BitBake will not find the patches or + configurations even if you have them in your SRC_URI. + The FILESEXTRAPATHS variable enables the build process to + find those configuration files. + + + + + Other methods exist to accomplish grouping and defining configuration options. + For example, if you are working with a local clone of the kernel repository, + you could checkout the kernel's meta branch, make your changes, + and then push the changes to the local bare clone of the kernel. + The result is that you directly add configuration options to the + meta branch for your BSP. + The configuration options will likely end up in that location anyway if the BSP gets + added to the Yocto Project. + + + + In general, however, the Yocto Project maintainers take care of moving the + SRC_URI-specified + configuration options to the kernel's meta branch. + Not only is it easier for BSP developers to not have to worry about putting those + configurations in the branch, but having the maintainers do it allows them to apply + 'global' knowledge about the kinds of common configuration options multiple BSPs in + the tree are typically using. + This allows for promotion of common configurations into common features. + + +
+
+ +
+ Requirements and Recommendations for Released BSPs + + + Certain requirements exist for a released BSP to be considered + compliant with the Yocto Project. + Additionally, recommendations also exist. + This section describes the requirements and recommendations for + released BSPs. + + +
+ Released BSP Requirements + + + Before looking at BSP requirements, you should consider the following: + + The requirements here assume the BSP layer is a well-formed, "legal" + layer that can be added to the Yocto Project. + For guidelines on creating a layer that meets these base requirements, see the + "BSP Layers" and the + "Understanding + and Creating Layers" in the Yocto Project Development Manual. + The requirements in this section apply regardless of how you + ultimately package a BSP. + You should consult the packaging and distribution guidelines for your + specific release process. + For an example of packaging and distribution requirements, see the + "Third Party BSP Release Process" + wiki page. + The requirements for the BSP as it is made available to a developer + are completely independent of the released form of the BSP. + For example, the BSP Metadata can be contained within a Git repository + and could have a directory structure completely different from what appears + in the officially released BSP layer. + It is not required that specific packages or package + modifications exist in the BSP layer, beyond the requirements for general + compliance with the Yocto Project. + For example, no requirement exists dictating that a specific kernel or + kernel version be used in a given BSP. + + + + + Following are the requirements for a released BSP that conforms to the + Yocto Project: + + Layer Name: + The BSP must have a layer name that follows the Yocto + Project standards. + For information on BSP layer names, see the + "BSP Layers" section. + + File System Layout: + When possible, use the same directory names in your + BSP layer as listed in the recipes.txt file. + In particular, you should place recipes + (.bb files) and recipe + modifications (.bbappend files) into + recipes-* subdirectories by functional area + as outlined in recipes.txt. + If you cannot find a category in recipes.txt + to fit a particular recipe, you can make up your own + recipes-* subdirectory. + You can find recipes.txt in the + meta directory of the + Source Directory, + or in the OpenEmbedded Core Layer + (openembedded-core) found at + . + + Within any particular recipes-* category, the layout + should match what is found in the OpenEmbedded Core + Git repository (openembedded-core) + or the Source Directory (poky). + In other words, make sure you place related files in appropriately + related recipes-* subdirectories specific to the + recipe's function, or within a subdirectory containing a set of closely-related + recipes. + The recipes themselves should follow the general guidelines + for recipes used in the Yocto Project found in the + "Yocto Recipe and Patch Style Guide". + + License File: + You must include a license file in the + meta-<bsp_name> directory. + This license covers the BSP Metadata as a whole. + You must specify which license to use since there is no + default license if one is not specified. + See the + COPYING.MIT + file for the Fish River Island 2 BSP in the meta-fri2 BSP layer + as an example. + README File: + You must include a README file in the + meta-<bsp_name> directory. + See the + README + file for the Fish River Island 2 BSP in the meta-fri2 BSP layer + as an example. + At a minimum, the README file should + contain the following: + + A brief description about the hardware the BSP + targets. + A list of all the dependencies + on which a BSP layer depends. + These dependencies are typically a list of required layers needed + to build the BSP. + However, the dependencies should also contain information regarding + any other dependencies the BSP might have. + Any required special licensing information. + For example, this information includes information on + special variables needed to satisfy a EULA, + or instructions on information needed to build or distribute + binaries built from the BSP Metadata. + The name and contact information for the + BSP layer maintainer. + This is the person to whom patches and questions should + be sent. + For information on how to find the right person, see the + "How to Submit a Change" + section in the Yocto Project Development Manual. + + Instructions on how to build the BSP using the BSP + layer. + Instructions on how to boot the BSP build from + the BSP layer. + Instructions on how to boot the binary images + contained in the binary directory, + if present. + Information on any known bugs or issues that users + should know about when either building or booting the BSP + binaries. + + README.sources File: + You must include a README.sources in the + meta-<bsp_name> directory. + This file specifies exactly where you can find the sources used to + generate the binary images contained in the + binary directory, if present. + See the + README.sources + file for the Fish River Island 2 BSP in the meta-fri2 BSP layer + as an example. + Layer Configuration File: + You must include a conf/layer.conf in the + meta-<bsp_name> directory. + This file identifies the meta-<bsp_name> + BSP layer as a layer to the build system. + Machine Configuration File: + You must include one or more conf/machine/<bsp_name>.conf + files in the meta-<bsp_name> directory. + These configuration files define machine targets that can be built + using the BSP layer. + Multiple machine configuration files define variations of machine + configurations that are supported by the BSP. + If a BSP supports multiple machine variations, you need to + adequately describe each variation in the BSP + README file. + Do not use multiple machine configuration files to describe disparate + hardware. + If you do have very different targets, you should create separate + BSP layers for each target. + It is completely possible for a developer to structure the + working repository as a conglomeration of unrelated BSP + files, and to possibly generate BSPs targeted for release + from that directory using scripts or some other mechanism + (e.g. meta-yocto-bsp layer). + Such considerations are outside the scope of this document. + + + +
+ +
+ Released BSP Recommendations + + + Following are recommendations for a released BSP that conforms to the + Yocto Project: + + Bootable Images: + BSP releases + can contain one or more bootable images. + Including bootable images allows users to easily try out the BSP + on their own hardware. + In some cases, it might not be convenient to include a + bootable image. + In this case, you might want to make two versions of the + BSP available: one that contains binary images, and one + that does not. + The version that does not contain bootable images avoids + unnecessary download times for users not interested in the images. + + If you need to distribute a BSP and include bootable images or build kernel and + filesystems meant to allow users to boot the BSP for evaluation + purposes, you should put the images and artifacts within a + binary/ subdirectory located in the + meta-<bsp_name> directory. + If you do include a bootable image as part of the BSP and the image + was built by software covered by the GPL or other open source licenses, + it is your responsibility to understand + and meet all licensing requirements, which could include distribution + of source files. + Use a Yocto Linux Kernel: + Kernel recipes in the BSP should be based on a Yocto Linux kernel. + Basing your recipes on these kernels reduces the costs for maintaining + the BSP and increases its scalability. + See the Yocto Linux Kernel category in the + Source Repositories + for these kernels. + + +
+
+ +
+ Customizing a Recipe for a BSP + + + If you plan on customizing a recipe for a particular BSP, you need to do the + following: + + Create a .bbappend + file for the modified recipe. + For information on using append files, see the + "Using .bbappend Files" + section in the Yocto Project Development Manual. + + + Ensure your directory structure in the BSP layer + that supports your machine is such that it can be found + by the build system. + See the example later in this section for more information. + + + Put the append file in a directory whose name matches + the machine's name and is located in an appropriate + sub-directory inside the BSP layer (i.e. + recipes-bsp, recipes-graphics, + recipes-core, and so forth). + + Place the BSP-specific files in the directory named for + your machine inside the BSP layer. + + + + + + Following is a specific example to help you better understand the process. + Consider an example that customizes a recipe by adding + a BSP-specific configuration file named interfaces to the + init-ifupdown_1.0.bb recipe for machine "xyz". + Do the following: + + Edit the init-ifupdown_1.0.bbappend file so that it + contains the following: + + FILESEXTRAPATHS_prepend := "${THISDIR}/files:" + + The append file needs to be in the + meta-xyz/recipes-core/init-ifupdown directory. + + Create and place the new interfaces + configuration file in the BSP's layer here: + + meta-xyz/recipes-core/init-ifupdown/files/xyz/interfaces + + The + FILESEXTRAPATHS + variable in the append files extends the search path + the build system uses to find files during the build. + Consequently, for this example you need to have the + files directory in the same location + as your append file. + + +
+ +
+ BSP Licensing Considerations + + + In some cases, a BSP contains separately licensed Intellectual Property (IP) + for a component or components. + For these cases, you are required to accept the terms of a commercial or other + type of license that requires some kind of explicit End User License Agreement (EULA). + Once the license is accepted, the OpenEmbedded build system can then build and + include the corresponding component in the final BSP image. + If the BSP is available as a pre-built image, you can download the image after + agreeing to the license or EULA. + + + + You could find that some separately licensed components that are essential + for normal operation of the system might not have an unencumbered (or free) + substitute. + Without these essential components, the system would be non-functional. + Then again, you might find that other licensed components that are simply + 'good-to-have' or purely elective do have an unencumbered, free replacement + component that you can use rather than agreeing to the separately licensed component. + Even for components essential to the system, you might find an unencumbered component + that is not identical but will work as a less-capable version of the + licensed version in the BSP recipe. + + + + For cases where you can substitute a free component and still + maintain the system's functionality, the "Downloads" page from the + Yocto Project website's + makes available de-featured BSPs + that are completely free of any IP encumbrances. + For these cases, you can use the substitution directly and + without any further licensing requirements. + If present, these fully de-featured BSPs are named appropriately + different as compared to the names of the respective + encumbered BSPs. + If available, these substitutions are your + simplest and most preferred options. + Use of these substitutions of course assumes the resulting functionality meets + system requirements. + + + + If however, a non-encumbered version is unavailable or + it provides unsuitable functionality or quality, you can use an encumbered + version. + + + + A couple different methods exist within the OpenEmbedded build system to + satisfy the licensing requirements for an encumbered BSP. + The following list describes them in order of preference: + + Use the LICENSE_FLAGS variable + to define the recipes that have commercial or other types of + specially-licensed packages: + For each of those recipes, you can + specify a matching license string in a + local.conf variable named + LICENSE_FLAGS_WHITELIST. + Specifying the matching license string signifies that you agree to the license. + Thus, the build system can build the corresponding recipe and include + the component in the image. + See the + "Enabling + Commercially Licensed Recipes" section in the Yocto Project Reference + Manual for details on how to use these variables. + If you build as you normally would, without + specifying any recipes in the + LICENSE_FLAGS_WHITELIST, the build stops and + provides you with the list of recipes that you have + tried to include in the image that need entries in + the LICENSE_FLAGS_WHITELIST. + Once you enter the appropriate license flags into the whitelist, + restart the build to continue where it left off. + During the build, the prompt will not appear again + since you have satisfied the requirement. + Once the appropriate license flags are on the white list + in the LICENSE_FLAGS_WHITELIST variable, you + can build the encumbered image with no change at all + to the normal build process. + Get a pre-built version of the BSP: + You can get this type of BSP by visiting the + "Downloads" page of the + Yocto Project website. + You can download BSP tarballs that contain proprietary components + after agreeing to the licensing + requirements of each of the individually encumbered + packages as part of the download process. + Obtaining the BSP this way allows you to access an encumbered + image immediately after agreeing to the + click-through license agreements presented by the + website. + Note that if you want to build the image + yourself using the recipes contained within the BSP + tarball, you will still need to create an + appropriate LICENSE_FLAGS_WHITELIST to match the + encumbered recipes in the BSP. + + + + + Pre-compiled images are bundled with + a time-limited kernel that runs for a + predetermined amount of time (10 days) before it forces + the system to reboot. + This limitation is meant to discourage direct redistribution + of the image. + You must eventually rebuild the image if you want to remove this restriction. + +
+ +
+ Using the Yocto Project's BSP Tools + + + The Yocto Project includes a couple of tools that enable + you to create a BSP layer + from scratch and do basic configuration and maintenance + of the kernel without ever looking at a Metadata file. + These tools are yocto-bsp and yocto-kernel, + respectively. + + + + The following sections describe the common location and help features as well + as provide details for the + yocto-bsp and yocto-kernel tools. + + +
+ Common Features + + + Designed to have a command interface somewhat like + Git, each + tool is structured as a set of sub-commands under a + top-level command. + The top-level command (yocto-bsp + or yocto-kernel) itself does + nothing but invoke or provide help on the sub-commands + it supports. + + + + Both tools reside in the scripts/ subdirectory + of the Source Directory. + Consequently, to use the scripts, you must source the + environment just as you would when invoking a build: + + $ source oe-init-build-env [build_dir] + + + + + The most immediately useful function is to get help on both tools. + The built-in help system makes it easy to drill down at + any time and view the syntax required for any specific command. + Simply enter the name of the command with the help + switch: + + $ yocto-bsp help + Usage: + + Create a customized Yocto BSP layer. + + usage: yocto-bsp [--version] [--help] COMMAND [ARGS] + + Current 'yocto-bsp' commands are: + create Create a new Yocto BSP + list List available values for options and BSP properties + + See 'yocto-bsp help COMMAND' for more information on a specific command. + + + Options: + --version show program's version number and exit + -h, --help show this help message and exit + -D, --debug output debug information + + + + + Similarly, entering just the name of a sub-command shows the detailed usage + for that sub-command: + + $ yocto-bsp create + + Usage: + + Create a new Yocto BSP + + usage: yocto-bsp create <bsp-name> <karch> [-o <DIRNAME> | --outdir <DIRNAME>] + [-i <JSON PROPERTY FILE> | --infile <JSON PROPERTY_FILE>] + + This command creates a Yocto BSP based on the specified parameters. + The new BSP will be a new Yocto BSP layer contained by default within + the top-level directory specified as 'meta-bsp-name'. The -o option + can be used to place the BSP layer in a directory with a different + name and location. + + ... + + + + + For any sub-command, you can use the word "help" option just before the + sub-command to get more extensive documentation: + + $ yocto-bsp help create + + NAME + yocto-bsp create - Create a new Yocto BSP + + SYNOPSIS + yocto-bsp create <bsp-name> <karch> [-o <DIRNAME> | --outdir <DIRNAME>] + [-i <JSON PROPERTY FILE> | --infile <JSON PROPERTY_FILE>] + + DESCRIPTION + This command creates a Yocto BSP based on the specified + parameters. The new BSP will be a new Yocto BSP layer contained + by default within the top-level directory specified as + 'meta-bsp-name'. The -o option can be used to place the BSP layer + in a directory with a different name and location. + + The value of the 'karch' parameter determines the set of files + that will be generated for the BSP, along with the specific set of + 'properties' that will be used to fill out the BSP-specific + portions of the BSP. The possible values for the 'karch' parameter + can be listed via 'yocto-bsp list karch'. + + ... + + + + + Now that you know where these two commands reside and how to access information + on them, you should find it relatively straightforward to discover the commands + necessary to create a BSP and perform basic kernel maintenance on that BSP using + the tools. + + You can also use the yocto-layer tool to create + a "generic" layer. + For information on this tool, see the + "Creating a General Layer Using the yocto-layer Script" + section in the Yocto Project Development Guide. + + + + + The next sections provide a concrete starting point to expand on a few points that + might not be immediately obvious or that could use further explanation. + +
+ + +
+ Creating a new BSP Layer Using the yocto-bsp Script + + + The yocto-bsp script creates a new + BSP layer for any architecture supported + by the Yocto Project, as well as QEMU versions of the same. + The default mode of the script's operation is to prompt you for information needed + to generate the BSP layer. + + + + For the current set of BSPs, the script prompts you for various important + parameters such as: + + The kernel to use + The branch of that kernel to use (or re-use) + Whether or not to use X, and if so, which drivers to use + Whether to turn on SMP + Whether the BSP has a keyboard + Whether the BSP has a touchscreen + Remaining configurable items associated with the BSP + + + + + You use the yocto-bsp create sub-command to create + a new BSP layer. + This command requires you to specify a particular kernel architecture + (karch) on which to base the BSP. + Assuming you have sourced the environment, you can use the + yocto-bsp list karch sub-command to list the + architectures available for BSP creation as follows: + + $ yocto-bsp list karch + Architectures available: + powerpc + i386 + x86_64 + arm + qemu + mips + + + + + The remainder of this section presents an example that uses + myarm as the machine name and qemu + as the machine architecture. + Of the available architectures, qemu is the only architecture + that causes the script to prompt you further for an actual architecture. + In every other way, this architecture is representative of how creating a BSP for + an actual machine would work. + The reason the example uses this architecture is because it is an emulated architecture + and can easily be followed without requiring actual hardware. + + + + As the yocto-bsp create command runs, default values for + the prompts appear in brackets. + Pressing enter without supplying anything on the command line or pressing enter + with an invalid response causes the script to accept the default value. + Once the script completes, the new meta-myarm BSP layer + is created in the current working directory. + This example assumes you have sourced the + &OE_INIT_FILE; + setup script. + + + + Following is the complete example: + + $ yocto-bsp create myarm qemu + Checking basic git connectivity... + Done. + + Which qemu architecture would you like to use? [default: i386] + 1) i386 (32-bit) + 2) x86_64 (64-bit) + 3) ARM (32-bit) + 4) PowerPC (32-bit) + 5) MIPS (32-bit) + 3 + Would you like to use the default (3.10) kernel? (y/n) [default: y] y + Do you need a new machine branch for this BSP (the alternative is to re-use an existing branch)? [y/n] [default: y] + Getting branches from remote repo git://git.yoctoproject.org/linux-yocto-3.10.git... + Please choose a machine branch to base your new BSP branch on: [default: standard/base] + 1) standard/arm-versatile-926ejs + 2) standard/base + 3) standard/beagleboard + 4) standard/beaglebone + 5) standard/ck + 6) standard/crownbay + 7) standard/edgerouter + 8) standard/emenlow + 9) standard/fri2 + 10) standard/fsl-mpc8315e-rdb + 11) standard/mti-malta32 + 12) standard/mti-malta64 + 13) standard/qemuppc + 14) standard/routerstationpro + 15) standard/sys940x + 1 + Would you like SMP support? (y/n) [default: y] + Does your BSP have a touchscreen? (y/n) [default: n] + Does your BSP have a keyboard? (y/n) [default: y] + + New qemu BSP created in meta-myarm + + Take a closer look at the example now: + + For the QEMU architecture, + the script first prompts you for which emulated architecture to use. + In the example, we use the ARM architecture. + + The script then prompts you for the kernel. + The default 3.14 kernel is acceptable. + So, the example accepts the default. + If you enter 'n', the script prompts you to further enter the kernel + you do want to use. + Next, the script asks whether you would like to have a new + branch created especially for your BSP in the local + Linux Yocto Kernel + Git repository . + If not, then the script re-uses an existing branch. + In this example, the default (or "yes") is accepted. + Thus, a new branch is created for the BSP rather than using a common, shared + branch. + The new branch is the branch committed to for any patches you might later add. + The reason a new branch is the default is that typically + new BSPs do require BSP-specific patches. + The tool thus assumes that most of time a new branch is required. + + Regardless of which choice you make in the previous step, + you are now given the opportunity to select a particular machine branch on + which to base your new BSP-specific machine branch + (or to re-use if you had elected to not create a new branch). + Because this example is generating an ARM-based BSP, the example + uses #1 at the prompt, which selects the ARM-versatile branch. + + The remainder of the prompts are routine. + Defaults are accepted for each. + By default, the script creates the new BSP Layer in the + current working directory of the + Source Directory, + which is poky in this case. + + + + + + Once the BSP Layer is created, you must add it to your + bblayers.conf file. + Here is an example: + + BBLAYERS = ? " \ + /usr/local/src/yocto/meta \ + /usr/local/src/yocto/meta-yocto \ + /usr/local/src/yocto/meta-yocto-bsp \ + /usr/local/src/yocto/meta-myarm \ + " + + BBLAYERS_NON_REMOVABLE ?= " \ + /usr/local/src/yocto/meta \ + /usr/local/src/yocto/meta-yocto \ + " + + Adding the layer to this file allows the build system to build the BSP and + the yocto-kernel tool to be able to find the layer and + other Metadata it needs on which to operate. + +
+ +
+ Managing Kernel Patches and Config Items with yocto-kernel + + + Assuming you have created a BSP Layer using + + yocto-bsp and you added it to your + BBLAYERS + variable in the bblayers.conf file, you can now use + the yocto-kernel script to add patches and configuration + items to the BSP's kernel. + + + + The yocto-kernel script allows you to add, remove, and list patches + and kernel config settings to a BSP's kernel + .bbappend file. + All you need to do is use the appropriate sub-command. + Recall that the easiest way to see exactly what sub-commands are available + is to use the yocto-kernel built-in help as follows: + + $ yocto-kernel + Usage: + + Modify and list Yocto BSP kernel config items and patches. + + usage: yocto-kernel [--version] [--help] COMMAND [ARGS] + + Current 'yocto-kernel' commands are: + config list List the modifiable set of bare kernel config options for a BSP + config add Add or modify bare kernel config options for a BSP + config rm Remove bare kernel config options from a BSP + patch list List the patches associated with a BSP + patch add Patch the Yocto kernel for a BSP + patch rm Remove patches from a BSP + feature list List the features used by a BSP + feature add Have a BSP use a feature + feature rm Have a BSP stop using a feature + features list List the features available to BSPs + feature describe Describe a particular feature + feature create Create a new BSP-local feature + feature destroy Remove a BSP-local feature + + See 'yocto-kernel help COMMAND' for more information on a specific command. + + + + Options: + --version show program's version number and exit + -h, --help show this help message and exit + -D, --debug output debug information + + + + + The yocto-kernel patch add sub-command allows you to add a + patch to a BSP. + The following example adds two patches to the myarm BSP: + + $ yocto-kernel patch add myarm ~/test.patch + Added patches: + test.patch + + $ yocto-kernel patch add myarm ~/yocto-testmod.patch + Added patches: + yocto-testmod.patch + + Although the previous example adds patches one at a time, it is possible + to add multiple patches at the same time. + + + + You can verify patches have been added by using the + yocto-kernel patch list sub-command. + Here is an example: + + $ yocto-kernel patch list myarm + The current set of machine-specific patches for myarm is: + 1) test.patch + 2) yocto-testmod.patch + + + + + You can also use the yocto-kernel script to + remove a patch using the yocto-kernel patch rm sub-command. + Here is an example: + + $ yocto-kernel patch rm myarm + Specify the patches to remove: + 1) test.patch + 2) yocto-testmod.patch + 1 + Removed patches: + test.patch + + + + + Again, using the yocto-kernel patch list sub-command, + you can verify that the patch was in fact removed: + + $ yocto-kernel patch list myarm + The current set of machine-specific patches for myarm is: + 1) yocto-testmod.patch + + + + + In a completely similar way, you can use the yocto-kernel config add + sub-command to add one or more kernel config item settings to a BSP. + The following commands add a couple of config items to the + myarm BSP: + + $ yocto-kernel config add myarm CONFIG_MISC_DEVICES=y + Added items: + CONFIG_MISC_DEVICES=y + + $ yocto-kernel config add myarm CONFIG_YOCTO_TESTMOD=y + Added items: + CONFIG_YOCTO_TESTMOD=y + + Although the previous example adds config items one at a time, it is possible + to add multiple config items at the same time. + + + + You can list the config items now associated with the BSP. + Doing so shows you the config items you added as well as others associated + with the BSP: + + $ yocto-kernel config list myarm + The current set of machine-specific kernel config items for myarm is: + 1) CONFIG_MISC_DEVICES=y + 2) CONFIG_YOCTO_TESTMOD=y + + + + + Finally, you can remove one or more config items using the + yocto-kernel config rm sub-command in a manner + completely analogous to yocto-kernel patch rm. + +
+
+ diff --git a/documentation/bsp-guide/figures/bsp-title.png b/documentation/bsp-guide/figures/bsp-title.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f624dd4 Binary files /dev/null and b/documentation/bsp-guide/figures/bsp-title.png differ diff --git a/documentation/dev-manual/dev-manual-common-tasks.xml b/documentation/dev-manual/dev-manual-common-tasks.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bead56c --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/dev-manual/dev-manual-common-tasks.xml @@ -0,0 +1,7418 @@ + %poky; ] > + + + +Common Tasks + + This chapter describes fundamental procedures such as creating layers, + adding new software packages, extending or customizing images, + porting work to new hardware (adding a new machine), and so forth. + You will find that the procedures documented here occur often in the + development cycle using the Yocto Project. + + +
+ Understanding and Creating Layers + + + The OpenEmbedded build system supports organizing + Metadata into multiple layers. + Layers allow you to isolate different types of customizations from + each other. + You might find it tempting to keep everything in one layer when + working on a single project. + However, the more modular your Metadata, the easier + it is to cope with future changes. + + + + To illustrate how layers are used to keep things modular, consider + machine customizations. + These types of customizations typically reside in a special layer, + rather than a general layer, called a Board Support Package (BSP) + Layer. + Furthermore, the machine customizations should be isolated from + recipes and Metadata that support a new GUI environment, + for example. + This situation gives you a couple of layers: one for the machine + configurations, and one for the GUI environment. + It is important to understand, however, that the BSP layer can + still make machine-specific additions to recipes within the GUI + environment layer without polluting the GUI layer itself + with those machine-specific changes. + You can accomplish this through a recipe that is a BitBake append + (.bbappend) file, which is described later + in this section. + + + + + +
+ Layers + + + The Source Directory + contains both general layers and BSP + layers right out of the box. + You can easily identify layers that ship with a + Yocto Project release in the Source Directory by their + folder names. + Folders that represent layers typically have names that begin with + the string meta-. + + It is not a requirement that a layer name begin with the + prefix meta-, but it is a commonly + accepted standard in the Yocto Project community. + + For example, when you set up the Source Directory structure, + you will see several layers: + meta, + meta-skeleton, + meta-yocto, and + meta-yocto-bsp. + Each of these folders represents a distinct layer. + + + + As another example, if you set up a local copy of the + meta-intel Git repository + and then explore the folder of that general layer, + you will discover many Intel-specific BSP layers inside. + For more information on BSP layers, see the + "BSP Layers" + section in the Yocto Project Board Support Package (BSP) + Developer's Guide. + +
+ +
+ Creating Your Own Layer + + + It is very easy to create your own layers to use with the + OpenEmbedded build system. + The Yocto Project ships with scripts that speed up creating + general layers and BSP layers. + This section describes the steps you perform by hand to create + a layer so that you can better understand them. + For information about the layer-creation scripts, see the + "Creating a New BSP Layer Using the yocto-bsp Script" + section in the Yocto Project Board Support Package (BSP) + Developer's Guide and the + "Creating a General Layer Using the yocto-layer Script" + section further down in this manual. + + + + Follow these general steps to create your layer: + + Check Existing Layers: + Before creating a new layer, you should be sure someone + has not already created a layer containing the Metadata + you need. + You can see the + OpenEmbedded Metadata Index + for a list of layers from the OpenEmbedded community + that can be used in the Yocto Project. + + Create a Directory: + Create the directory for your layer. + While not strictly required, prepend the name of the + folder with the string meta-. + For example: + + meta-mylayer + meta-GUI_xyz + meta-mymachine + + + Create a Layer Configuration + File: + Inside your new layer folder, you need to create a + conf/layer.conf file. + It is easiest to take an existing layer configuration + file and copy that to your layer's + conf directory and then modify the + file as needed. + The + meta-yocto-bsp/conf/layer.conf file + demonstrates the required syntax: + + # We have a conf and classes directory, add to BBPATH + BBPATH .= ":${LAYERDIR}" + + # We have recipes-* directories, add to BBFILES + BBFILES += "${LAYERDIR}/recipes-*/*/*.bb \ + ${LAYERDIR}/recipes-*/*/*.bbappend" + + BBFILE_COLLECTIONS += "yoctobsp" + BBFILE_PATTERN_yoctobsp = "^${LAYERDIR}/" + BBFILE_PRIORITY_yoctobsp = "5" + LAYERVERSION_yoctobsp = "2" + + Here is an explanation of the example: + + The configuration and + classes directory is appended to + BBPATH. + + All non-distro layers, which include all BSP + layers, are expected to append the layer + directory to the + BBPATH. + On the other hand, distro layers, such as + meta-yocto, can choose + to enforce their own precedence over + BBPATH. + For an example of that syntax, see the + layer.conf file for + the meta-yocto layer. + + The recipes for the layers are + appended to + BBFILES. + + The + BBFILE_COLLECTIONS + variable is then appended with the layer name. + + The + BBFILE_PATTERN + variable is set to a regular expression and is + used to match files from + BBFILES into a particular + layer. + In this case, + LAYERDIR + is used to make BBFILE_PATTERN match within the + layer's path. + The + BBFILE_PRIORITY + variable then assigns a priority to the layer. + Applying priorities is useful in situations + where the same package might appear in multiple + layers and allows you to choose the layer + that takes precedence. + The + LAYERVERSION + variable optionally specifies the version of a + layer as a single number. + + Note the use of the + LAYERDIR + variable, which expands to the directory of the current + layer. + Through the use of the BBPATH + variable, BitBake locates class files + (.bbclass), + configuration files, and files that are included + with include and + require statements. + For these cases, BitBake uses the first file that + matches the name found in BBPATH. + This is similar to the way the PATH + variable is used for binaries. + It is recommended, therefore, that you use unique + class and configuration + filenames in your custom layer. + Add Content: Depending + on the type of layer, add the content. + If the layer adds support for a machine, add the machine + configuration in a conf/machine/ + file within the layer. + If the layer adds distro policy, add the distro + configuration in a conf/distro/ + file within the layer. + If the layer introduces new recipes, put the recipes + you need in recipes-* + subdirectories within the layer. + In order to be compliant with the Yocto Project, + a layer must contain a + README file. + + + +
+ +
+ Best Practices to Follow When Creating Layers + + + To create layers that are easier to maintain and that will + not impact builds for other machines, you should consider the + information in the following sections. + + +
+ Avoid "Overlaying" Entire Recipes + + + Avoid "overlaying" entire recipes from other layers in your + configuration. + In other words, do not copy an entire recipe into your + layer and then modify it. + Rather, use an append file (.bbappend) + to override + only those parts of the original recipe you need to modify. + +
+ +
+ Avoid Duplicating Include Files + + + Avoid duplicating include files. + Use append files (.bbappend) + for each recipe + that uses an include file. + Or, if you are introducing a new recipe that requires + the included file, use the path relative to the original + layer directory to refer to the file. + For example, use + require recipes-core/somepackage/somefile.inc + instead of require somefile.inc. + If you're finding you have to overlay the include file, + it could indicate a deficiency in the include file in + the layer to which it originally belongs. + If this is the case, you need to address that deficiency + instead of overlaying the include file. + + + + For example, consider how support plug-ins for the Qt 4 + database are configured. + The Source Directory does not have MySQL or PostgreSQL. + However, OpenEmbedded's layer meta-oe + does. + Consequently, meta-oe uses + append files to modify the + QT_SQL_DRIVER_FLAGS variable to + enable the appropriate plug-ins. + This variable was added to the qt4.inc + include file in the Source Directory specifically to allow + the meta-oe layer to be able to control + which plug-ins are built. + +
+ +
+ Structure Your Layers + + + Proper use of overrides within append files and placement + of machine-specific files within your layer can ensure that + a build is not using the wrong Metadata and negatively + impacting a build for a different machine. + Following are some examples: + + Modifying Variables to Support + a Different Machine: + Suppose you have a layer named + meta-one that adds support + for building machine "one". + To do so, you use an append file named + base-files.bbappend and + create a dependency on "foo" by altering the + DEPENDS + variable: + + DEPENDS = "foo" + + The dependency is created during any build that + includes the layer + meta-one. + However, you might not want this dependency + for all machines. + For example, suppose you are building for + machine "two" but your + bblayers.conf file has the + meta-one layer included. + During the build, the + base-files for machine + "two" will also have the dependency on + foo. + To make sure your changes apply only when + building machine "one", use a machine override + with the DEPENDS statement: + + DEPENDS_one = "foo" + + You should follow the same strategy when using + _append and + _prepend operations: + + DEPENDS_append_one = " foo" + DEPENDS_prepend_one = "foo " + + + Avoiding "+=" and "=+" and using + machine-specific + _append + and _prepend operations + is recommended as well. + + Place Machine-Specific Files + in Machine-Specific Locations: + When you have a base recipe, such as + base-files.bb, that + contains a + SRC_URI + statement to a file, you can use an append file + to cause the build to use your own version of + the file. + For example, an append file in your layer at + meta-one/recipes-core/base-files/base-files.bbappend + could extend + FILESPATH + using + FILESEXTRAPATHS + as follows: + + FILESEXTRAPATHS_prepend := "${THISDIR}/${BPN}:" + + The build for machine "one" will pick up your + machine-specific file as long as you have the + file in + meta-one/recipes-core/base-files/base-files/. + However, if you are building for a different + machine and the + bblayers.conf file includes + the meta-one layer and + the location of your machine-specific file is + the first location where that file is found + according to FILESPATH, + builds for all machines will also use that + machine-specific file. + You can make sure that a machine-specific + file is used for a particular machine by putting + the file in a subdirectory specific to the + machine. + For example, rather than placing the file in + meta-one/recipes-core/base-files/base-files/ + as shown above, put it in + meta-one/recipes-core/base-files/base-files/one/. + Not only does this make sure the file is used + only when building for machine "one", but the + build process locates the file more quickly. + In summary, you need to place all files + referenced from SRC_URI + in a machine-specific subdirectory within the + layer in order to restrict those files to + machine-specific builds. + + +
+ +
+ Other Recommendations + + + We also recommend the following: + + Store custom layers in a Git repository + that uses the + meta-<layer_name> format. + + Clone the repository alongside other + meta directories in the + Source Directory. + + + Following these recommendations keeps your Source Directory and + its configuration entirely inside the Yocto Project's core + base. + +
+
+ +
+ Enabling Your Layer + + + Before the OpenEmbedded build system can use your new layer, + you need to enable it. + To enable your layer, simply add your layer's path to the + BBLAYERS + variable in your conf/bblayers.conf file, + which is found in the + Build Directory. + The following example shows how to enable a layer named + meta-mylayer: + + LCONF_VERSION = "6" + + BBPATH = "${TOPDIR}" + BBFILES ?= "" + + BBLAYERS ?= " \ + $HOME/poky/meta \ + $HOME/poky/meta-yocto \ + $HOME/poky/meta-yocto-bsp \ + $HOME/poky/meta-mylayer \ + " + + BBLAYERS_NON_REMOVABLE ?= " \ + $HOME/poky/meta \ + $HOME/poky/meta-yocto \ + " + + + + + BitBake parses each conf/layer.conf file + as specified in the BBLAYERS variable + within the conf/bblayers.conf file. + During the processing of each + conf/layer.conf file, BitBake adds the + recipes, classes and configurations contained within the + particular layer to the source directory. + +
+ +
+ Using .bbappend Files + + + Recipes used to append Metadata to other recipes are called + BitBake append files. + BitBake append files use the .bbappend file + type suffix, while the corresponding recipes to which Metadata + is being appended use the .bb file type + suffix. + + + + A .bbappend file allows your layer to make + additions or changes to the content of another layer's recipe + without having to copy the other recipe into your layer. + Your .bbappend file resides in your layer, + while the main .bb recipe file to + which you are appending Metadata resides in a different layer. + + + + Append files must have the same root names as their corresponding + recipes. + For example, the append file + someapp_&DISTRO;.bbappend must apply to + someapp_&DISTRO;.bb. + This means the original recipe and append file names are version + number-specific. + If the corresponding recipe is renamed to update to a newer + version, the corresponding .bbappend file must + be renamed (and possibly updated) as well. + During the build process, BitBake displays an error on starting + if it detects a .bbappend file that does + not have a corresponding recipe with a matching name. + See the + BB_DANGLINGAPPENDS_WARNONLY + variable for information on how to handle this error. + + + + Being able to append information to an existing recipe not only + avoids duplication, but also automatically applies recipe + changes in a different layer to your layer. + If you were copying recipes, you would have to manually merge + changes as they occur. + + + + As an example, consider the main formfactor recipe and a + corresponding formfactor append file both from the + Source Directory. + Here is the main formfactor recipe, which is named + formfactor_0.0.bb and located in the + "meta" layer at + meta/recipes-bsp/formfactor: + + SUMMARY = "Device formfactor information" + SECTION = "base" + LICENSE = "MIT" + LIC_FILES_CHKSUM = "file://${COREBASE}/LICENSE;md5=4d92cd373abda3937c2bc47fbc49d690 \ + file://${COREBASE}/meta/COPYING.MIT;md5=3da9cfbcb788c80a0384361b4de20420" + PR = "r44" + + SRC_URI = "file://config file://machconfig" + S = "${WORKDIR}" + + PACKAGE_ARCH = "${MACHINE_ARCH}" + INHIBIT_DEFAULT_DEPS = "1" + + do_install() { + # Only install file if it has a contents + install -d ${D}${sysconfdir}/formfactor/ + install -m 0644 ${S}/config ${D}${sysconfdir}/formfactor/ + if [ -s "${S}/machconfig" ]; then + install -m 0644 ${S}/machconfig ${D}${sysconfdir}/formfactor/ + fi + } + + In the main recipe, note the + SRC_URI + variable, which tells the OpenEmbedded build system where to + find files during the build. + + + + Following is the append file, which is named + formfactor_0.0.bbappend and is from the + Crown Bay BSP Layer named + meta-intel/meta-crownbay. + The file is in recipes-bsp/formfactor: + + FILESEXTRAPATHS_prepend := "${THISDIR}/${PN}:" + + + + + By default, the build system uses the + FILESPATH + variable to locate files. + This append file extends the locations by setting the + FILESEXTRAPATHS + variable. + Setting this variable in the .bbappend + file is the most reliable and recommended method for adding + directories to the search path used by the build system + to find files. + + + + The statement in this example extends the directories to include + ${THISDIR}/${PN}, + which resolves to a directory named + formfactor in the same directory + in which the append file resides (i.e. + meta-intel/meta-crownbay/recipes-bsp/formfactor/formfactor. + This implies that you must have the supporting directory + structure set up that will contain any files or patches you + will be including from the layer. + + + + Using the immediate expansion assignment operator + := is important because of the reference to + THISDIR. + The trailing colon character is important as it ensures that + items in the list remain colon-separated. + + + BitBake automatically defines the + THISDIR variable. + You should never set this variable yourself. + Using "_prepend" ensures your path will + be searched prior to other paths in the final list. + + + + Also, not all append files add extra files. + Many append files simply exist to add build options + (e.g. systemd). + For these cases, it is not necessary to use the + "_prepend" part of the statement. + + + +
+ +
+ Prioritizing Your Layer + + + Each layer is assigned a priority value. + Priority values control which layer takes precedence if there + are recipe files with the same name in multiple layers. + For these cases, the recipe file from the layer with a higher + priority number takes precedence. + Priority values also affect the order in which multiple + .bbappend files for the same recipe are + applied. + You can either specify the priority manually, or allow the + build system to calculate it based on the layer's dependencies. + + + + To specify the layer's priority manually, use the + BBFILE_PRIORITY + variable. + For example: + + BBFILE_PRIORITY_mylayer = "1" + + + + + It is possible for a recipe with a lower version number + PV + in a layer that has a higher priority to take precedence. + Also, the layer priority does not currently affect the + precedence order of .conf + or .bbclass files. + Future versions of BitBake might address this. + +
+ +
+ Managing Layers + + + You can use the BitBake layer management tool to provide a view + into the structure of recipes across a multi-layer project. + Being able to generate output that reports on configured layers + with their paths and priorities and on + .bbappend files and their applicable + recipes can help to reveal potential problems. + + + + Use the following form when running the layer management tool. + + $ bitbake-layers <command> [arguments] + + The following list describes the available commands: + + help: + Displays general help or help on a specified command. + + show-layers: + Shows the current configured layers. + + show-recipes: + Lists available recipes and the layers that provide them. + + show-overlayed: + Lists overlayed recipes. + A recipe is overlayed when a recipe with the same name + exists in another layer that has a higher layer + priority. + + show-appends: + Lists .bbappend files and the + recipe files to which they apply. + + show-cross-depends: + Lists dependency relationships between recipes that + cross layer boundaries. + + flatten: + Flattens the layer configuration into a separate output + directory. + Flattening your layer configuration builds a "flattened" + directory that contains the contents of all layers, + with any overlayed recipes removed and any + .bbappend files appended to the + corresponding recipes. + You might have to perform some manual cleanup of the + flattened layer as follows: + + Non-recipe files (such as patches) + are overwritten. + The flatten command shows a warning for these + files. + + Anything beyond the normal layer + setup has been added to the + layer.conf file. + Only the lowest priority layer's + layer.conf is used. + + Overridden and appended items from + .bbappend files need to be + cleaned up. + The contents of each + .bbappend end up in the + flattened recipe. + However, if there are appended or changed + variable values, you need to tidy these up + yourself. + Consider the following example. + Here, the bitbake-layers + command adds the line + #### bbappended ... so that + you know where the following lines originate: + + ... + DESCRIPTION = "A useful utility" + ... + EXTRA_OECONF = "--enable-something" + ... + + #### bbappended from meta-anotherlayer #### + + DESCRIPTION = "Customized utility" + EXTRA_OECONF += "--enable-somethingelse" + + Ideally, you would tidy up these utilities as + follows: + + ... + DESCRIPTION = "Customized utility" + ... + EXTRA_OECONF = "--enable-something --enable-somethingelse" + ... + + + + +
+ +
+ Creating a General Layer Using the yocto-layer Script + + + The yocto-layer script simplifies + creating a new general layer. + + For information on BSP layers, see the + "BSP Layers" + section in the Yocto Project Board Specific (BSP) + Developer's Guide. + + The default mode of the script's operation is to prompt you for + information needed to generate the layer: + + The layer priority + + Whether or not to create a sample recipe. + + Whether or not to create a sample + append file. + + + + + + Use the yocto-layer create sub-command + to create a new general layer. + In its simplest form, you can create a layer as follows: + + $ yocto-layer create mylayer + + The previous example creates a layer named + meta-mylayer in the current directory. + + + + As the yocto-layer create command runs, + default values for the prompts appear in brackets. + Pressing enter without supplying anything for the prompts + or pressing enter and providing an invalid response causes the + script to accept the default value. + Once the script completes, the new layer + is created in the current working directory. + The script names the layer by prepending + meta- to the name you provide. + + + + Minimally, the script creates the following within the layer: + + The conf + directory: + This directory contains the layer's configuration file. + The root name for the file is the same as the root name + your provided for the layer (e.g. + <layer>.conf). + + The + COPYING.MIT file: + The copyright and use notice for the software. + + The README + file: + A file describing the contents of your new layer. + + + + + + If you choose to generate a sample recipe file, the script + prompts you for the name for the recipe and then creates it + in <layer>/recipes-example/example/. + The script creates a .bb file and a + directory, which contains a sample + helloworld.c source file, along with + a sample patch file. + If you do not provide a recipe name, the script uses + "example". + + + + If you choose to generate a sample append file, the script + prompts you for the name for the file and then creates it + in <layer>/recipes-example-bbappend/example-bbappend/. + The script creates a .bbappend file and a + directory, which contains a sample patch file. + If you do not provide a recipe name, the script uses + "example". + The script also prompts you for the version of the append file. + The version should match the recipe to which the append file + is associated. + + + + The easiest way to see how the yocto-layer + script works is to experiment with the script. + You can also read the usage information by entering the + following: + + $ yocto-layer help + + + + + Once you create your general layer, you must add it to your + bblayers.conf file. + Here is an example where a layer named + meta-mylayer is added: + + BBLAYERS = ?" \ + /usr/local/src/yocto/meta \ + /usr/local/src/yocto/meta-yocto \ + /usr/local/src/yocto/meta-yocto-bsp \ + /usr/local/src/yocto/meta-mylayer \ + " + + BBLAYERS_NON_REMOVABLE ?= " \ + /usr/local/src/yocto/meta \ + /usr/local/src/yocto/meta-yocto \ + " + + Adding the layer to this file enables the build system to + locate the layer during the build. + +
+
+ +
+ Customizing Images + + + You can customize images to satisfy particular requirements. + This section describes several methods and provides guidelines for each. + + +
+ Customizing Images Using <filename>local.conf</filename> + + + Probably the easiest way to customize an image is to add a + package by way of the local.conf + configuration file. + Because it is limited to local use, this method generally only + allows you to add packages and is not as flexible as creating + your own customized image. + When you add packages using local variables this way, you need + to realize that these variable changes are in effect for every + build and consequently affect all images, which might not + be what you require. + + + + To add a package to your image using the local configuration + file, use the + IMAGE_INSTALL + variable with the _append operator: + + IMAGE_INSTALL_append = " strace" + + Use of the syntax is important - specifically, the space between + the quote and the package name, which is + strace in this example. + This space is required since the _append + operator does not add the space. + + + + Furthermore, you must use _append instead + of the += operator if you want to avoid + ordering issues. + The reason for this is because doing so unconditionally appends + to the variable and avoids ordering problems due to the + variable being set in image recipes and + .bbclass files with operators like + ?=. + Using _append ensures the operation takes + affect. + + + + As shown in its simplest use, + IMAGE_INSTALL_append affects all images. + It is possible to extend the syntax so that the variable + applies to a specific image only. + Here is an example: + + IMAGE_INSTALL_append_pn-core-image-minimal = " strace" + + This example adds strace to the + core-image-minimal image only. + + + + You can add packages using a similar approach through the + CORE_IMAGE_EXTRA_INSTALL + variable. + If you use this variable, only + core-image-* images are affected. + +
+ +
+ Customizing Images Using Custom <filename>IMAGE_FEATURES</filename> and + <filename>EXTRA_IMAGE_FEATURES</filename> + + + Another method for customizing your image is to enable or + disable high-level image features by using the + IMAGE_FEATURES + and EXTRA_IMAGE_FEATURES + variables. + Although the functions for both variables are nearly equivalent, + best practices dictate using IMAGE_FEATURES + from within a recipe and using + EXTRA_IMAGE_FEATURES from within + your local.conf file, which is found in the + Build Directory. + + + + To understand how these features work, the best reference is + meta/classes/core-image.bbclass. + In summary, the file looks at the contents of the + IMAGE_FEATURES variable and then maps + those contents into a set of package groups. + Based on this information, the build system automatically + adds the appropriate packages to the + IMAGE_INSTALL + variable. + Effectively, you are enabling extra features by extending the + class or creating a custom class for use with specialized image + .bb files. + + + + Use the EXTRA_IMAGE_FEATURES variable + from within your local configuration file. + Using a separate area from which to enable features with + this variable helps you avoid overwriting the features in the + image recipe that are enabled with + IMAGE_FEATURES. + The value of EXTRA_IMAGE_FEATURES is added + to IMAGE_FEATURES within + meta/conf/bitbake.conf. + + + + To illustrate how you can use these variables to modify your + image, consider an example that selects the SSH server. + The Yocto Project ships with two SSH servers you can use + with your images: Dropbear and OpenSSH. + Dropbear is a minimal SSH server appropriate for + resource-constrained environments, while OpenSSH is a + well-known standard SSH server implementation. + By default, the core-image-sato image + is configured to use Dropbear. + The core-image-full-cmdline and + core-image-lsb images both + include OpenSSH. + The core-image-minimal image does not + contain an SSH server. + + + + You can customize your image and change these defaults. + Edit the IMAGE_FEATURES variable + in your recipe or use the + EXTRA_IMAGE_FEATURES in your + local.conf file so that it configures the + image you are working with to include + ssh-server-dropbear or + ssh-server-openssh. + + + + See the + "Images" + section in the Yocto Project Reference Manual for a complete + list of image features that ship with the Yocto Project. + +
+ +
+ Customizing Images Using Custom .bb Files + + + You can also customize an image by creating a custom recipe + that defines additional software as part of the image. + The following example shows the form for the two lines you need: + + IMAGE_INSTALL = "packagegroup-core-x11-base package1 package2" + + inherit core-image + + + + + Defining the software using a custom recipe gives you total + control over the contents of the image. + It is important to use the correct names of packages in the + IMAGE_INSTALL + variable. + You must use the OpenEmbedded notation and not the Debian notation for the names + (e.g. eglibc-dev instead of libc6-dev). + + + + The other method for creating a custom image is to base it on an existing image. + For example, if you want to create an image based on core-image-sato + but add the additional package strace to the image, + copy the meta/recipes-sato/images/core-image-sato.bb to a + new .bb and add the following line to the end of the copy: + + IMAGE_INSTALL += "strace" + + +
+ +
+ Customizing Images Using Custom Package Groups + + + For complex custom images, the best approach for customizing + an image is to create a custom package group recipe that is + used to build the image or images. + A good example of a package group recipe is + meta/recipes-core/packagegroups/packagegroup-core-boot.bb. + The + PACKAGES + variable lists the package group packages you wish to produce. + inherit packagegroup sets appropriate + default values and automatically adds -dev, + -dbg, and -ptest + complementary packages for every package specified in + PACKAGES. + Note that the inherit line should be towards + the top of the recipe, certainly before you set + PACKAGES. + For each package you specify in PACKAGES, + you can use + RDEPENDS + and + RRECOMMENDS + entries to provide a list of packages the parent task package + should contain. + Following is an example: + + DESCRIPTION = "My Custom Package Groups" + + inherit packagegroup + + PACKAGES = "\ + packagegroup-custom-apps \ + packagegroup-custom-tools \ + " + + RDEPENDS_packagegroup-custom-apps = "\ + dropbear \ + portmap \ + psplash" + + RDEPENDS_packagegroup-custom-tools = "\ + oprofile \ + oprofileui-server \ + lttng-control \ + lttng-viewer" + + RRECOMMENDS_packagegroup-custom-tools = "\ + kernel-module-oprofile" + + + + + In the previous example, two package group packages are created with their dependencies and their + recommended package dependencies listed: packagegroup-custom-apps, and + packagegroup-custom-tools. + To build an image using these package group packages, you need to add + packagegroup-custom-apps and/or + packagegroup-custom-tools to + IMAGE_INSTALL. + For other forms of image dependencies see the other areas of this section. + +
+
+ +
+ Writing a New Recipe + + + Recipes (.bb files) are fundamental components + in the Yocto Project environment. + Each software component built by the OpenEmbedded build system + requires a recipe to define the component. + This section describes how to create, write, and test a new + recipe. + + For information on variables that are useful for recipes and + for information about recipe naming issues, see the + "Required" + section of the Yocto Project Reference Manual. + + + +
+ Overview + + + The following figure shows the basic process for creating a + new recipe. + The remainder of the section provides details for the steps. + + +
+ +
+ Locate a Base Recipe + + + Before writing a recipe from scratch, it is often useful to + discover whether someone else has already written one that + meets (or comes close to meeting) your needs. + The Yocto Project and OpenEmbedded communities maintain many + recipes that might be candidates for what you are doing. + You can find a good central index of these recipes in the + OpenEmbedded metadata index. + + + + Working from an existing recipe or a skeleton recipe is the + best way to get started. + Here are some points on both methods: + + Locate and modify a recipe that + is close to what you want to do: + This method works when you are familiar with the + current recipe space. + The method does not work so well for those new to + the Yocto Project or writing recipes. + Some risks associated with this method are + using a recipe that has areas totally unrelated to + what you are trying to accomplish with your recipe, + not recognizing areas of the recipe that you might + have to add from scratch, and so forth. + All these risks stem from unfamiliarity with the + existing recipe space. + Use and modify the following + skeleton recipe: + + SUMMARY = "" + HOMEPAGE = "" + LICENSE = "" + + LIC_FILES_CHKSUM = "" + + SRC_URI = "" + SRC_URI[md5sum] = "" + SRC_URI[sha256sum] = "" + + S = "${WORKDIR}/${PN}-${PV}" + + inherit <stuff> + + Modifying this recipe is the recommended method for + creating a new recipe. + The recipe provides the fundamental areas that you need + to include, exclude, or alter to fit your needs. + + + +
+ +
+ Storing and Naming the Recipe + + + Once you have your base recipe, you should put it in your + own layer and name it appropriately. + Locating it correctly ensures that the OpenEmbedded build + system can find it when you use BitBake to process the + recipe. + + + + Storing Your Recipe: + The OpenEmbedded build system locates your recipe + through the layer's conf/layer.conf + file and the + BBFILES + variable. + This variable sets up a path from which the build system can + locate recipes. + Here is the typical use: + + BBFILES += "${LAYERDIR}/recipes-*/*/*.bb \ + ${LAYERDIR}/recipes-*/*/*.bbappend" + + Consequently, you need to be sure you locate your new recipe + inside your layer such that it can be found. + You can find more information on how layers are + structured in the + "Understanding and Creating Layers" + section. + Naming Your Recipe: + When you name your recipe, you need to follow this naming + convention: + + <basename>_<version>.bb + + Use lower-cased characters and do not include the reserved + suffixes -native, + -cross, -initial, + or -dev casually (i.e. do not use them + as part of your recipe name unless the string applies). + Here are some examples: + + cups_1.7.0.bb + gawk_4.0.2.bb + irssi_0.8.16-rc1.bb + + +
+ +
+ Running a Build on the Recipe + + + Creating a new recipe is usually an iterative process that + requires using BitBake to process the recipe multiple times in + order to progressively discover and add information to the + recipe. + + + + Assuming you have sourced a build environment setup script (i.e. + &OE_INIT_FILE; + or + oe-init-build-env-memres) + and you are in the + Build Directory, + use BitBake to process your recipe. + All you need to provide is the + <basename> of the recipe as described + in the previous section: + + $ bitbake <basename> + + + + + + During the build, the OpenEmbedded build system creates a + temporary work directory for the recipe + (${WORKDIR}) + where it keeps extracted source files, log files, intermediate + compilation and packaging files, and so forth. + + + + The temporary work directory is constructed as follows and + depends on several factors: + + ${TMPDIR}/work/${MULTIMACH_TARGET_SYS}/${PN}/${EXTENDPE}${PV}-${PR} + + As an example, assume a Source Directory top-level folder named + poky, a default Build Directory at + poky/build, and a + qemux86-poky-linux machine target system. + Furthermore, suppose your recipe is named + foo_1.3.0-r0.bb. + In this case, the work directory the build system uses to + build the package would be as follows: + + poky/build/tmp/work/qemux86-poky-linux/foo/1.3.0-r0 + + Inside this directory you can find sub-directories such as + image, packages-split, + and temp. + After the build, you can examine these to determine how well + the build went. + + You can find log files for each task in the recipe's + temp directory (e.g. + poky/build/tmp/work/qemux86-poky-linux/foo/1.3.0-r0/temp). + Log files are named log.<taskname> + (e.g. log.do_configure, + log.do_fetch, and + log.do_compile). + + + + + You can find more information about the build process in the + "A Closer Look at the Yocto Project Development Environment" + chapter of the Yocto Project Reference Manual. + + + + You can also reference the following variables in the + Yocto Project Reference Manual's glossary for more information: + + TMPDIR: + The top-level build output directory + MULTIMACH_TARGET_SYS: + The target system identifier + PN: + The recipe name + EXTENDPE: + The epoch - (if + PE + is not specified, which is usually the case for most + recipes, then EXTENDPE is blank) + PV: + The recipe version + PR: + The recipe revision + + +
+ +
+ Fetching Code + + + The first thing your recipe must do is specify how to fetch + the source files. + Fetching is controlled mainly through the + SRC_URI + variable. + Your recipe must have a SRC_URI variable + that points to where the source is located. + For a graphical representation of source locations, see the + "Sources" + section in the Yocto Project Reference Manual. + + + + The do_fetch task uses the prefix of + each entry in the SRC_URI variable value + to determine what fetcher to use to get your source files. + It is the SRC_URI variable that triggers + the fetcher. + The do_patch task uses the variable after + source is fetched to apply patches. + The OpenEmbedded build system uses + FILESOVERRIDES + for scanning directory locations for local files in + SRC_URI. + + + + The SRC_URI variable in your recipe must + define each unique location for your source files. + It is good practice to not hard-code pathnames in an URL used + in SRC_URI. + Rather than hard-code these paths, use + ${PV}, + which causes the fetch process to use the version specified in + the recipe filename. + Specifying the version in this manner means that upgrading the + recipe to a future version is as simple as renaming the recipe + to match the new version. + + + + Here is a simple example from the + meta/recipes-devtools/cdrtools/cdrtools-native_3.01a17.bb + recipe where the source comes from a single tarball. + Notice the use of the + PV + variable: + + SRC_URI = "ftp://ftp.berlios.de/pub/cdrecord/alpha/cdrtools-${PV}.tar.bz2" + + + + + Files mentioned in SRC_URI whose names end + in a typical archive extension (e.g. .tar, + .tar.gz, .tar.bz2, + .zip, and so forth), are automatically + extracted during the do_unpack task. + For another example that specifies these types of files, see + the + "Autotooled Package" + section. + + + + Another way of specifying source is from an SCM. + For Git repositories, you must specify + SRCREV + and you should specify + PV + to include the revision with + SRCPV. + Here is an example from the recipe + meta/recipes-kernel/blktrace/blktrace_git.bb: + + SRCREV = "d6918c8832793b4205ed3bfede78c2f915c23385" + + PR = "r6" + PV = "1.0.5+git${SRCPV}" + + SRC_URI = "git://git.kernel.dk/blktrace.git \ + file://ldflags.patch" + + + + + If your SRC_URI statement includes + URLs pointing to individual files fetched from a remote server + other than a version control system, BitBake attempts to + verify the files against checksums defined in your recipe to + ensure they have not been tampered with or otherwise modified + since the recipe was written. + Two checksums are used: + SRC_URI[md5sum] and + SRC_URI[sha256sum]. + + + + If your SRC_URI variable points to + more than a single URL (excluding SCM URLs), you need to + provide the md5 and + sha256 checksums for each URL. + For these cases, you provide a name for each URL as part of + the SRC_URI and then reference that name + in the subsequent checksum statements. + Here is an example: + + SRC_URI = "${DEBIAN_MIRROR}/main/a/apmd/apmd_3.2.2.orig.tar.gz;name=tarball \ + ${DEBIAN_MIRROR}/main/a/apmd/apmd_${PV}.diff.gz;name=patch + + SRC_URI[tarball.md5sum] = "b1e6309e8331e0f4e6efd311c2d97fa8" + SRC_URI[tarball.sha256sum] = "7f7d9f60b7766b852881d40b8ff91d8e39fccb0d1d913102a5c75a2dbb52332d" + + SRC_URI[patch.md5sum] = "57e1b689264ea80f78353519eece0c92" + SRC_URI[patch.sha256sum] = "7905ff96be93d725544d0040e425c42f9c05580db3c272f11cff75b9aa89d430" + + + + + To find these checksums, you can comment the statements out + and then attempt to build the software. + The build will produce an error for each missing checksum + and as part of the error message provide the correct checksum + string. + Once you have the correct checksums, simply copy them into your + recipe for a subsequent build. + + + + This final example is a bit more complicated and is from the + meta/recipes-sato/rxvt-unicode/rxvt-unicode_9.19.bb + recipe. + The example's SRC_URI statement identifies + multiple files as the source files for the recipe: a tarball, a + patch file, a desktop file, and an icon. + + SRC_URI = "http://dist.schmorp.de/rxvt-unicode/Attic/rxvt-unicode-${PV}.tar.bz2 \ + file://xwc.patch \ + file://rxvt.desktop \ + file://rxvt.png" + + + + + When you specify local files using the + file:// URI protocol, the build system + fetches files from the local machine. + The path is relative to the + FILESPATH + variable and searches specific directories in a certain order: + ${BPN}, + ${BP}, + and files. + The directories are assumed to be subdirectories of the + directory in which the recipe or append file resides. + For another example that specifies these types of files, see the + "Single .c File Package (Hello World!)" + section. + + + + The previous example also specifies a patch file. + Patch files are files whose names end in + .patch or .diff. + The build system automatically applies patches as described + in the + "Patching Code" section. + +
+ +
+ Unpacking Code + + + During the build, the do_unpack task + unpacks the source with + ${S} + pointing to where it is unpacked. + + + + If you are fetching your source files from an upstream source + archived tarball and the tarball's internal structure matches + the common convention of a top-level subdirectory named + ${BPN}-${PV}, + then you do not need to set S. + However, if SRC_URI specifies to fetch + source from an archive that does not use this convention, + or from an SCM like Git or Subversion, your recipe needs to + define S. + + + + If processing your recipe using BitBake successfully unpacks + the source files, you need to be sure that the directory + pointed to by ${S} matches the structure + of the source. + +
+ +
+ Patching Code + + + Sometimes it is necessary to patch code after it has been + fetched. + Any files mentioned in SRC_URI whose + names end in .patch or + .diff are treated as patches. + The do_patch task automatically applies + these patches. + + + + The build system should be able to apply patches with the "-p1" + option (i.e. one directory level in the path will be stripped + off). + If your patch needs to have more directory levels stripped off, + specify the number of levels using the "striplevel" option in + the SRC_URI entry for the patch. + Alternatively, if your patch needs to be applied in a specific + subdirectory that is not specified in the patch file, use the + "patchdir" option in the entry. + +
+ +
+ Licensing + + + Your recipe needs to have both the + LICENSE + and + LIC_FILES_CHKSUM + variables: + + LICENSE: + This variable specifies the license for the software. + If you do not know the license under which the software + you are building is distributed, you should go to the + source code and look for that information. + Typical files containing this information include + COPYING, + LICENSE, and + README files. + You could also find the information near the top of + a source file. + For example, given a piece of software licensed under + the GNU General Public License version 2, you would + set LICENSE as follows: + + LICENSE = "GPLv2" + + The licenses you specify within + LICENSE can have any name as long + as you do not use spaces, since spaces are used as + separators between license names. + For standard licenses, use the names of the files in + meta/files/common-licenses/ + or the SPDXLICENSEMAP flag names + defined in meta/conf/licenses.conf. + + LIC_FILES_CHKSUM: + The OpenEmbedded build system uses this variable to + make sure the license text has not changed. + If it has, the build produces an error and it affords + you the chance to figure it out and correct the problem. + + You need to specify all applicable licensing + files for the software. + At the end of the configuration step, the build process + will compare the checksums of the files to be sure + the text has not changed. + Any differences result in an error with the message + containing the current checksum. + For more explanation and examples of how to set the + LIC_FILES_CHKSUM variable, see the + "Tracking License Changes" + section in the Yocto Project Reference Manual. + To determine the correct checksum string, you + can list the appropriate files in the + LIC_FILES_CHKSUM variable with + incorrect md5 strings, attempt to build the software, + and then note the resulting error messages that will + report the correct md5 strings. + Here is an example that assumes the software has a + COPYING file: + + LIC_FILES_CHKSUM = "file://COPYING;md5=xxx" + + When you try to build the software, the build system + will produce an error and give you the correct string + that you can substitute into the recipe file for a + subsequent build. + + + + + + +
+ +
+ Configuring the Recipe + + + Most software provides some means of setting build-time + configuration options before compilation. + Typically, setting these options is accomplished by running a + configure script with some options, or by modifying a build + configuration file. + + + + A major part of build-time configuration is about checking for + build-time dependencies and possibly enabling optional + functionality as a result. + You need to specify any build-time dependencies for the + software you are building in your recipe's + DEPENDS + value, in terms of other recipes that satisfy those + dependencies. + You can often find build-time or runtime + dependencies described in the software's documentation. + + + + The following list provides configuration items of note based + on how your software is built: + + Autotools: + If your source files have a + configure.ac file, then your + software is built using Autotools. + If this is the case, you just need to worry about + tweaking the configuration. + When using Autotools, your recipe needs to inherit + the + autotools + class and your recipe does not have to contain a + do_configure task. + However, you might still want to make some adjustments. + For example, you can set + EXTRA_OECONF + to pass any needed configure options that are specific + to the recipe. + CMake: + If your source files have a + CMakeLists.txt file, then your + software is built using CMake. + If this is the case, you just need to worry about + tweaking the configuration. + When you use CMake, your recipe needs to inherit + the + cmake + class and your recipe does not have to contain a + do_configure task. + You can make some adjustments by setting + EXTRA_OECMAKE + to pass any needed configure options that are specific + to the recipe. + Other: + If your source files do not have a + configure.ac or + CMakeLists.txt file, then your + software is built using some method other than Autotools + or CMake. + If this is the case, you normally need to provide a + do_configure task in your recipe + unless, of course, there is nothing to configure. + + Even if your software is not being built by + Autotools or CMake, you still might not need to deal + with any configuration issues. + You need to determine if configuration is even a required step. + You might need to modify a Makefile or some configuration file + used for the build to specify necessary build options. + Or, perhaps you might need to run a provided, custom + configure script with the appropriate options. + For the case involving a custom configure + script, you would run + ./configure --help and look for + the options you need to set. + + + + + Once configuration succeeds, it is always good practice to + look at the log.do_configure file to + ensure that the appropriate options have been enabled and no + additional build-time dependencies need to be added to + DEPENDS. + For example, if the configure script reports that it found + something not mentioned in DEPENDS, or + that it did not find something that it needed for some + desired optional functionality, then you would need to add + those to DEPENDS. + Looking at the log might also reveal items being checked for + and/or enabled that you do not want, or items not being found + that are in DEPENDS, in which case + you would need to look at passing extra options to the + configure script as needed. + For reference information on configure options specific to the + software you are building, you can consult the output of the + ./configure --help command within + ${S} or consult the software's upstream + documentation. + +
+ +
+ Compilation + + + During a build, the do_compile task + happens after source is fetched, unpacked, and configured. + If the recipe passes through do_compile + successfully, nothing needs to be done. + + + + However, if the compile step fails, you need to diagnose the + failure. + Here are some common issues that cause failures: + + Parallel build failures: + These failures manifest themselves as intermittent + errors, or errors reporting that a file or directory + that should be created by some other part of the build + process could not be found. + This type of failure can occur even if, upon inspection, + the file or directory does exist after the build has + failed, because that part of the build process happened + in the wrong order. + To fix the problem, you need to either satisfy + the missing dependency in the Makefile or whatever + script produced the Makefile, or (as a workaround) + set + PARALLEL_MAKE + to an empty string: + + PARALLEL_MAKE = "" + + Improper host path usage: + This failure applies to recipes building for the target + or nativesdk only. + The failure occurs when the compilation process uses + improper headers, libraries, or other files from the + host system when cross-compiling for the target. + + To fix the problem, examine the + log.do_compile file to identify + the host paths being used (e.g. + /usr/include, + /usr/lib, and so forth) and then + either add configure options, apply a patch, or do both. + + Failure to find required + libraries/headers: + If a build-time dependency is missing because it has + not been declared in + DEPENDS, + or because the dependency exists but the path used by + the build process to find the file is incorrect and the + configure step did not detect it, the compilation + process could fail. + For either of these failures, the compilation process + notes that files could not be found. + In these cases, you need to go back and add additional + options to the configure script as well as possibly + add additional build-time dependencies to + DEPENDS. + Occasionally, it is necessary to apply a patch to the + source to ensure the correct paths are used. + + + +
+ +
+ Installing + + + During do_install, the task copies the + built files along with their hierarchy to locations that + would mirror their locations on the target device. + The installation process copies files from the + ${S}, + ${B}, + and + ${WORKDIR} + directories to the + ${D} + directory to create the structure as it should appear on the + target system. + + + + How your software is built affects what you must do to be + sure your software is installed correctly. + The following list describes what you must do for installation + depending on the type of build system used by the software + being built: + + Autotools and CMake: + If the software your recipe is building uses Autotools + or CMake, the OpenEmbedded build + system understands how to install the software. + Consequently, you do not have to have a + do_install task as part of your + recipe. + You just need to make sure the install portion of the + build completes with no issues. + However, if you wish to install additional files not + already being installed by + make install, you should do this + using a do_install_append function + using the install command as described in + Manual later in this list. + + Other (using + make install): + You need to define a + do_install function in your + recipe. + The function should call + oe_runmake install and will likely + need to pass in the destination directory as well. + How you pass that path is dependent on how the + Makefile being run is written + (e.g. DESTDIR=${D}, + PREFIX=${D}, + INSTALLROOT=${D}, and so forth). + + For an example recipe using + make install, see the + "Makefile-Based Package" + section. + Manual: + You need to define a + do_install function in your + recipe. + The function must first use + install -d to create the + directories. + Once the directories exist, your function can use + install to manually install the + built software into the directories. + You can find more information on + install at + . + + + + + + For the scenarios that do not use Autotools or + CMake, you need to track the installation + and diagnose and fix any issues until everything installs + correctly. + You need to look in the default location of + ${D}, which is + ${WORKDIR}/image, to be sure your + files have been installed correctly. + + + + During the installation process, you might need to modify + some of the installed files to suit the target layout. + For example, you might need to replace hard-coded paths in an + initscript with values of variables provided by the build + system, such as replacing /usr/bin/ with + ${bindir}. + If you do perform such modifications during + do_install, be sure to modify the + destination file after copying rather than before copying. + Modifying after copying ensures that the build system can + re-execute do_install if needed. + + + + oe_runmake install, which can be run + directly or can be run indirectly by the + autotools + and + cmake + classes, runs make install in parallel. + Sometimes, a Makefile can have missing dependencies between + targets that can result in race conditions. + If you experience intermittent failures during + do_install, you might be able to work + around them by disabling parallel Makefile installs + by adding the following to the recipe: + + PARALLEL_MAKEINST = "" + + See + PARALLEL_MAKEINST + for additional information. + +
+ +
+ Enabling System Services + + + If you want to install a service, which is a process that + usually starts on boot and runs in the background, then + you must include some additional definitions in your recipe. + + + + If you are adding services and the service initialization + script or the service file itself is not installed, you must + provide for that installation in your recipe using a + do_install_append function. + If your recipe already has a do_install + function, update the function near its end rather than + adding an additional do_install_append + function. + + + + When you create the installation for your services, you need + to accomplish what is normally done by + make install. + In other words, make sure your installation arranges the output + similar to how it is arranged on the target system. + + + + The OpenEmbedded build system provides support for starting + services two different ways: + + SysVinit: + SysVinit is a system and service manager that + manages the init system used to control the very basic + functions of your system. + The init program is the first program + started by the Linux kernel when the system boots. + Init then controls the startup, running and shutdown + of all other programs. + To enable a service using SysVinit, your recipe + needs to inherit the + update-rc.d + class. + The class helps facilitate safely installing the + package on the target. + You will need to set the + INITSCRIPT_PACKAGES, + INITSCRIPT_NAME, + and + INITSCRIPT_PARAMS + variables within your recipe. + systemd: + System Management Daemon (systemd) was designed to + replace SysVinit and to provide + enhanced management of services. + For more information on systemd, see the systemd + homepage at + . + + To enable a service using systemd, your recipe + needs to inherit the + systemd + class. + See the systemd.class file + located in your + Source Directory. + section for more information. + + + +
+ +
+ Packaging + + + The do_package task splits the files + produced by the recipe into logical components. + Even software that produces a single binary might still have + debug symbols, documentation, and other logical components + that should be split out. + The do_package task ensures that files + are split up and packaged correctly. + + + + After you build your software, you need to be sure your packages + are correct. + Examine the + ${WORKDIR}/packages-split + directory and make sure files are where you expect them to be. + + + + If you discover problems, you can set + PACKAGES, + FILES, + do_install(_append), and so forth as + needed. + + + + See the + "Splitting an Application into Multiple Packages" + section for an example that shows how you might split + your software into more than one package. + + + + For an example showing how to install a post-installation + script, see the + "Post-Installation Scripts" + section. + +
+ +
+ Properly Versioning Pre-Release Recipes + + + Sometimes the name of a recipe can lead to versioning + problems when the recipe is upgraded to a final release. + For example, consider the + irssi_0.8.16-rc1.bb recipe file in + the list of example recipes in the + "Storing and Naming the Recipe" + section. + This recipe is at a release candidate stage (i.e. + "rc1"). + When the recipe is released, the recipe filename becomes + irssi_0.8.16.bb. + The version change from 0.8.16-rc1 + to 0.8.16 is seen as a decrease by the + build system and package managers, so the resulting packages + will not correctly trigger an upgrade. + + + + In order to ensure the versions compare properly, the + recommended convention is to set + PV + within the recipe to + "<previous version>+<current version>". + You can use an additional variable so that you can use the + current version elsewhere. + Here is an example: + + REALPV = "0.8.16-rc1" + PV = "0.8.15+${REALPV}" + + +
+ +
+ Post-Installation Scripts + + + Post-installation scripts run immediately after installing + a package on the target, or during image creation when a + package is included in an image. + To add a post-installation script to a package, add a + pkg_postinst_PACKAGENAME() function to + the recipe file (.bb) and use + PACKAGENAME as the name of the package + you want to attach to the postinst + script. + To apply the post-installation script to the main package + for the recipe, which is usually what is required, specify + ${PN} + in place of PACKAGENAME. + + + + A post-installation function has the following structure: + + pkg_postinst_PACKAGENAME () { + #!/bin/sh -e + # Commands to carry out + } + + + + + The script defined in the post-installation function is + called when the root filesystem is created. + If the script succeeds, the package is marked as installed. + If the script fails, the package is marked as unpacked and + the script is executed when the image boots again. + + + + Sometimes it is necessary for the execution of a + post-installation script to be delayed until the first boot. + For example, the script might need to be executed on the + device itself. + To delay script execution until boot time, use the following + structure in the post-installation script: + + pkg_postinst_PACKAGENAME () { + #!/bin/sh -e + if [ x"$D" = "x" ]; then + # Actions to carry out on the device go here + else + exit 1 + fi + } + + + + + The previous example delays execution until the image boots + again because the + D + variable points to the directory containing the image when + the root filesystem is created at build time but is unset + when executed on the first boot. + + + + Equivalent support for pre-install, pre-uninstall, and + post-uninstall scripts exist by way of + pkg_preinst, + pkg_prerm, and + pkg_postrm, respectively. + These scrips work in exactly the same way as does + pkg_postinst with the exception that they + run at different times. + Also, because of when they run, they are not applicable to + being run at image creation time like + pkg_postinst. + +
+ +
+ Testing + + + The final step for completing your recipe is to be sure that + the software you built runs correctly. + To accomplish runtime testing, add the build's output + packages to your image and test them on the target. + + + + For information on how to customize your image by adding + specific packages, see the + "Customizing Images" + section. + +
+ +
+ Examples + + + To help summarize how to write a recipe, this section provides + some examples given various scenarios: + + Recipes that use local files + Using an Autotooled package + Using a Makefile-based package + Splitting an application into multiple packages + + + +
+ Single .c File Package (Hello World!) + + + Building an application from a single file that is stored + locally (e.g. under files/) requires + a recipe that has the file listed in the + SRC_URI + variable. + Additionally, you need to manually write the + do_compile and + do_install tasks. + The S + variable defines the directory containing the source code, + which is set to + WORKDIR + in this case - the directory BitBake uses for the build. + + SUMMARY = "Simple helloworld application" + SECTION = "examples" + LICENSE = "MIT" + LIC_FILES_CHKSUM = "file://${COMMON_LICENSE_DIR}/MIT;md5=0835ade698e0bcf8506ecda2f7b4f302" + + SRC_URI = "file://helloworld.c" + + S = "${WORKDIR}" + + do_compile() { + ${CC} helloworld.c -o helloworld + } + + do_install() { + install -d ${D}${bindir} + install -m 0755 helloworld ${D}${bindir} + } + + + + + By default, the helloworld, + helloworld-dbg, and + helloworld-dev packages are built. + For information on how to customize the packaging process, + see the + "Splitting an Application into Multiple Packages" + section. + +
+ +
+ Autotooled Package + + Applications that use Autotools such as autoconf and + automake require a recipe that has a source archive listed in + SRC_URI and + also inherit the + autotools + class, which contains the definitions of all the steps + needed to build an Autotool-based application. + The result of the build is automatically packaged. + And, if the application uses NLS for localization, packages with local information are + generated (one package per language). + Following is one example: (hello_2.3.bb) + + SUMMARY = "GNU Helloworld application" + SECTION = "examples" + LICENSE = "GPLv2+" + LIC_FILES_CHKSUM = "file://COPYING;md5=751419260aa954499f7abaabaa882bbe" + + SRC_URI = "${GNU_MIRROR}/hello/hello-${PV}.tar.gz" + + inherit autotools gettext + + + + + The variable + LIC_FILES_CHKSUM + is used to track source license changes as described in the + "Tracking License Changes" section. + You can quickly create Autotool-based recipes in a manner similar to the previous example. + +
+ +
+ Makefile-Based Package + + + Applications that use GNU make also require a recipe that has + the source archive listed in + SRC_URI. + You do not need to add a do_compile step since by default BitBake + starts the make command to compile the application. + If you need additional make options, you should store them in the + EXTRA_OEMAKE + variable. + BitBake passes these options into the make GNU invocation. + Note that a do_install task is still required. + Otherwise, BitBake runs an empty do_install task by default. + + + + Some applications might require extra parameters to be passed to the compiler. + For example, the application might need an additional header path. + You can accomplish this by adding to the + CFLAGS variable. + The following example shows this: + + CFLAGS_prepend = "-I ${S}/include " + + + + + In the following example, mtd-utils is a makefile-based package: + + SUMMARY = "Tools for managing memory technology devices." + SECTION = "base" + DEPENDS = "zlib lzo e2fsprogs util-linux" + HOMEPAGE = "http://www.linux-mtd.infradead.org/" + LICENSE = "GPLv2+" + LIC_FILES_CHKSUM = "file://COPYING;md5=0636e73ff0215e8d672dc4c32c317bb3 \ + file://include/common.h;beginline=1;endline=17;md5=ba05b07912a44ea2bf81ce409380049c" + + SRC_URI = "git://git.infradead.org/mtd-utils.git;protocol=git;tag=995cfe51b0a3cf32f381c140bf72b21bf91cef1b \ + file://add-exclusion-to-mkfs-jffs2-git-2.patch" + + S = "${WORKDIR}/git/" + + PR = "r1" + + EXTRA_OEMAKE = "'CC=${CC}' 'RANLIB=${RANLIB}' 'AR=${AR}' \ + 'CFLAGS=${CFLAGS} -I${S}/include -DWITHOUT_XATTR' 'BUILDDIR=${S}'" + + do_install () { + oe_runmake install DESTDIR=${D} SBINDIR=${sbindir} MANDIR=${mandir} \ + INCLUDEDIR=${includedir} + install -d ${D}${includedir}/mtd/ + for f in ${S}/include/mtd/*.h; do + install -m 0644 $f ${D}${includedir}/mtd/ + done + } + + PARALLEL_MAKE = "" + + BBCLASSEXTEND = "native" + + +
+ +
+ Splitting an Application into Multiple Packages + + + You can use the variables + PACKAGES and + FILES + to split an application into multiple packages. + + + + Following is an example that uses the libxpm recipe. + By default, this recipe generates a single package that contains the library along + with a few binaries. + You can modify the recipe to split the binaries into separate packages: + + require xorg-lib-common.inc + + SUMMARY = "X11 Pixmap library" + LICENSE = "X-BSD" + LIC_FILES_CHKSUM = "file://COPYING;md5=3e07763d16963c3af12db271a31abaa5" + DEPENDS += "libxext libsm libxt" + PR = "r3" + PE = "1" + + XORG_PN = "libXpm" + + PACKAGES =+ "sxpm cxpm" + FILES_cxpm = "${bindir}/cxpm" + FILES_sxpm = "${bindir}/sxpm" + + + + + In the previous example, we want to ship the sxpm + and cxpm binaries in separate packages. + Since bindir would be packaged into the main + PN + package by default, we prepend the PACKAGES + variable so additional package names are added to the start of list. + This results in the extra FILES_* + variables then containing information that define which files and + directories go into which packages. + Files included by earlier packages are skipped by latter packages. + Thus, the main PN package + does not include the above listed files. + +
+
+
+ +
+ Adding a New Machine + + + Adding a new machine to the Yocto Project is a straight forward + process. + This section describes how to add machines that are similar + to those that the Yocto Project already supports. + + Although well within the capabilities of the Yocto Project, + adding a totally new architecture might require + changes to gcc/eglibc and to the site + information, which is beyond the scope of this manual. + + + + + For a complete example that shows how to add a new machine, + see the + "Creating a New BSP Layer Using the yocto-bsp Script" + section in the Yocto Project Board Support Package (BSP) Developer's Guide. + + +
+ Adding the Machine Configuration File + + + To add a new machine, you need to add a new machine + configuration file to the layer's + conf/machine directory. + This configuration file provides details about the device + you are adding. + + + + The OpenEmbedded build system uses the root name of the + machine configuration file to reference the new machine. + For example, given a machine configuration file named + crownbay.conf, the build system + recognizes the machine as "crownbay". + + + + The most important variables you must set in your machine + configuration file are as follows: + + TARGET_ARCH + (e.g. "arm") + PREFERRED_PROVIDER_virtual/kernel + (see below) + MACHINE_FEATURES + (e.g. "apm screen wifi") + + + + + You might also need these variables: + + SERIAL_CONSOLES + (e.g. "115200;ttyS0 115200;ttyS1") + KERNEL_IMAGETYPE + (e.g. "zImage") + IMAGE_FSTYPES + (e.g. "tar.gz jffs2") + + + + + You can find full details on these variables in the reference + section. + You can leverage existing machine .conf + files from meta-yocto-bsp/conf/machine/. + +
+ +
+ Adding a Kernel for the Machine + + + The OpenEmbedded build system needs to be able to build a kernel + for the machine. + You need to either create a new kernel recipe for this machine, + or extend an existing kernel recipe. + You can find several kernel recipe examples in the + Source Directory at + meta/recipes-kernel/linux + that you can use as references. + + + + If you are creating a new kernel recipe, normal recipe-writing + rules apply for setting up a + SRC_URI. + Thus, you need to specify any necessary patches and set + S + to point at the source code. + You need to create a do_configure task that + configures the unpacked kernel with a + defconfig file. + You can do this by using a make defconfig + command or, more commonly, by copying in a suitable + defconfig file and then running + make oldconfig. + By making use of inherit kernel and + potentially some of the linux-*.inc files, + most other functionality is centralized and the defaults of the + class normally work well. + + + + If you are extending an existing kernel recipe, it is usually + a matter of adding a suitable defconfig + file. + The file needs to be added into a location similar to + defconfig files used for other machines + in a given kernel recipe. + A possible way to do this is by listing the file in the + SRC_URI and adding the machine to the + expression in + COMPATIBLE_MACHINE: + + COMPATIBLE_MACHINE = '(qemux86|qemumips)' + + +
+ +
+ Adding a Formfactor Configuration File + + + A formfactor configuration file provides information about the + target hardware for which the image is being built and information that + the build system cannot obtain from other sources such as the kernel. + Some examples of information contained in a formfactor configuration file include + framebuffer orientation, whether or not the system has a keyboard, + the positioning of the keyboard in relation to the screen, and + the screen resolution. + + + + The build system uses reasonable defaults in most cases. + However, if customization is + necessary, you need to create a machconfig file + in the meta/recipes-bsp/formfactor/files + directory. + This directory contains directories for specific machines such as + qemuarm and qemux86. + For information about the settings available and the defaults, see the + meta/recipes-bsp/formfactor/files/config file found in the + same area. + + + + Following is an example for "qemuarm" machine: + + HAVE_TOUCHSCREEN=1 + HAVE_KEYBOARD=1 + + DISPLAY_CAN_ROTATE=0 + DISPLAY_ORIENTATION=0 + #DISPLAY_WIDTH_PIXELS=640 + #DISPLAY_HEIGHT_PIXELS=480 + #DISPLAY_BPP=16 + DISPLAY_DPI=150 + DISPLAY_SUBPIXEL_ORDER=vrgb + + +
+
+ +
+ Working With Libraries + + + Libraries are an integral part of your system. + This section describes some common practices you might find + helpful when working with libraries to build your system: + + How to include static library files + + How to use the Multilib feature to combine multiple versions of library files into a single image + + How to install multiple versions of the same library in parallel on the same system + + + + +
+ Including Static Library Files + + + If you are building a library and the library offers static linking, you can control + which static library files (*.a files) get included in the + built library. + + + + The PACKAGES + and FILES_* + variables in the + meta/conf/bitbake.conf configuration file define how files installed + by the do_install task are packaged. + By default, the PACKAGES variable contains + ${PN}-staticdev, which includes all static library files. + + Some previously released versions of the Yocto Project + defined the static library files through + ${PN}-dev. + + Following, is part of the BitBake configuration file. + You can see where the static library files are defined: + + PACKAGES = "${PN}-dbg ${PN} ${PN}-doc ${PN}-dev ${PN}-staticdev ${PN}-locale" + PACKAGES_DYNAMIC = "${PN}-locale-*" + FILES = "" + + FILES_${PN} = "${bindir}/* ${sbindir}/* ${libexecdir}/* ${libdir}/lib*${SOLIBS} \ + ${sysconfdir} ${sharedstatedir} ${localstatedir} \ + ${base_bindir}/* ${base_sbindir}/* \ + ${base_libdir}/*${SOLIBS} \ + ${datadir}/${BPN} ${libdir}/${BPN}/* \ + ${datadir}/pixmaps ${datadir}/applications \ + ${datadir}/idl ${datadir}/omf ${datadir}/sounds \ + ${libdir}/bonobo/servers" + + FILES_${PN}-doc = "${docdir} ${mandir} ${infodir} ${datadir}/gtk-doc \ + ${datadir}/gnome/help" + SECTION_${PN}-doc = "doc" + + FILES_${PN}-dev = "${includedir} ${libdir}/lib*${SOLIBSDEV} ${libdir}/*.la \ + ${libdir}/*.o ${libdir}/pkgconfig ${datadir}/pkgconfig \ + ${datadir}/aclocal ${base_libdir}/*.o" + SECTION_${PN}-dev = "devel" + ALLOW_EMPTY_${PN}-dev = "1" + RDEPENDS_${PN}-dev = "${PN} (= ${EXTENDPKGV})" + + FILES_${PN}-staticdev = "${libdir}/*.a ${base_libdir}/*.a" + SECTION_${PN}-staticdev = "devel" + RDEPENDS_${PN}-staticdev = "${PN}-dev (= ${EXTENDPKGV})" + + +
+ +
+ Combining Multiple Versions of Library Files into One Image + + + The build system offers the ability to build libraries with different + target optimizations or architecture formats and combine these together + into one system image. + You can link different binaries in the image + against the different libraries as needed for specific use cases. + This feature is called "Multilib." + + + + An example would be where you have most of a system compiled in 32-bit + mode using 32-bit libraries, but you have something large, like a database + engine, that needs to be a 64-bit application and uses 64-bit libraries. + Multilib allows you to get the best of both 32-bit and 64-bit libraries. + + + + While the Multilib feature is most commonly used for 32 and 64-bit differences, + the approach the build system uses facilitates different target optimizations. + You could compile some binaries to use one set of libraries and other binaries + to use other different sets of libraries. + The libraries could differ in architecture, compiler options, or other + optimizations. + + + + This section overviews the Multilib process only. + For more details on how to implement Multilib, see the + Multilib wiki + page. + + + + Aside from this wiki page, several examples exist in the + meta-skeleton layer found in the + Source Directory: + + conf/multilib-example.conf + configuration file + conf/multilib-example2.conf + configuration file + recipes-multilib/images/core-image-multilib-example.bb + recipe + + + +
+ Preparing to Use Multilib + + + User-specific requirements drive the Multilib feature. + Consequently, there is no one "out-of-the-box" configuration that likely + exists to meet your needs. + + + + In order to enable Multilib, you first need to ensure your recipe is + extended to support multiple libraries. + Many standard recipes are already extended and support multiple libraries. + You can check in the meta/conf/multilib.conf + configuration file in the + Source Directory to see how this is + done using the + BBCLASSEXTEND + variable. + Eventually, all recipes will be covered and this list will + not be needed. + + + + For the most part, the Multilib class extension works automatically to + extend the package name from ${PN} to + ${MLPREFIX}${PN}, where MLPREFIX + is the particular multilib (e.g. "lib32-" or "lib64-"). + Standard variables such as + DEPENDS, + RDEPENDS, + RPROVIDES, + RRECOMMENDS, + PACKAGES, + and PACKAGES_DYNAMIC are automatically extended by the system. + If you are extending any manual code in the recipe, you can use the + ${MLPREFIX} variable to ensure those names are extended + correctly. + This automatic extension code resides in multilib.bbclass. + +
+ +
+ Using Multilib + + + After you have set up the recipes, you need to define the actual + combination of multiple libraries you want to build. + You accomplish this through your local.conf + configuration file in the + Build Directory. + An example configuration would be as follows: + + MACHINE = "qemux86-64" + require conf/multilib.conf + MULTILIBS = "multilib:lib32" + DEFAULTTUNE_virtclass-multilib-lib32 = "x86" + IMAGE_INSTALL = "lib32-connman" + + This example enables an + additional library named lib32 alongside the + normal target packages. + When combining these "lib32" alternatives, the example uses "x86" for tuning. + For information on this particular tuning, see + meta/conf/machine/include/ia32/arch-ia32.inc. + + + + The example then includes lib32-connman + in all the images, which illustrates one method of including a + multiple library dependency. + You can use a normal image build to include this dependency, + for example: + + $ bitbake core-image-sato + + You can also build Multilib packages specifically with a command like this: + + $ bitbake lib32-connman + + +
+ +
+ Additional Implementation Details + + + Different packaging systems have different levels of native Multilib + support. + For the RPM Package Management System, the following implementation details + exist: + + A unique architecture is defined for the Multilib packages, + along with creating a unique deploy folder under + tmp/deploy/rpm in the + Build Directory. + For example, consider lib32 in a + qemux86-64 image. + The possible architectures in the system are "all", "qemux86_64", + "lib32_qemux86_64", and "lib32_x86". + The ${MLPREFIX} variable is stripped from + ${PN} during RPM packaging. + The naming for a normal RPM package and a Multilib RPM package in a + qemux86-64 system resolves to something similar to + bash-4.1-r2.x86_64.rpm and + bash-4.1.r2.lib32_x86.rpm, respectively. + + When installing a Multilib image, the RPM backend first + installs the base image and then installs the Multilib libraries. + + The build system relies on RPM to resolve the identical files in the + two (or more) Multilib packages. + + + + + For the IPK Package Management System, the following implementation details exist: + + The ${MLPREFIX} is not stripped from + ${PN} during IPK packaging. + The naming for a normal RPM package and a Multilib IPK package in a + qemux86-64 system resolves to something like + bash_4.1-r2.x86_64.ipk and + lib32-bash_4.1-rw_x86.ipk, respectively. + + The IPK deploy folder is not modified with + ${MLPREFIX} because packages with and without + the Multilib feature can exist in the same folder due to the + ${PN} differences. + IPK defines a sanity check for Multilib installation + using certain rules for file comparison, overridden, etc. + + + +
+
+ +
+ Installing Multiple Versions of the Same Library + + + Situations can exist where you need to install and use + multiple versions of the same library on the same system + at the same time. + These situations almost always exist when a library API + changes and you have multiple pieces of software that + depend on the separate versions of the library. + To accommodate these situations, you can install multiple + versions of the same library in parallel on the same system. + + + + The process is straight forward as long as the libraries use + proper versioning. + With properly versioned libraries, all you need to do to + individually specify the libraries is create separate, + appropriately named recipes where the + PN part of the + name includes a portion that differentiates each library version + (e.g.the major part of the version number). + Thus, instead of having a single recipe that loads one version + of a library (e.g. clutter), you provide + multiple recipes that result in different versions + of the libraries you want. + As an example, the following two recipes would allow the + two separate versions of the clutter + library to co-exist on the same system: + + clutter-1.6_1.6.20.bb + clutter-1.8_1.8.4.bb + + Additionally, if you have other recipes that depend on a given + library, you need to use the + DEPENDS + variable to create the dependency. + Continuing with the same example, if you want to have a recipe + depend on the 1.8 version of the clutter + library, use the following in your recipe: + + DEPENDS = "clutter-1.8" + + +
+
+ +
+ Configuring the Kernel + + + Configuring the Yocto Project kernel consists of making sure the .config + file has all the right information in it for the image you are building. + You can use the menuconfig tool and configuration fragments to + make sure your .config file is just how you need it. + This section describes how to use menuconfig, create and use + configuration fragments, and how to interactively tweak your .config + file to create the leanest kernel configuration file possible. + + + + For more information on kernel configuration, see the + "Changing the Configuration" + section in the Yocto Project Linux Kernel Development Manual. + + +
+ Using  <filename>menuconfig</filename> + + + The easiest way to define kernel configurations is to set them through the + menuconfig tool. + This tool provides an interactive method with which + to set kernel configurations. + For general information on menuconfig, see + . + + + + To use the menuconfig tool in the Yocto Project development + environment, you must launch it using BitBake. + Thus, the environment must be set up using the + &OE_INIT_FILE; + or + oe-init-build-env-memres + script found in the + Build Directory. + The following commands run menuconfig assuming the + Source Directory + top-level folder is ~/poky: + + $ cd poky + $ source oe-init-build-env + $ bitbake linux-yocto -c menuconfig + + Once menuconfig comes up, its standard interface allows you to + interactively examine and configure all the kernel configuration parameters. + After making your changes, simply exit the tool and save your changes to + create an updated version of the .config configuration file. + + + + Consider an example that configures the linux-yocto-3.14 + kernel. + The OpenEmbedded build system recognizes this kernel as + linux-yocto. + Thus, the following commands from the shell in which you previously sourced the + environment initialization script cleans the shared state cache and the + WORKDIR + directory and then runs menuconfig: + + $ bitbake linux-yocto -c menuconfig + + + + + Once menuconfig launches, use the interface + to navigate through the selections to find the configuration settings in + which you are interested. + For example, consider the CONFIG_SMP configuration setting. + You can find it at Processor Type and Features under + the configuration selection Symmetric Multi-processing Support. + After highlighting the selection, use the arrow keys to select or deselect + the setting. + When you are finished with all your selections, exit out and save them. + + + + Saving the selections updates the .config configuration file. + This is the file that the OpenEmbedded build system uses to configure the + kernel during the build. + You can find and examine this file in the Build Directory in + tmp/work/. + The actual .config is located in the area where the + specific kernel is built. + For example, if you were building a Linux Yocto kernel based on the + Linux 3.14 kernel and you were building a QEMU image targeted for + x86 architecture, the + .config file would be located here: + + poky/build/tmp/work/qemux86-poky-linux/linux-yocto-3.14.11+git1+84f... + ...656ed30-r1/linux-qemux86-standard-build + + + The previous example directory is artificially split and many of the characters + in the actual filename are omitted in order to make it more readable. + Also, depending on the kernel you are using, the exact pathname + for linux-yocto-3.14... might differ. + + + + + Within the .config file, you can see the kernel settings. + For example, the following entry shows that symmetric multi-processor support + is not set: + + # CONFIG_SMP is not set + + + + + A good method to isolate changed configurations is to use a combination of the + menuconfig tool and simple shell commands. + Before changing configurations with menuconfig, copy the + existing .config and rename it to something else, + use menuconfig to make + as many changes as you want and save them, then compare the renamed configuration + file against the newly created file. + You can use the resulting differences as your base to create configuration fragments + to permanently save in your kernel layer. + + Be sure to make a copy of the .config and don't just + rename it. + The build system needs an existing .config + from which to work. + + +
+ +
+ Creating Configuration Fragments + + + Configuration fragments are simply kernel options that appear in a file + placed where the OpenEmbedded build system can find and apply them. + Syntactically, the configuration statement is identical to what would appear + in the .config file, which is in the + Build Directory in + tmp/work/<arch>-poky-linux/linux-yocto-<release-specific-string>/linux-<arch>-<build-type>. + + + + It is simple to create a configuration fragment. + For example, issuing the following from the shell creates a configuration fragment + file named my_smp.cfg that enables multi-processor support + within the kernel: + + $ echo "CONFIG_SMP=y" >> my_smp.cfg + + + All configuration files must use the .cfg extension in order + for the OpenEmbedded build system to recognize them as a configuration fragment. + + + + + Where do you put your configuration files? + You can place these configuration files in the same area pointed to by + SRC_URI. + The OpenEmbedded build system will pick up the configuration and add it to the + kernel's configuration. + For example, suppose you had a set of configuration options in a file called + myconfig.cfg. + If you put that file inside a directory named linux-yocto + that resides in the same directory as the kernel's append file and then add + a SRC_URI statement such as the following to the kernel's append file, + those configuration options will be picked up and applied when the kernel is built. + + SRC_URI += "file://myconfig.cfg" + + + + + As mentioned earlier, you can group related configurations into multiple files and + name them all in the SRC_URI statement as well. + For example, you could group separate configurations specifically for Ethernet and graphics + into their own files and add those by using a SRC_URI statement like the + following in your append file: + + SRC_URI += "file://myconfig.cfg \ + file://eth.cfg \ + file://gfx.cfg" + + +
+ +
+ Fine-Tuning the Kernel Configuration File + + + You can make sure the .config file is as lean or efficient as + possible by reading the output of the kernel configuration fragment audit, + noting any issues, making changes to correct the issues, and then repeating. + + + + As part of the kernel build process, the + kernel_configcheck task runs. + This task validates the kernel configuration by checking the final + .config file against the input files. + During the check, the task produces warning messages for the following + issues: + + Requested options that did not make the final + .config file. + Configuration items that appear twice in the same + configuration fragment. + Configuration items tagged as "required" that were overridden. + + A board overrides a non-board specific option. + Listed options not valid for the kernel being processed. + In other words, the option does not appear anywhere. + + + The kernel_configcheck task can also optionally report + if an option is overridden during processing. + + + + + For each output warning, a message points to the file + that contains a list of the options and a pointer to the config + fragment that defines them. + Collectively, the files are the key to streamlining the configuration. + + + + To streamline the configuration, do the following: + + Start with a full configuration that you know + works - it builds and boots successfully. + This configuration file will be your baseline. + Separately run the configme and + kernel_configcheck tasks. + Take the resulting list of files from the + kernel_configcheck task warnings and do the following: + + Drop values that are redefined in the fragment but do not + change the final .config file. + Analyze and potentially drop values from the + .config file that override required + configurations. + Analyze and potentially remove non-board specific options. + + Remove repeated and invalid options. + + After you have worked through the output of the kernel configuration + audit, you can re-run the configme + and kernel_configcheck tasks to see the results of your + changes. + If you have more issues, you can deal with them as described in the + previous step. + + + + + Iteratively working through steps two through four eventually yields + a minimal, streamlined configuration file. + Once you have the best .config, you can build the Linux + Yocto kernel. + +
+
+ +
+ Patching the Kernel + + + Patching the kernel involves changing or adding configurations to an existing kernel, + changing or adding recipes to the kernel that are needed to support specific hardware features, + or even altering the source code itself. + + You can use the yocto-kernel script + found in the Source Directory + under scripts to manage kernel patches and configuration. + See the "Managing kernel Patches and Config Items with yocto-kernel" + section in the Yocto Project Board Support Packages (BSP) Developer's Guide for + more information. + + + + This example creates a simple patch by adding some QEMU emulator console + output at boot time through printk statements in the kernel's + calibrate.c source code file. + Applying the patch and booting the modified image causes the added + messages to appear on the emulator's console. + + + + The example assumes a clean build exists for the qemux86 + machine in a + Source Directory + named poky. + Furthermore, the Build Directory is + build and is located in poky and + the kernel is based on the Linux 3.4 kernel. + For general information on how to configure the most efficient build, see the + "Building an Image" section + in the Yocto Project Quick Start. + + + + Also, for more information on patching the kernel, see the + "Applying Patches" + section in the Yocto Project Linux Kernel Development Manual. + + +
+ Create a Layer for your Changes + + + The first step is to create a layer so you can isolate your + changes. + Rather than use the yocto-layer script + to create the layer, this example steps through the process + by hand. + If you want information on the script that creates a general + layer, see the + "Creating a General Layer Using the yocto-layer Script" + section. + + + + These two commands create a directory you can use for your + layer: + + $ cd ~/poky + $ mkdir meta-mylayer + + Creating a directory that follows the Yocto Project layer naming + conventions sets up the layer for your changes. + The layer is where you place your configuration files, append + files, and patch files. + To learn more about creating a layer and filling it with the + files you need, see the "Understanding + and Creating Layers" section. + +
+ +
+ Finding the Kernel Source Code + + + Each time you build a kernel image, the kernel source code is fetched + and unpacked into the following directory: + + ${S}/linux + + See the "Finding the Temporary Source Code" + section and the + S variable + for more information about where source is kept during a build. + + + + For this example, we are going to patch the + init/calibrate.c file + by adding some simple console printk statements that we can + see when we boot the image using QEMU. + +
+ +
+ Creating the Patch + + + Two methods exist by which you can create the patch: + Git workflow and + Quilt workflow. + For kernel patches, the Git workflow is more appropriate. + This section assumes the Git workflow and shows the steps specific to + this example. + + Change the working directory: + Change to where the kernel source code is before making + your edits to the calibrate.c file: + + $ cd ~/poky/build/tmp/work/qemux86-poky-linux/linux-yocto-${PV}-${PR}/linux + + Because you are working in an established Git repository, + you must be in this directory in order to commit your changes + and create the patch file. + The PV and + PR variables + represent the version and revision for the + linux-yocto recipe. + The PV variable includes the Git meta and machine + hashes, which make the directory name longer than you might + expect. + + Edit the source file: + Edit the init/calibrate.c file to have the + following changes: + + void calibrate_delay(void) + { + unsigned long lpj; + static bool printed; + int this_cpu = smp_processor_id(); + + printk("*************************************\n"); + printk("* *\n"); + printk("* HELLO YOCTO KERNEL *\n"); + printk("* *\n"); + printk("*************************************\n"); + + if (per_cpu(cpu_loops_per_jiffy, this_cpu)) { + . + . + . + + Stage and commit your changes: + These Git commands display the modified file, stage it, and then + commit the file: + + $ git status + $ git add init/calibrate.c + $ git commit -m "calibrate: Add printk example" + + Generate the patch file: + This Git command creates the a patch file named + 0001-calibrate-Add-printk-example.patch + in the current directory. + + $ git format-patch -1 + + + + +
+ +
+ Set Up Your Layer for the Build + + These steps get your layer set up for the build: + + Create additional structure: + Create the additional layer structure: + + $ cd ~/poky/meta-mylayer + $ mkdir conf + $ mkdir recipes-kernel + $ mkdir recipes-kernel/linux + $ mkdir recipes-kernel/linux/linux-yocto + + The conf directory holds your configuration files, while the + recipes-kernel directory holds your append file and + your patch file. + Create the layer configuration file: + Move to the meta-mylayer/conf directory and create + the layer.conf file as follows: + + # We have a conf and classes directory, add to BBPATH + BBPATH .= ":${LAYERDIR}" + + # We have recipes-* directories, add to BBFILES + BBFILES += "${LAYERDIR}/recipes-*/*/*.bb \ + ${LAYERDIR}/recipes-*/*/*.bbappend" + + BBFILE_COLLECTIONS += "mylayer" + BBFILE_PATTERN_mylayer = "^${LAYERDIR}/" + BBFILE_PRIORITY_mylayer = "5" + + Notice mylayer as part of the last three + statements. + Create the kernel recipe append file: + Move to the meta-mylayer/recipes-kernel/linux directory and create + the linux-yocto_3.4.bbappend file as follows: + + FILESEXTRAPATHS_prepend := "${THISDIR}/${PN}:" + + SRC_URI += "file://0001-calibrate-Add-printk-example.patch" + + The FILESEXTRAPATHS + and SRC_URI + statements enable the OpenEmbedded build system to find the patch file. + For more information on using append files, see the + "Using .bbappend Files" + section. + + Put the patch file in your layer: + Move the 0001-calibrate-Add-printk-example.patch file to + the meta-mylayer/recipes-kernel/linux/linux-yocto + directory. + + +
+ +
+ Set Up for the Build + + + Do the following to make sure the build parameters are set up for the example. + Once you set up these build parameters, they do not have to change unless you + change the target architecture of the machine you are building: + + Build for the correct target architecture: Your + selected MACHINE + definition within the local.conf file in the + Build Directory + specifies the target architecture used when building the Linux kernel. + By default, MACHINE is set to + qemux86, which specifies a 32-bit + Intel Architecture + target machine suitable for the QEMU emulator. + Identify your meta-mylayer + layer: The + BBLAYERS + variable in the + bblayers.conf file found in the + poky/build/conf directory needs to have the path to your local + meta-mylayer layer. + By default, the BBLAYERS variable contains paths to + meta, meta-yocto, and + meta-yocto-bsp in the + poky Git repository. + Add the path to your meta-mylayer location: + + BBLAYERS ?= " \ + $HOME/poky/meta \ + $HOME/poky/meta-yocto \ + $HOME/poky/meta-yocto-bsp \ + $HOME/poky/meta-mylayer \ + " + + BBLAYERS_NON_REMOVABLE ?= " \ + $HOME/poky/meta \ + $HOME/poky/meta-yocto \ + " + + + +
+ +
+ Build the Modified QEMU Kernel Image + + + The following steps build your modified kernel image: + + Be sure your build environment is initialized: + Your environment should be set up since you previously sourced + the + &OE_INIT_FILE; + script. + If it is not, source the script again from poky. + + $ cd ~/poky + $ source &OE_INIT_FILE; + + + Clean up: + Be sure to clean the shared state out by running the + cleansstate BitBake task as follows from your Build Directory: + + $ bitbake -c cleansstate linux-yocto + + Never remove any files by hand from the tmp/deploy + directory inside the + Build Directory. + Always use the various BitBake clean tasks to clear out previous + build artifacts. + + Build the image: + Next, build the kernel image using this command: + + $ bitbake -k linux-yocto + + + +
+ +
+ Boot the Image and Verify Your Changes + + + These steps boot the image and allow you to see the changes + + Boot the image: + Boot the modified image in the QEMU emulator + using this command: + + $ runqemu qemux86 + + Verify the changes: + Log into the machine using root with no password and then + use the following shell command to scroll through the console's boot output. + + # dmesg | less + + You should see the results of your printk statements + as part of the output. + + +
+
+ +
+ Making Images More Secure + + + The Yocto Project has security flags that you can enable that + help make your build output more secure. + The security flags are in the + meta/conf/distro/include/security_flags.inc + file in your + Source Directory + (e.g. poky). + + + + These GCC/LD flags enable more secure code generation. + By including the security_flags.inc + file, you enable flags to the compiler and linker that cause + them to generate more secure code. + + These flags are enabled by default in the + poky-lsb distribution. + + Use the following line in your + local.conf file + to enable the security compiler and + linker flags to your build: + + require conf/distro/include/security_flags.inc + + +
+ +
+ Creating Your Own Distribution + + + When you build an image using the Yocto Project and + do not alter any distribution + Metadata, you are creating a + Poky distribution. + If you wish to gain more control over package alternative + selections, compile-time options, and other low-level + configurations, you can create your own distribution. + + + + To create your own distribution, the basic steps consist of + creating your own distribution layer, creating your own + distribution configuration file, and then adding any needed + code and Metadata to the layer. + The following steps provide some more detail: + + Create a layer for your new distro: + Create your distribution layer so that you can keep your + Metadata and code for the distribution separate. + It is strongly recommended that you create and use your own + layer for configuration and code. + Using your own layer as compared to just placing + configurations in a local.conf + configuration file makes it easier to reproduce the same + build configuration when using multiple build machines. + See the + "Creating a General Layer Using the yocto-layer Script" + section for information on how to quickly set up a layer. + + Create the distribution configuration file: + The distribution configuration file needs to be created in + the conf/distro directory of your + layer. + You need to name it using your distribution name + (e.g. mydistro.conf). + + The + DISTRO + variable in your + local.conf file determines the + name of your distribution. + + You can split out parts of your configuration file + into include files and then "require" them from within + your distribution configuration file. + Be sure to place the include files in the + conf/distro/include directory of + your layer. + A common example usage of include files would be to + separate out the selection of desired version and revisions + for individual recipes. + + Your configuration file needs to set the following + required variables: + + DISTRO_NAME + DISTRO_VERSION + + These following variables are optional and you typically + set them from the distribution configuration file: + + DISTRO_FEATURES + DISTRO_EXTRA_RDEPENDS + DISTRO_EXTRA_RRECOMMENDS + TCLIBC + + + If you want to base your distribution configuration file + on the very basic configuration from OE-Core, you + can use + conf/distro/defaultsetup.conf as + a reference and just include variables that differ + as compared to defaultsetup.conf. + Alternatively, you can create a distribution + configuration file from scratch using the + defaultsetup.conf file + or configuration files from other distributions + such as Poky or Angstrom as references. + + Provide miscellaneous variables: + Be sure to define any other variables for which you want to + create a default or enforce as part of the distribution + configuration. + You can include nearly any variable from the + local.conf file. + The variables you use are not limited to the list in the + previous bulleted item. + Point to Your distribution configuration file: + In your local.conf file in the + Build Directory, + set your + DISTRO + variable to point to your distribution's configuration file. + For example, if your distribution's configuration file is + named mydistro.conf, then you point + to it as follows: + + DISTRO = "mydistro" + + Add more to the layer if necessary: + Use your layer to hold other information needed for the + distribution: + + Add recipes for installing + distro-specific configuration files that are not + already installed by another recipe. + If you have distro-specific configuration files + that are included by an existing recipe, you should + add an append file (.bbappend) + for those. + For general information and recommendations + on how to add recipes to your layer, see the + "Creating Your Own Layer" + and + "Best Practices to Follow When Creating Layers" + sections. + Add any image recipes that are specific + to your distribution. + Add a psplash + append file for a branded splash screen. + For information on append files, see the + "Using .bbappend Files" + section. + Add any other append files to make + custom changes that are specific to individual + recipes. + + + +
+ +
+ Building a Tiny System + + + Very small distributions have some significant advantages such + as requiring less on-die or in-package memory (cheaper), better + performance through efficient cache usage, lower power requirements + due to less memory, faster boot times, and reduced development + overhead. + Some real-world examples where a very small distribution gives + you distinct advantages are digital cameras, medical devices, + and small headless systems. + + + + This section presents information that shows you how you can + trim your distribution to even smaller sizes than the + poky-tiny distribution, which is around + 5 Mbytes, that can be built out-of-the-box using the Yocto Project. + + +
+ Overview + + + The following list presents the overall steps you need to + consider and perform to create distributions with smaller + root filesystems, achieve faster boot times, maintain your critical + functionality, and avoid initial RAM disks: + + + Determine your goals and guiding principles. + + + Understand what contributes to your image size. + + + Reduce the size of the root filesystem. + + + Reduce the size of the kernel. + + + Eliminate packaging requirements. + + + Look for other ways to minimize size. + + + Iterate on the process. + + + +
+ +
+ Goals and Guiding Principles + + + Before you can reach your destination, you need to know + where you are going. + Here is an example list that you can use as a guide when + creating very small distributions: + + Determine how much space you need + (e.g. a kernel that is 1 Mbyte or less and + a root filesystem that is 3 Mbytes or less). + + Find the areas that are currently + taking 90% of the space and concentrate on reducing + those areas. + + Do not create any difficult "hacks" + to achieve your goals. + Leverage the device-specific + options. + Work in a separate layer so that you + keep changes isolated. + For information on how to create layers, see + the "Understanding and Creating Layers" section. + + + +
+ +
+ Understand What Contributes to Your Image Size + + + It is easiest to have something to start with when creating + your own distribution. + You can use the Yocto Project out-of-the-box to create the + poky-tiny distribution. + Ultimately, you will want to make changes in your own + distribution that are likely modeled after + poky-tiny. + + To use poky-tiny in your build, + set the + DISTRO + variable in your + local.conf file to "poky-tiny" + as described in the + "Creating Your Own Distribution" + section. + + + + + Understanding some memory concepts will help you reduce the + system size. + Memory consists of static, dynamic, and temporary memory. + Static memory is the TEXT (code), DATA (initialized data + in the code), and BSS (uninitialized data) sections. + Dynamic memory represents memory that is allocated at runtime: + stacks, hash tables, and so forth. + Temporary memory is recovered after the boot process. + This memory consists of memory used for decompressing + the kernel and for the __init__ + functions. + + + + To help you see where you currently are with kernel and root + filesystem sizes, you can use two tools found in the + Source Directory in + the scripts/tiny/ directory: + + ksize.py: Reports + component sizes for the kernel build objects. + + dirsize.py: Reports + component sizes for the root filesystem. + + This next tool and command help you organize configuration + fragments and view file dependencies in a human-readable form: + + merge_config.sh: + Helps you manage configuration files and fragments + within the kernel. + With this tool, you can merge individual configuration + fragments together. + The tool allows you to make overrides and warns you + of any missing configuration options. + The tool is ideal for allowing you to iterate on + configurations, create minimal configurations, and + create configuration files for different machines + without having to duplicate your process. + The merge_config.sh script is + part of the Linux Yocto kernel Git repositories + (i.e. linux-yocto-3.14, + linux-yocto-3.10, + linux-yocto-3.8, and so forth) + in the + scripts/kconfig directory. + For more information on configuration fragments, + see the + "Generating Configuration Files" + section of the Yocto Project Linux Kernel Development + Manual and the "Creating Configuration Fragments" + section, which is in this manual. + bitbake -u depexp -g <bitbake_target>: + Using the BitBake command with these options brings up + a Dependency Explorer from which you can view file + dependencies. + Understanding these dependencies allows you to make + informed decisions when cutting out various pieces of the + kernel and root filesystem. + + +
+ +
+ Trim the Root Filesystem + + + The root filesystem is made up of packages for booting, + libraries, and applications. + To change things, you can configure how the packaging happens, + which changes the way you build them. + You can also tweak the filesystem itself or select a different + filesystem. + + + + First, find out what is hogging your root filesystem by running the + dirsize.py script from your root directory: + + $ cd <root-directory-of-image> + $ dirsize.py 100000 > dirsize-100k.log + $ cat dirsize-100k.log + + You can apply a filter to the script to ignore files under + a certain size. + The previous example filters out any files below 100 Kbytes. + The sizes reported by the tool are uncompressed, and thus + will be smaller by a relatively constant factor in a + compressed root filesystem. + When you examine your log file, you can focus on areas of the + root filesystem that take up large amounts of memory. + + + + You need to be sure that what you eliminate does not cripple + the functionality you need. + One way to see how packages relate to each other is by using + the Dependency Explorer UI with the BitBake command: + + $ cd <image-directory> + $ bitbake -u depexp -g <image> + + Use the interface to select potential packages you wish to + eliminate and see their dependency relationships. + + + + When deciding how to reduce the size, get rid of packages that + result in minimal impact on the feature set. + For example, you might not need a VGA display. + Or, you might be able to get by with devtmpfs + and mdev instead of + udev. + + + + Use your local.conf file to make changes. + For example, to eliminate udev and + glib, set the following in the + local configuration file: + + VIRTUAL-RUNTIME_dev_manager = "" + + + + + Finally, you should consider exactly the type of root + filesystem you need to meet your needs while also reducing + its size. + For example, consider cramfs, + squashfs, ubifs, + ext2, or an initramfs + using initramfs. + Be aware that ext3 requires a 1 Mbyte + journal. + If you are okay with running read-only, you do not need this + journal. + + + + After each round of elimination, you need to rebuild your + system and then use the tools to see the effects of your + reductions. + + + +
+ +
+ Trim the Kernel + + + The kernel is built by including policies for hardware-independent + aspects. + What subsystems do you enable? + For what architecture are you building? + Which drivers do you build by default? + You can modify the kernel source if you want to help + with boot time. + + + + + Run the ksize.py script from the top-level + Linux build directory to get an idea of what is making up + the kernel: + + $ cd <top-level-linux-build-directory> + $ ksize.py > ksize.log + $ cat ksize.log + + When you examine the log, you will see how much space is + taken up with the built-in .o files for + drivers, networking, core kernel files, filesystem, sound, + and so forth. + The sizes reported by the tool are uncompressed, and thus + will be smaller by a relatively constant factor in a compressed + kernel image. + Look to reduce the areas that are large and taking up around + the "90% rule." + + + + To examine, or drill down, into any particular area, use the + -d option with the script: + + $ ksize.py -d > ksize.log + + Using this option breaks out the individual file information + for each area of the kernel (e.g. drivers, networking, and + so forth). + + + + Use your log file to see what you can eliminate from the kernel + based on features you can let go. + For example, if you are not going to need sound, you do not + need any drivers that support sound. + + + + After figuring out what to eliminate, you need to reconfigure + the kernel to reflect those changes during the next build. + You could run menuconfig and make all your + changes at once. + However, that makes it difficult to see the effects of your + individual eliminations and also makes it difficult to replicate + the changes for perhaps another target device. + A better method is to start with no configurations using + allnoconfig, create configuration + fragments for individual changes, and then manage the + fragments into a single configuration file using + merge_config.sh. + The tool makes it easy for you to iterate using the + configuration change and build cycle. + + + + Each time you make configuration changes, you need to rebuild + the kernel and check to see what impact your changes had on + the overall size. + +
+ +
+ Remove Package Management Requirements + + + Packaging requirements add size to the image. + One way to reduce the size of the image is to remove all the + packaging requirements from the image. + This reduction includes both removing the package manager + and its unique dependencies as well as removing the package + management data itself. + + + + To eliminate all the packaging requirements for an image, + be sure that "package-management" is not part of your + IMAGE_FEATURES + statement for the image. + When you remove this feature, you are removing the package + manager as well as its dependencies from the root filesystem. + +
+ +
+ Look for Other Ways to Minimize Size + + + Depending on your particular circumstances, other areas that you + can trim likely exist. + The key to finding these areas is through tools and methods + described here combined with experimentation and iteration. + Here are a couple of areas to experiment with: + + eglibc: + In general, follow this process: + + Remove eglibc + features from + DISTRO_FEATURES + that you think you do not need. + Build your distribution. + + If the build fails due to missing + symbols in a package, determine if you can + reconfigure the package to not need those + features. + For example, change the configuration to not + support wide character support as is done for + ncurses. + Or, if support for those characters is needed, + determine what eglibc + features provide the support and restore the + configuration. + + Rebuild and repeat the process. + + + busybox: + For BusyBox, use a process similar as described for + eglibc. + A difference is you will need to boot the resulting + system to see if you are able to do everything you + expect from the running system. + You need to be sure to integrate configuration fragments + into Busybox because BusyBox handles its own core + features and then allows you to add configuration + fragments on top. + + + +
+ +
+ Iterate on the Process + + + If you have not reached your goals on system size, you need + to iterate on the process. + The process is the same. + Use the tools and see just what is taking up 90% of the root + filesystem and the kernel. + Decide what you can eliminate without limiting your device + beyond what you need. + + + + Depending on your system, a good place to look might be + Busybox, which provides a stripped down + version of Unix tools in a single, executable file. + You might be able to drop virtual terminal services or perhaps + ipv6. + +
+
+ +
+ Working with Packages + + + This section describes a few tasks that involve packages: + + + Excluding packages from an image + + + Incrementing a package revision number + + + Handling a package name alias + + + Handling optional module packaging + + + Using Runtime Package Management + + + Setting up and running package test (ptest) + + + + +
+ Excluding Packages from an Image + + + You might find it necessary to prevent specific packages + from being installed into an image. + If so, you can use several variables to direct the build + system to essentially ignore installing recommended packages + or to not install a package at all. + + + + The following list introduces variables you can use to + prevent packages from being installed into your image. + Each of these variables only works with IPK and RPM + package types. + Support for Debian packages does not exist. + Also, you can use these variables from your + local.conf file or attach them to a + specific image recipe by using a recipe name override. + For more detail on the variables, see the descriptions in the + Yocto Project Reference Manual's glossary chapter. + + BAD_RECOMMENDATIONS: + Use this variable to specify "recommended-only" + packages that you do not want installed. + + NO_RECOMMENDATIONS: + Use this variable to prevent all "recommended-only" + packages from being installed. + + PACKAGE_EXCLUDE: + Use this variable to prevent specific packages from + being installed regardless of whether they are + "recommended-only" or not. + You need to realize that the build process could + fail with an error when you + prevent the installation of a package whose presence + is required by an installed package. + + + +
+ +
+ Incrementing a Package Revision Number + + + If a committed change results in changing the package output, + then the value of the + PR + variable needs to be increased (or "bumped"). + Increasing PR occurs one of two ways: + + Automatically using a Package Revision + Service (PR Service). + Manually incrementing the + PR variable. + + + + + Given that one of the challenges any build system and its + users face is how to maintain a package feed that is compatible + with existing package manager applications such as + RPM, APT, and OPKG, using an automated system is much + preferred over a manual system. + In either system, the main requirement is that version + numbering increases in a linear fashion and that a number of + version components exist that support that linear progression. + + + + The following two sections provide information on the PR Service + and on manual PR bumping. + + +
+ Working With a PR Service + + + As mentioned, attempting to maintain revision numbers in the + Metadata + is error prone, inaccurate, and causes problems for people + submitting recipes. + Conversely, the PR Service automatically generates + increasing numbers, particularly the revision field, + which removes the human element. + + For additional information on using a PR Service, you + can see the + PR Service + wiki page. + + + + + The Yocto Project uses variables in order of + decreasing priority to facilitate revision numbering (i.e. + PE, + PV, and + PR + for epoch, version, and revision, respectively). + The values are highly dependent on the policies and + procedures of a given distribution and package feed. + + + + Because the OpenEmbedded build system uses + "signatures", + which are unique to a given build, the build system + knows when to rebuild packages. + All the inputs into a given task are represented by a + signature, which can trigger a rebuild when different. + Thus, the build system itself does not rely on the + PR numbers to trigger a rebuild. + The signatures, however, can be used to generate + PR values. + + + + The PR Service works with both + OEBasic and + OEBasicHash generators. + The value of PR bumps when the + checksum changes and the different generator mechanisms + change signatures under different circumstances. + + + + As implemented, the build system includes values from + the PR Service into the PR field as + an addition using the form ".x" so + r0 becomes r0.1, + r0.2 and so forth. + This scheme allows existing PR values + to be used for whatever reasons, which include manual + PR bumps, should it be necessary. + + + + By default, the PR Service is not enabled or running. + Thus, the packages generated are just "self consistent". + The build system adds and removes packages and + there are no guarantees about upgrade paths but images + will be consistent and correct with the latest changes. + + + + The simplest form for a PR Service is for it to exist + for a single host development system that builds the + package feed (building system). + For this scenario, you can enable a local PR Service by + setting + PRSERV_HOST + in your local.conf file in the + Build Directory: + + PRSERV_HOST = "localhost:0" + + Once the service is started, packages will automatically + get increasing PR values and + BitBake will take care of starting and stopping the server. + + + + If you have a more complex setup where multiple host + development systems work against a common, shared package + feed, you have a single PR Service running and it is + connected to each building system. + For this scenario, you need to start the PR Service using + the bitbake-prserv command: + + bitbake-prserv ‐‐host <ip> ‐‐port <port> ‐‐start + + In addition to hand-starting the service, you need to + update the local.conf file of each + building system as described earlier so each system + points to the server and port. + + + + It is also recommended you use build history, which adds + some sanity checks to package versions, in conjunction with + the server that is running the PR Service. + To enable build history, add the following to each building + system's local.conf file: + + # It is recommended to activate "buildhistory" for testing the PR service + INHERIT += "buildhistory" + BUILDHISTORY_COMMIT = "1" + + For information on build history, see the + "Maintaining Build Output Quality" + section in the Yocto Project Reference Manual. + + + + The OpenEmbedded build system does not maintain + PR information as part of the + shared state (sstate) packages. + If you maintain an sstate feed, its expected that either + all your building systems that contribute to the sstate + feed use a shared PR Service, or you do not run a PR + Service on any of your building systems. + Having some systems use a PR Service while others do + not leads to obvious problems. + For more information on shared state, see the + "Shared State Cache" + section in the Yocto Project Reference Manual. + +
+ +
+ Manually Bumping PR + + + The alternative to setting up a PR Service is to manually + bump the + PR + variable. + + + + If a committed change results in changing the package output, + then the value of the PR variable needs to be increased + (or "bumped") as part of that commit. + For new recipes you should add the PR + variable and set its initial value equal to "r0", which is the default. + Even though the default value is "r0", the practice of adding it to a new recipe makes + it harder to forget to bump the variable when you make changes + to the recipe in future. + + + + If you are sharing a common .inc file with multiple recipes, + you can also use the + INC_PR + variable to ensure that + the recipes sharing the .inc file are rebuilt when the + .inc file itself is changed. + The .inc file must set INC_PR + (initially to "r0"), and all recipes referring to it should set PR + to "$(INC_PR).0" initially, incrementing the last number when the recipe is changed. + If the .inc file is changed then its + INC_PR should be incremented. + + + + When upgrading the version of a package, assuming the + PV + changes, the PR variable should be + reset to "r0" (or "$(INC_PR).0" if you are using + INC_PR). + + + + Usually, version increases occur only to packages. + However, if for some reason PV changes but does not + increase, you can increase the + PE + variable (Package Epoch). + The PE variable defaults to "0". + + + + Version numbering strives to follow the + + Debian Version Field Policy Guidelines. + These guidelines define how versions are compared and what "increasing" a version means. + +
+
+ +
+ Handling a Package Name Alias + + Sometimes a package name you are using might exist under an alias or as a similarly named + package in a different distribution. + The OpenEmbedded build system implements a distro_check + task that automatically connects to major distributions + and checks for these situations. + If the package exists under a different name in a different distribution, you get a + distro_check mismatch. + You can resolve this problem by defining a per-distro recipe name alias using the + DISTRO_PN_ALIAS + variable. + + + + Following is an example that shows how you specify the DISTRO_PN_ALIAS + variable: + + DISTRO_PN_ALIAS_pn-PACKAGENAME = "distro1=package_name_alias1 \ + distro2=package_name_alias2 \ + distro3=package_name_alias3 \ + ..." + + + + + If you have more than one distribution alias, separate them with a space. + Note that the build system currently automatically checks the + Fedora, OpenSUSE, Debian, Ubuntu, + and Mandriva distributions for source package recipes without having to specify them + using the DISTRO_PN_ALIAS variable. + For example, the following command generates a report that lists the Linux distributions + that include the sources for each of the recipes. + + $ bitbake world -f -c distro_check + + The results are stored in the build/tmp/log/distro_check-${DATETIME}.results + file found in the + Source Directory. + +
+ +
+ Handling Optional Module Packaging + + + Many pieces of software split functionality into optional + modules (or plug-ins) and the plug-ins that are built + might depend on configuration options. + To avoid having to duplicate the logic that determines what + modules are available in your recipe or to avoid having + to package each module by hand, the OpenEmbedded build system + provides functionality to handle module packaging dynamically. + + + + To handle optional module packaging, you need to do two things: + + Ensure the module packaging is actually + done. + Ensure that any dependencies on optional + modules from other recipes are satisfied by your recipe. + + + + +
+ Making Sure the Packaging is Done + + + To ensure the module packaging actually gets done, you use + the do_split_packages function within + the populate_packages Python function + in your recipe. + The do_split_packages function + searches for a pattern of files or directories under a + specified path and creates a package for each one it finds + by appending to the + PACKAGES + variable and setting the appropriate values for + FILES_packagename, + RDEPENDS_packagename, + DESCRIPTION_packagename, and so forth. + Here is an example from the lighttpd + recipe: + + python populate_packages_prepend () { + lighttpd_libdir = d.expand('${libdir}') + do_split_packages(d, lighttpd_libdir, '^mod_(.*)\.so$', + 'lighttpd-module-%s', 'Lighttpd module for %s', + extra_depends='') + } + + The previous example specifies a number of things in the + call to do_split_packages. + + A directory within the files installed + by your recipe through do_install + in which to search. + A regular expression used to match module + files in that directory. + In the example, note the parentheses () that mark + the part of the expression from which the module + name should be derived. + A pattern to use for the package names. + + A description for each package. + + An empty string for + extra_depends, which disables + the default dependency on the main + lighttpd package. + Thus, if a file in ${libdir} + called mod_alias.so is found, + a package called lighttpd-module-alias + is created for it and the + DESCRIPTION + is set to "Lighttpd module for alias". + + + + + Often, packaging modules is as simple as the previous + example. + However, more advanced options exist that you can use + within do_split_packages to modify its + behavior. + And, if you need to, you can add more logic by specifying + a hook function that is called for each package. + It is also perfectly acceptable to call + do_split_packages multiple times if + you have more than one set of modules to package. + + + + For more examples that show how to use + do_split_packages, see the + connman.inc file in the + meta/recipes-connectivity/connman/ + directory of the poky + source repository. + You can also find examples in + meta/classes/kernel.bbclass. + + + + Following is a reference that shows + do_split_packages mandatory and + optional arguments: + + Mandatory arguments + + root + The path in which to search + file_regex + Regular expression to match searched files. + Use parentheses () to mark the part of this + expression that should be used to derive the + module name (to be substituted where %s is + used in other function arguments as noted below) + output_pattern + Pattern to use for the package names. Must + include %s. + description + Description to set for each package. Must + include %s. + + Optional arguments + + postinst + Postinstall script to use for all packages + (as a string) + recursive + True to perform a recursive search - default + False + hook + A hook function to be called for every match. + The function will be called with the following + arguments (in the order listed): + + f + Full path to the file/directory match + pkg + The package name + file_regex + As above + output_pattern + As above + modulename + The module name derived using file_regex + + extra_depends + Extra runtime dependencies (RDEPENDS) to be + set for all packages. The default value of None + causes a dependency on the main package + (${PN}) - if you do not want this, pass empty + string '' for this parameter. + aux_files_pattern + Extra item(s) to be added to FILES for each + package. Can be a single string item or a list + of strings for multiple items. Must include %s. + postrm + postrm script to use for all packages (as a + string) + allow_dirs + True to allow directories to be matched - + default False + prepend + If True, prepend created packages to PACKAGES + instead of the default False which appends them + match_path + match file_regex on the whole relative path to + the root rather than just the file name + aux_files_pattern_verbatim + Extra item(s) to be added to FILES for each + package, using the actual derived module name + rather than converting it to something legal + for a package name. Can be a single string item + or a list of strings for multiple items. Must + include %s. + allow_links + True to allow symlinks to be matched - default + False + summary + Summary to set for each package. Must include %s; + defaults to description if not set. + + +
+ +
+ Satisfying Dependencies + + + The second part for handling optional module packaging + is to ensure that any dependencies on optional modules + from other recipes are satisfied by your recipe. + You can be sure these dependencies are satisfied by + using the + PACKAGES_DYNAMIC variable. + Here is an example that continues with the + lighttpd recipe shown earlier: + + PACKAGES_DYNAMIC = "lighttpd-module-.*" + + The name specified in the regular expression can of + course be anything. + In this example, it is lighttpd-module- + and is specified as the prefix to ensure that any + RDEPENDS + and RRECOMMENDS + on a package name starting with the prefix are satisfied + during build time. + If you are using do_split_packages + as described in the previous section, the value you put in + PACKAGES_DYNAMIC should correspond to + the name pattern specified in the call to + do_split_packages. + +
+
+ +
+ Using Runtime Package Management + + + During a build, BitBake always transforms a recipe into one or + more packages. + For example, BitBake takes the bash recipe + and currently produces the bash-dbg, + bash-staticdev, + bash-dev, bash-doc, + bash-locale, and + bash packages. + Not all generated packages are included in an image. + + + + In several situations, you might need to update, add, remove, + or query the packages on a target device at runtime + (i.e. without having to generate a new image). + Examples of such situations include: + + + You want to provide in-the-field updates to deployed + devices (e.g. security updates). + + + You want to have a fast turn-around development cycle + for one or more applications that run on your device. + + + You want to temporarily install the "debug" packages + of various applications on your device so that + debugging can be greatly improved by allowing + access to symbols and source debugging. + + + You want to deploy a more minimal package selection of + your device but allow in-the-field updates to add a + larger selection for customization. + + + + + + In all these situations, you have something similar to a more + traditional Linux distribution in that in-field devices + are able to receive pre-compiled packages from a server for + installation or update. + Being able to install these packages on a running, + in-field device is what is termed "runtime package + management". + + + + In order to use runtime package management, you + need a host/server machine that serves up the pre-compiled + packages plus the required metadata. + You also need package manipulation tools on the target. + The build machine is a likely candidate to act as the server. + However, that machine does not necessarily have to be the + package server. + The build machine could push its artifacts to another machine + that acts as the server (e.g. Internet-facing). + + + + A simple build that targets just one device produces + more than one package database. + In other words, the packages produced by a build are separated + out into a couple of different package groupings based on + criteria such as the target's CPU architecture, the target + board, or the C library used on the target. + For example, a build targeting the qemuarm + device produces the following three package databases: + all, armv5te, and + qemuarm. + If you wanted your qemuarm device to be + aware of all the packages that were available to it, + you would need to point it to each of these databases + individually. + In a similar way, a traditional Linux distribution usually is + configured to be aware of a number of software repositories + from which it retrieves packages. + + + + Using runtime package management is completely optional and + not required for a successful build or deployment in any + way. + But if you want to make use of runtime package management, + you need to do a couple things above and beyond the basics. + The remainder of this section describes what you need to do. + + +
+ Build Considerations + + + This section describes build considerations that you need + to be aware of in order to provide support for runtime + package management. + + + + When BitBake generates packages it needs to know + what format or formats to use. + In your configuration, you use the + PACKAGE_CLASSES + variable to specify the format. + + You can choose to have more than one format but you must + provide at least one. + + + + + If you would like your image to start off with a basic + package database of the packages in your current build + as well as have the relevant tools available on the + target for runtime package management, you can include + "package-management" in the + IMAGE_FEATURES + variable. + Including "package-management" in this + configuration variable ensures that when the image + is assembled for your target, the image includes + the currently-known package databases as well as + the target-specific tools required for runtime + package management to be performed on the target. + However, this is not strictly necessary. + You could start your image off without any databases + but only include the required on-target package + tool(s). + As an example, you could include "opkg" in your + IMAGE_INSTALL + variable if you are using the IPK package format. + You can then initialize your target's package database(s) + later once your image is up and running. + + + + Whenever you perform any sort of build step that can + potentially generate a package or modify an existing + package, it is always a good idea to re-generate the + package index with: + + $ bitbake package-index + + Realize that it is not sufficient to simply do the + following: + + $ bitbake <some-package> package-index + + This is because BitBake does not properly schedule the + package-index target fully after any + other target has completed. + Thus, be sure to run the package update step separately. + + + + As described below in the + "Using IPK" + section, if you are using IPK as your package format, you + can make use of the + distro-feed-configs recipe provided + by meta-oe in order to configure your + target to use your IPK databases. + + + + When your build is complete, your packages reside in the + ${TMPDIR}/deploy/<package-format> + directory. + For example, if ${TMPDIR} + is tmp and your selected package type + is IPK, then your IPK packages are available in + tmp/deploy/ipk. + +
+ +
+ Host or Server Machine Setup + + + Typically, packages are served from a server using + HTTP. + However, other protocols are possible. + If you want to use HTTP, then setup and configure a + web server, such as Apache 2 or lighttpd, on the machine + serving the packages. + + + + As previously mentioned, the build machine can act as the + package server. + In the following sections that describe server machine + setups, the build machine is assumed to also be the server. + + +
+ Serving Packages via Apache 2 + + + This example assumes you are using the Apache 2 + server: + + + Add the directory to your Apache + configuration, which you can find at + /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf. + Use commands similar to these on the + development system. + These example commands assume a top-level + Source Directory + named poky in your home + directory. + The example also assumes an RPM package type. + If you are using a different package type, such + as IPK, use "ipk" in the pathnames: + + <VirtualHost *:80> + .... + Alias /rpm ~/poky/build/tmp/deploy/rpm + <Directory "~/poky/build/tmp/deploy/rpm"> + Options +Indexes + </Directory> + </VirtualHost> + + + Reload the Apache configuration as described + in this step. + For all commands, be sure you have root + privileges. + + + + If your development system is using Fedora or + CentOS, use the following: + + # service httpd reload + + For Ubuntu and Debian, use the following: + + # /etc/init.d/apache2 reload + + For OpenSUSE, use the following: + + # /etc/init.d/apache2 reload + + + If you are using Security-Enhanced Linux + (SELinux), you need to label the files as + being accessible through Apache. + Use the following command from the development + host. + This example assumes RPM package types: + + # chcon -R -h -t httpd_sys_content_t tmp/deploy/rpm + + + +
+ +
+ Serving Packages via lighttpd + + + If you are using lighttpd, all you need + to do is to provide a link from your + ${TMPDIR}/deploy/<package-format> + directory to lighttpd's document-root. + You can determine the specifics of your lighttpd + installation by looking through its configuration file, + which is usually found at: + /etc/lighttpd/lighttpd.conf. + + + + For example, if you are using IPK, lighttpd's + document-root is set to + /var/www/lighttpd, and you had + packages for a target named "BOARD", + then you might create a link from your build location + to lighttpd's document-root as follows: + + # ln -s $(PWD)/tmp/deploy/ipk /var/www/lighttpd/BOARD-dir + + + + + At this point, you need to start the lighttpd server. + The method used to start the server varies by + distribution. + However, one basic method that starts it by hand is: + + # lighttpd -f /etc/lighttpd/lighttpd.conf + + +
+
+ +
+ Target Setup + + + Setting up the target differs depending on the + package management system. + This section provides information for RPM and IPK. + + +
+ Using RPM + + + The application for performing runtime package + management of RPM packages on the target is called + smart. + + + + On the target machine, you need to inform + smart of every package database + you want to use. + As an example, suppose your target device can use the + following three package databases from a server named + server.name: + all, i586, + and qemux86. + Given this example, issue the following commands on the + target: + + # smart channel --add all type=rpm-md baseurl=http://server.name/rpm/all + # smart channel --add i585 type=rpm-md baseurl=http://server.name/rpm/i586 + # smart channel --add qemux86 type=rpm-md baseurl=http://server.name/rpm/qemux86 + + Also from the target machine, fetch the repository + information using this command: + + # smart update + + You can now use the smart query + and smart install commands to + find and install packages from the repositories. + +
+ +
+ Using IPK + + + The application for performing runtime package + management of IPK packages on the target is called + opkg. + + + + In order to inform opkg of the + package databases you want to use, simply create one + or more *.conf files in the + /etc/opkg directory on the target. + The opkg application uses them + to find its available package databases. + As an example, suppose you configured your HTTP server + on your machine named + www.mysite.com to serve files + from a BOARD-dir directory under + its document-root. + In this case, you might create a configuration + file on the target called + /etc/opkg/base-feeds.conf that + contains: + + src/gz all http://www.mysite.com/BOARD-dir/all + src/gz armv7a http://www.mysite.com/BOARD-dir/armv7a + src/gz beaglebone http://www.mysite.com/BOARD-dir/beaglebone + + + + + As a way of making it easier to generate and make + these IPK configuration files available on your + target, simply define + FEED_DEPLOYDIR_BASE_URI + to point to your server and the location within the + document-root which contains the databases. + For example: if you are serving your packages over + HTTP, your server's IP address is 192.168.7.1, and + your databases are located in a directory called + BOARD-dir underneath your HTTP + server's document-root, you need to set + FEED_DEPLOYDIR_BASE_URI to + http://192.168.7.1/BOARD-dir and + a set of configuration files will be generated for you + in your target to work with this feed. + + + + On the target machine, fetch (or refresh) the + repository information using this command: + + # opkg update + + You can now use the opkg list and + opkg install commands to find and + install packages from the repositories. + +
+
+
+ +
+ Testing Packages With ptest + + + A Package Test (ptest) runs tests against packages built + by the OpenEmbedded build system on the target machine. + A ptest contains at least two items: the actual test, and + a shell script (run-ptest) that starts + the test. + The shell script that starts the test must not contain + the actual test, the script only starts it. + On the other hand, the test can be anything from a simple + shell script that runs a binary and checks the output to + an elaborate system of test binaries and data files. + + + + The test generates output in the format used by + Automake: + + <result>: <testname> + + where the result can be PASS, + FAIL, or SKIP, + and the testname can be any identifying string. + + + + A recipe is "ptest-enabled" if it inherits the + ptest + class. + + +
+ Adding ptest to Your Build + + + To add package testing to your build, add the + DISTRO_FEATURES + and EXTRA_IMAGE_FEATURES + variables to your local.conf file, + which is found in the + Build Directory: + + DISTRO_FEATURES_append = " ptest" + EXTRA_IMAGE_FEATURES += "ptest-pkgs" + + Once your build is complete, the ptest files are installed + into the /usr/lib/<package>/ptest + directory within the image, where + <package> is the name of the + package. + +
+ +
+ Running ptest + + + The ptest-runner package installs a + shell script that loops through all installed ptest test + suites and runs them in sequence. + Consequently, you might want to add this package to + your image. + +
+ +
+ Getting Your Package Ready + + + In order to enable a recipe to run installed ptests + on target hardware, + you need to prepare the recipes that build the packages + you want to test. + Here is what you have to do for each recipe: + + Be sure the recipe + inherits the + ptest + class: + Include the following line in each recipe: + + inherit ptest + + + Create run-ptest: + This script starts your test. + Locate the script where you will refer to it + using + SRC_URI. + Here is an example that starts a test for + dbus: + + #!/bin/sh + cd test + make -k runtest-TESTS + + + Ensure dependencies are + met: + If the test adds build or runtime dependencies + that normally do not exist for the package + (such as requiring "make" to run the test suite), + use the + DEPENDS + and + RDEPENDS + variables in your recipe in order for the package + to meet the dependencies. + Here is an example where the package has a runtime + dependency on "make": + + RDEPENDS_${PN}-ptest += "make" + + + Add a function to build the + test suite: + Not many packages support cross-compilation of + their test suites. + Consequently, you usually need to add a + cross-compilation function to the package. + + Many packages based on Automake compile and + run the test suite by using a single command + such as make check. + However, the native make check + builds and runs on the same computer, while + cross-compiling requires that the package is built + on the host but executed on the target. + The built version of Automake that ships with the + Yocto Project includes a patch that separates + building and execution. + Consequently, packages that use the unaltered, + patched version of make check + automatically cross-compiles. + However, you still must add a + do_compile_ptest function to + build the test suite. + Add a function similar to the following to your + recipe: + + do_compile_ptest() { + oe_runmake buildtest-TESTS + } + + + Ensure special configurations + are set: + If the package requires special configurations + prior to compiling the test code, you must + insert a do_configure_ptest + function into the recipe. + + Install the test + suite: + The ptest class + automatically copies the file + run-ptest to the target and + then runs make install-ptest + to run the tests. + If this is not enough, you need to create a + do_install_ptest function and + make sure it gets called after the + "make install-ptest" completes. + + + +
+
+
+ +
+ Building Software from an External Source + + + By default, the OpenEmbedded build system uses the + Build Directory to + build source code. + The build process involves fetching the source files, unpacking + them, and then patching them if necessary before the build takes + place. + + + + Situations exist where you might want to build software from source + files that are external to and thus outside of the + OpenEmbedded build system. + For example, suppose you have a project that includes a new BSP with + a heavily customized kernel. + And, you want to minimize exposing the build system to the + development team so that they can focus on their project and + maintain everyone's workflow as much as possible. + In this case, you want a kernel source directory on the development + machine where the development occurs. + You want the recipe's + SRC_URI + variable to point to the external directory and use it as is, not + copy it. + + + + To build from software that comes from an external source, all you + need to do is inherit the + externalsrc + class and then set the + EXTERNALSRC + variable to point to your external source code. + Here are the statements to put in your + local.conf file: + + INHERIT += "externalsrc" + EXTERNALSRC_pn-myrecipe = "/some/path/to/your/source/tree" + + + + + By default, externalsrc.bbclass builds + the source code in a directory separate from the external source + directory as specified by + EXTERNALSRC. + If you need to have the source built in the same directory in + which it resides, or some other nominated directory, you can set + EXTERNALSRC_BUILD + to point to that directory: + + EXTERNALSRC_BUILD_pn-myrecipe = "/path/to/my/source/tree" + + +
+ +
+ Selecting an Initialization Manager + + + By default, the Yocto Project uses SysVinit as the initialization + manager. + However, support also exists for systemd, + which is a full replacement for init with + parallel starting of services, reduced shell overhead and other + features that are used by many distributions. + + + + If you want to use SysVinit, you do + not have to do anything. + But, if you want to use systemd, you must + take some steps as described in the following sections. + + +
+ Using systemd Exclusively + + + Set the these variables in your distribution configuration + file as follows: + + DISTRO_FEATURES_append = " systemd" + VIRTUAL-RUNTIME_init_manager = "systemd" + + You can also prevent the SysVinit + distribution feature from + being automatically enabled as follows: + + DISTRO_FEATURES_BACKFILL_CONSIDERED = "sysvinit" + + Doing so removes any redundant SysVinit scripts. + + + + To remove initscripts from your image altogether, + set this variable also: + + VIRTUAL-RUNTIME_initscripts = "" + + + + + For information on the backfill variable, see + DISTRO_FEATURES_BACKFILL_CONSIDERED. + +
+ +
+ Using systemd for the Main Image and Using SysVinit for the Rescue Image + + + Set the these variables in your distribution configuration + file as follows: + + DISTRO_FEATURES_append = " systemd" + VIRTUAL-RUNTIME_init_manager = "systemd" + + Doing so causes your main image to use the + packagegroup-core-boot.bb recipe and + systemd. + The rescue/minimal image cannot use this package group. + However, it can install SysVinit + and the appropriate packages will have support for both + systemd and SysVinit. + +
+
+ +
+ Using an External SCM + + + If you're working on a recipe that pulls from an external Source + Code Manager (SCM), it is possible to have the OpenEmbedded build + system notice new recipe changes added to the SCM and then build + the resulting packages that depend on the new recipes by using + the latest versions. + This only works for SCMs from which it is possible to get a + sensible revision number for changes. + Currently, you can do this with Apache Subversion (SVN), Git, and + Bazaar (BZR) repositories. + + + + To enable this behavior, the + PV + of the recipe needs to reference + SRCPV. + Here is an example: + + PV = "1.2.3+git${SRCPV} + + Then, you can add the following to your + local.conf: + + SRCREV_pn-<PN> = "${AUTOREV}" + + PN + is the name of the recipe for which you want to enable automatic source + revision updating. + + + + If you do not want to update your local configuration file, you can + add the following directly to the recipe to finish enabling + the feature: + + SRCREV = "${AUTOREV}" + + + + + The Yocto Project provides a distribution named + poky-bleeding, whose configuration + file contains the line: + + require conf/distro/include/poky-floating-revisions.inc + + This line pulls in the listed include file that contains + numerous lines of exactly that form: + + SRCREV_pn-gconf-dbus ?= "${AUTOREV}" + SRCREV_pn-matchbox-common ?= "${AUTOREV}" + SRCREV_pn-matchbox-config-gtk ?= "${AUTOREV}" + SRCREV_pn-matchbox-desktop ?= "${AUTOREV}" + SRCREV_pn-matchbox-keyboard ?= "${AUTOREV}" + SRCREV_pn-matchbox-panel ?= "${AUTOREV}" + SRCREV_pn-matchbox-panel-2 ?= "${AUTOREV}" + SRCREV_pn-matchbox-themes-extra ?= "${AUTOREV}" + SRCREV_pn-matchbox-terminal ?= "${AUTOREV}" + SRCREV_pn-matchbox-wm ?= "${AUTOREV}" + SRCREV_pn-matchbox-wm-2 ?= "${AUTOREV}" + SRCREV_pn-settings-daemon ?= "${AUTOREV}" + SRCREV_pn-screenshot ?= "${AUTOREV}" + SRCREV_pn-libfakekey ?= "${AUTOREV}" + SRCREV_pn-oprofileui ?= "${AUTOREV}" + . + . + . + + These lines allow you to experiment with building a + distribution that tracks the latest development source + for numerous packages. + Caution + The poky-bleeding distribution + is not tested on a regular basis. + Keep this in mind if you use it. + + +
+ +
+ Creating a Read-Only Root Filesystem + + + Suppose, for security reasons, you need to disable + your target device's root filesystem's write permissions + (i.e. you need a read-only root filesystem). + Or, perhaps you are running the device's operating system + from a read-only storage device. + For either case, you can customize your image for + that behavior. + + + + Supporting a read-only root filesystem requires that the system and + applications do not try to write to the root filesystem. + You must configure all parts of the target system to write + elsewhere, or to gracefully fail in the event of attempting to + write to the root filesystem. + + +
+ Creating the Root Filesystem + + + To create the read-only root filesystem, simply add the + "read-only-rootfs" feature to your image. + Using either of the following statements in your + image recipe or from within the + local.conf file found in the + Build Directory + causes the build system to create a read-only root filesystem: + + IMAGE_FEATURES = "read-only-rootfs" + + or + + EXTRA_IMAGE_FEATURES += "read-only-rootfs" + + + + + For more information on how to use these variables, see the + "Customizing Images Using Custom IMAGE_FEATURES and EXTRA_IMAGE_FEATURES" + section. + For information on the variables, see + IMAGE_FEATURES + and EXTRA_IMAGE_FEATURES. + +
+ +
+ Post-Installation Scripts + + + It is very important that you make sure all + post-Installation (pkg_postinst) scripts + for packages that are installed into the image can be run + at the time when the root filesystem is created during the + build on the host system. + These scripts cannot attempt to run during first-boot on the + target device. + With the "read-only-rootfs" feature enabled, + the build system checks during root filesystem creation to make + sure all post-installation scripts succeed. + If any of these scripts still need to be run after the root + filesystem is created, the build immediately fails. + These build-time checks ensure that the build fails + rather than the target device fails later during its + initial boot operation. + + + + Most of the common post-installation scripts generated by the + build system for the out-of-the-box Yocto Project are engineered + so that they can run during root filesystem creation + (e.g. post-installation scripts for caching fonts). + However, if you create and add custom scripts, you need + to be sure they can be run during this file system creation. + + + + Here are some common problems that prevent + post-installation scripts from running during root filesystem + creation: + + + Not using $D in front of absolute + paths: + The build system defines + $D + when the root filesystem is created. + Furthermore, $D is blank when the + script is run on the target device. + This implies two purposes for $D: + ensuring paths are valid in both the host and target + environments, and checking to determine which + environment is being used as a method for taking + appropriate actions. + + + Attempting to run processes that are + specific to or dependent on the target + architecture: + You can work around these attempts by using native + tools to accomplish the same tasks, or + by alternatively running the processes under QEMU, + which has the qemu_run_binary + function. + For more information, see the + qemu + class. + + +
+ +
+ Areas With Write Access + + + With the "read-only-rootfs" feature enabled, + any attempt by the target to write to the root filesystem at + runtime fails. + Consequently, you must make sure that you configure processes + and applications that attempt these types of writes do so + to directories with write access (e.g. + /tmp or /var/run). + +
+
+ +
+ Performing Automated Runtime Testing + + + The OpenEmbedded build system makes available a series of automated + tests for images to verify runtime functionality. + You can run these tests on either QEMU or actual target hardware. + Tests are written in Python making use of the + unittest module, and the majority of them + run commands on the target system over SSH. + This section describes how you set up the environment to use these + tests, run available tests, and write and add your own tests. + + +
+ Enabling Tests + + + Depending on whether you are planning on running tests using + QEMU or on running them on the hardware, you have to take + different steps to enable the tests. + See the following subsections for information on how to + enable both types of tests. + + +
+ Enabling Runtime Tests on QEMU + + + In order to run tests, you need to do the following: + + Set up to avoid interaction + with sudo for networking: + To accomplish this, you must do one of the + following: + + Add + NOPASSWD for your user + in /etc/sudoers either for + ALL commands or just for + runqemu-ifup. + You must provide the full path as that can + change if you are using multiple clones of the + source repository. + + On some distributions, you also need to + comment out "Defaults requiretty" in + /etc/sudoers. + + Manually configure a tap interface + for your system. + Run as root the script in + scripts/runqemu-gen-tapdevs, + which should generate a list of tap devices. + This is the option typically chosen for + Autobuilder-type environments. + + + Set the + DISPLAY variable: + You need to set this variable so that you have an X + server available (e.g. start + vncserver for a headless machine). + + Be sure your host's firewall + accepts incoming connections from + 192.168.7.0/24: + Some of the tests (in particular smart tests) start an + HTTP server on a random high number port, which is + used to serve files to the target. + The smart module serves + ${DEPLOY_DIR}/rpm so it can run + smart channel commands. That means your host's firewall + must accept incoming connections from 192.168.7.0/24, + which is the default IP range used for tap devices + by runqemu. + + + + + Once you start running the tests, the following happens: + + A copy of the root filesystem is written + to ${WORKDIR}/testimage. + + The image is booted under QEMU using the + standard runqemu script. + + A default timeout of 500 seconds occurs + to allow for the boot process to reach the login prompt. + You can change the timeout period by setting + TEST_QEMUBOOT_TIMEOUT + in the local.conf file. + + Once the boot process is reached and the + login prompt appears, the tests run. + The full boot log is written to + ${WORKDIR}/testimage/qemu_boot_log. + + Each test module loads in the order found + in TEST_SUITES. + You can find the full output of the commands run over + SSH in + ${WORKDIR}/testimgage/ssh_target_log. + + If no failures occur, the task running the + tests ends successfully. + You can find the output from the + unittest in the task log at + ${WORKDIR}/temp/log.do_testimage. + + + +
+ +
+ Enabling Runtime Tests on Hardware + + + The OpenEmbedded build system can run tests on real + hardware, and for certain devices it can also deploy + the image to be tested onto the device beforehand. + + + + For automated deployment, a "master image" is installed + onto the hardware once as part of setup. + Then, each time tests are to be run, the following + occurs: + + The master image is booted into and + used to write the image to be tested to + a second partition. + + The device is then rebooted using an + external script that you need to provide. + + The device boots into the image to be + tested. + + + + + + When running tests (independent of whether the image + has been deployed automatically or not), the device is + expected to be connected to a network on a + pre-determined IP address. + You can either use static IP addresses written into + the image, or set the image to use DHCP and have your + DHCP server on the test network assign a known IP address + based on the MAC address of the device. + + + + In order to run tests on hardware, you need to set + TEST_TARGET to an appropriate value. + For QEMU, you do not have to change anything, the default + value is "QemuTarget". + For running tests on hardware, two options exist: + "SimpleRemoteTarget" and "GummibootTarget". + + "SimpleRemoteTarget": + Choose "SimpleRemoteTarget" if you are going to + run tests on a target system that is already + running the image to be tested and is available + on the network. + You can use "SimpleRemoteTarget" in conjunction + with either real hardware or an image running + within a separately started QEMU or any + other virtual machine manager. + + "GummibootTarget": + Choose "GummibootTarget" if your hardware is + an EFI-based machine with + gummiboot as bootloader and + core-image-testmaster + (or something similar) is installed. + Also, your hardware under test must be in a + DHCP-enabled network that gives it the same IP + address for each reboot. + If you choose "GummibootTarget", there are + additional requirements and considerations. + See the + "Selecting GummibootTarget" + section, which follows, for more information. + + + +
+ +
+ Selecting GummibootTarget + + + If you did not set TEST_TARGET to + "GummibootTarget", then you do not need any information + in this section. + You can skip down to the + "Running Tests" + section. + + + + If you did set TEST_TARGET to + "GummibootTarget", you also need to perform a one-time + setup of your master image by doing the following: + + Set EFI_PROVIDER: + Be sure that EFI_PROVIDER + is as follows: + + EFI_PROVIDER = "gummiboot" + + + Build the master image: + Build the core-image-testmaster + image. + The core-image-testmaster + recipe is provided as an example for a + "master" image and you can customize the image + recipe as you would any other recipe. + + Here are the image recipe requirements: + + Inherits + core-image + so that kernel modules are installed. + + Installs normal linux utilities + not busybox ones (e.g. + bash, + coreutils, + tar, + gzip, and + kmod). + + Uses a custom + initramfs image with a custom installer. + A normal image that you can install usually + creates a single rootfs partition. + This image uses another installer that + creates a specific partition layout. + Not all Board Support Packages (BSPs) + can use an installer. + For such cases, you need to manually create + the following partition layout on the + target: + + First partition mounted + under /boot, + labeled "boot". + + The main rootfs + partition where this image gets + installed, which is mounted under + /. + + Another partition + labeled "testrootfs" where test + images get deployed. + + + + + + Install image: + Install the image that you just built on the target + system. + + + + + + The final thing you need to do when setting + TEST_TARGET to "GummibootTarget" is + to set up the test image: + + Set up your local.conf file: + Make sure you have the following statements in + your local.conf file: + + IMAGE_FSTYPES += "tar.gz" + INHERIT += "testimage" + TEST_TARGET = "GummibootTarget" + TEST_TARGET_IP = "192.168.2.3" + + + Build your test image: + Use BitBake to build the image: + + $ bitbake core-image-sato + + + + + + + Here is some additional information regarding running + "GummibootTarget" as your test target: + + + You can use + TEST_POWERCONTROL_CMD + together with + TEST_POWERCONTROL_EXTRA_ARGS + as a command that runs on the host and does power + cycling. + The test code passes one argument to that command: + off, on or cycle (off then on). + Here is an example that could appear in your + local.conf file: + + TEST_POWERCONTROL_CMD = "powercontrol.exp test 10.11.12.1 nuc1" + + In this example, the expect script does the + following: + + ssh test@10.11.12.1 "pyctl nuc1 <arg>" + + It then runs a Python script that controls power + for a label called nuc1. + + You need to customize + TEST_POWERCONTROL_CMD + and + TEST_POWERCONTROL_EXTRA_ARGS + for your own setup. + The one requirement is that it accepts + "on", "off", and "cycle" as the last argument. + + + + When no command is defined, it connects to the + device over SSH and uses the classic reboot command + to reboot the device. + Classic reboot is fine as long as the machine + actually reboots (i.e. the SSH test has not + failed). + It is useful for scenarios where you have a simple + setup, typically with a single board, and where + some manual interaction is okay from time to time. + + + +
+
+ +
+ Running Tests + + + You can start the tests automatically or manually: + + Automatically running tests: + To run the tests automatically after the + OpenEmbedded build system successfully creates an image, + first set the + TEST_IMAGE + variable to "1" in your local.conf + file in the + Build Directory: + + TEST_IMAGE = "1" + + Next, build your image. + If the image successfully builds, the tests will be + run: + + bitbake core-image-sato + + Manually running tests: + To manually run the tests, first globally inherit the + testimage + class by editing your local.conf + file: + + INHERIT += "testimage" + + Next, use BitBake to run the tests: + + bitbake -c testimage <image> + + + + + + All test files reside in + meta/lib/oeqa/runtime in the + Source Directory. + A test name maps directly to a Python module. + Each test module may contain a number of individual tests. + Tests are usually grouped together by the area + tested (e.g tests for systemd reside in + meta/lib/oeqa/runtime/systemd.py). + + + + You can add tests to any layer provided you place them in the + proper area and you extend + BBPATH + in the local.conf file as normal. + Be sure that tests reside in + <layer>/lib/oeqa/runtime. + + Be sure that module names do not collide with module names + used in the default set of test modules in + meta/lib/oeqa/runtime. + + + + + You can change the set of tests run by appending or overriding + TEST_SUITES + variable in local.conf. + Each name in TEST_SUITES represents a + required test for the image. + Test modules named within TEST_SUITES + cannot be skipped even if a test is not suitable for an image + (e.g. running the RPM tests on an image without + rpm). + Appending "auto" to TEST_SUITES causes the + build system to try to run all tests that are suitable for the + image (i.e. each test module may elect to skip itself). + + + + The order you list tests in TEST_SUITES + is important and influences test dependencies. + Consequently, tests that depend on other tests should be added + after the test on which they depend. + For example, since the ssh test + depends on the + ping test, "ssh" needs to come after + "ping" in the list. + The test class provides no re-ordering or dependency handling. + + Each module can have multiple classes with multiple test + methods. + And, Python unittest rules apply. + + + + + Here are some things to keep in mind when running tests: + + The default tests for the image are defined + as: + + DEFAULT_TEST_SUITES_pn-<image> = "ping ssh df connman syslog xorg scp vnc date rpm smart dmesg" + + Add your own test to the list of the + by using the following: + + TEST_SUITES_append = " mytest" + + Run a specific list of tests as follows: + + TEST_SUITES = "test1 test2 test3" + + Remember, order is important. + Be sure to place a test that is dependent on another test + later in the order. + + +
+ +
+ Exporting Tests + + + You can export tests so that they can run independently of + the build system. + Exporting tests is required if you want to be able to hand + the test execution off to a scheduler. + You can only export tests that are defined in + TEST_SUITES. + + + + If you image is already built, make sure the following are set + in your local.conf file. + Be sure to provide the IP address you need: + + TEST_EXPORT_ONLY = "1" + TEST_TARGET = "simpleremote" + TEST_TARGET_IP = "192.168.7.2" + TEST_SERVER_IP = "192.168.7.1" + + You can then export the tests with the following: + + $ bitbake core-image-sato -c testimage + + Exporting the tests places them in the + Build Directory in + tmp/testimage/core-image-sato, which + is controlled by the + TEST_EXPORT_DIR variable. + + + + The exported data (i.e. testdata.json) + contains paths to the Build Directory. + Thus, the contents of the directory can be moved + to another machine as long as you update some paths in the + JSON. + Usually you only care about the + ${DEPLOY_DIR}/rpm directory (assuming the RPM and Smart tests + are enabled). + Consequently, running the tests on other machine + means that you have to move the contents and call + runexported with "--deploy-dir PATH: + ./runexported.py --deploy-dir /new/path/on/this/machine testdata.json + runexported.py accepts other arguments as well, see --help. + + + + You can now run the tests outside of the build environment: + + $ cd tmp/testimage/core-image-sato + $ ./runexported.py testdata.json + + + This "export" feature does not deploy or boot the target + image. + Your target (be it a Qemu or hardware one) + has to already be up and running when you call + runexported.py + + +
+ +
+ Writing New Tests + + + As mentioned previously, all new test files need to be in the + proper place for the build system to find them. + New tests for additional functionality outside of the core + should be added to the layer that adds the functionality, in + <layer>/lib/oeqa/runtime (as + long as + BBPATH + is extended in the layer's + layer.conf file as normal). + Just remember that filenames need to map directly to test + (module) names and that you do not use module names that + collide with existing core tests. + + + + To create a new test, start by copying an existing module + (e.g. syslog.py or + gcc.py are good ones to use). + Test modules can use code from + meta/lib/oeqa/utils, which are helper + classes. + + + + Structure shell commands such that you rely on them and they + return a single code for success. + Be aware that sometimes you will need to parse the output. + See the df.py and + date.py modules for examples. + + + + You will notice that all test classes inherit + oeRuntimeTest, which is found in + meta/lib/oetest.py. + This base class offers some helper attributes, which are + described in the following sections: + + +
+ Class Methods + + + Class methods are as follows: + + hasPackage(pkg): + Returns "True" if pkg is in the + installed package list of the image, which is based + on the manifest file that is generated during the + do.rootfs task. + + hasFeature(feature): + Returns "True" if the feature is in + IMAGE_FEATURES + or + DISTRO_FEATURES. + + + +
+ +
+ Class Attributes + + + Class attributes are as follows: + + pscmd: + Equals "ps -ef" if procps is + installed in the image. + Otherwise, pscmd equals + "ps" (busybox). + + tc: + The called text context, which gives access to the + following attributes: + + d: + The BitBake datastore, which allows you to + use stuff such as + oeRuntimeTest.tc.d.getVar("VIRTUAL-RUNTIME_init_manager"). + + testslist and testsrequired: + Used internally. + The tests do not need these. + + filesdir: + The absolute path to + meta/lib/oeqa/runtime/files, + which contains helper files for tests meant + for copying on the target such as small + files written in C for compilation. + + target: + The target controller object used to deploy + and start an image on a particular target + (e.g. QemuTarget, SimpleRemote, and + GummibootTarget). + Tests usually use the following: + + ip: + The target's IP address. + + server_ip: + The host's IP address, which is + usually used by the "smart" test + suite. + + run(cmd, timeout=None): + The single, most used method. + This command is a wrapper for: + ssh root@host "cmd". + The command returns a tuple: + (status, output), which are what + their names imply - the return code + of 'cmd' and whatever output + it produces. + The optional timeout argument + represents the number of seconds the + test should wait for 'cmd' to + return. + If the argument is "None", the + test uses the default instance's + timeout period, which is 300 + seconds. + If the argument is "0", the test + runs until the command returns. + + copy_to(localpath, remotepath): + scp localpath root@ip:remotepath. + + copy_from(remotepath, localpath): + scp root@host:remotepath localpath. + + + + + +
+ +
+ Instance Attributes + + + A single instance attribute exists, which is + target. + The target instance attribute is + identical to the class attribute of the same name, which + is described in the previous section. + This attribute exists as both an instance and class + attribute so tests can use + self.target.run(cmd) in instance + methods instead of + oeRuntimeTest.tc.target.run(cmd). + +
+
+
+ +
+ Debugging With the GNU Project Debugger (GDB) Remotely + + + GDB allows you to examine running programs, which in turn helps you to understand and fix problems. + It also allows you to perform post-mortem style analysis of program crashes. + GDB is available as a package within the Yocto Project and is + installed in SDK images by default. + See the "Images" chapter + in the Yocto Project Reference Manual for a description of these images. + You can find information on GDB at . + + + + For best results, install DBG (-dbg) packages + for the applications you are going to debug. + Doing so makes extra debug symbols available that give you more + meaningful output. + + + + Sometimes, due to memory or disk space constraints, it is not possible + to use GDB directly on the remote target to debug applications. + These constraints arise because GDB needs to load the debugging information and the + binaries of the process being debugged. + Additionally, GDB needs to perform many computations to locate information such as function + names, variable names and values, stack traces and so forth - even before starting the + debugging process. + These extra computations place more load on the target system and can alter the + characteristics of the program being debugged. + + + + To help get past the previously mentioned constraints, you can use Gdbserver. + Gdbserver runs on the remote target and does not load any debugging information + from the debugged process. + Instead, a GDB instance processes the debugging information that is run on a + remote computer - the host GDB. + The host GDB then sends control commands to Gdbserver to make it stop or start the debugged + program, as well as read or write memory regions of that debugged program. + All the debugging information loaded and processed as well + as all the heavy debugging is done by the host GDB. + Offloading these processes gives the Gdbserver running on the target a chance to remain + small and fast. + + + + Because the host GDB is responsible for loading the debugging information and + for doing the necessary processing to make actual debugging happen, the + user has to make sure the host can access the unstripped binaries complete + with their debugging information and also be sure the target is compiled with no optimizations. + The host GDB must also have local access to all the libraries used by the + debugged program. + Because Gdbserver does not need any local debugging information, the binaries on + the remote target can remain stripped. + However, the binaries must also be compiled without optimization + so they match the host's binaries. + + + + To remain consistent with GDB documentation and terminology, the binary being debugged + on the remote target machine is referred to as the "inferior" binary. + For documentation on GDB see the + GDB site. + + + + The remainder of this section describes the steps you need to take + to debug using the GNU project debugger. + + +
+ Set Up the Cross-Development Debugging Environment + + + Before you can initiate a remote debugging session, you need + to be sure you have set up the cross-development environment, + toolchain, and sysroot. + The "Preparing for Application Development" + chapter of the Yocto Project Application Developer's Guide + describes this process. + Be sure you have read that chapter and have set up + your environment. + +
+ +
+ Launch Gdbserver on the Target + + + Make sure Gdbserver is installed on the target. + If it is not, install the package + gdbserver, which needs the + libthread-db1 package. + + + + Here is an example that when entered from the host + connects to the target and launches Gdbserver in order to + "debug" a binary named helloworld: + + $ gdbserver localhost:2345 /usr/bin/helloworld + + Gdbserver should now be listening on port 2345 for debugging + commands coming from a remote GDB process that is running on + the host computer. + Communication between Gdbserver and the host GDB are done + using TCP. + To use other communication protocols, please refer to the + Gdbserver documentation. + +
+ +
+ Launch GDB on the Host Computer + + + Running GDB on the host computer takes a number of stages, which + this section describes. + + +
+ Build the Cross-GDB Package + + A suitable GDB cross-binary is required that runs on your + host computer but also knows about the the ABI of the + remote target. + You can get this binary from the + Cross-Development Toolchain. + Here is an example where the toolchain has been installed + in the default directory + /opt/poky/&DISTRO;: + + /opt/poky/&DISTRO;/sysroots/i686-pokysdk-linux/usr/bin/armv7a-vfp-neon-poky-linux-gnueabi/arm-poky-linux-gnueabi-gdb + + where arm is the target architecture + and linux-gnueabi is the target ABI. + + + + Alternatively, you can use BitBake to build the + gdb-cross binary. + Here is an example: + + $ bitbake gdb-cross + + Once the binary is built, you can find it here: + + tmp/sysroots/<host-arch>/usr/bin/<target-platform>/<target-abi>-gdb + + +
+ +
+ Create the GDB Initialization File and Point to Your Root Filesystem + + + Aside from the GDB cross-binary, you also need a GDB + initialization file in the same top directory in which + your binary resides. + When you start GDB on your host development system, GDB + finds this initialization file and executes all the + commands within. + For information on the .gdbinit, see + "Debugging with GDB", + which is maintained by + sourceware.org. + + + + You need to add a statement in the + .gdbinit file that points to your + root filesystem. + Here is an example that points to the root filesystem for + an ARM-based target device: + + set sysroot /home/jzhang/sysroot_arm + + +
+ +
+ Launch the Host GDB + + + Before launching the host GDB, you need to be sure + you have sourced the cross-debugging environment script, + which if you installed the root filesystem in the default + location is at /opt/poky/&DISTRO; + and begins with the string "environment-setup". + For more information, see the + "Setting Up the Cross-Development Environment" + section in the Yocto Project Application Developer's + Guide. + + + + Finally, switch to the directory where the binary resides + and run the cross-gdb binary. + Provide the binary file you are going to debug. + For example, the following command continues with the + example used in the previous section by loading + the helloworld binary as well as the + debugging information: + + $ arm-poky-linux-gnuabi-gdb helloworld + + The commands in your .gdbinit execute + and the GDB prompt appears. + +
+
+ +
+ Connect to the Remote GDB Server + + + From the target, you need to connect to the remote GDB + server that is running on the host. + You need to specify the remote host and port. + Here is the command continuing with the example: + + target remote 192.168.7.2:2345 + + +
+ +
+ Use the Debugger + + + You can now proceed with debugging as normal - as if you were debugging + on the local machine. + For example, to instruct GDB to break in the "main" function and then + continue with execution of the inferior binary use the following commands + from within GDB: + + (gdb) break main + (gdb) continue + + + + + For more information about using GDB, see the project's online documentation at + . + +
+
+ +
+ Examining Builds Using the Toaster API + + + Toaster is an Application Programming Interface (API) and + web-based interface to the OpenEmbedded build system, which uses + BitBake. + Both interfaces are based on a Representational State Transfer + (REST) API that queries for and returns build information using + GET and JSON. + These types of search operations retrieve sets of objects from + a datastore used to collect build information. + The results contain all the data for the objects being returned. + You can order the results of the search by key and the search + parameters are consistent for all object types. + + + + Using the interfaces you can do the following: + + See information about the tasks executed + and reused during the build. + See what is built (recipes and + packages) and what packages were installed into the final + image. + See performance-related information such + as build time, CPU usage, and disk I/O. + Examine error, warning and trace messages + to aid in debugging. + + + + + This release of Toaster provides you with information + about a BitBake run. + The tool does not allow you to configure and launch a build. + However, future development includes plans to integrate the + configuration and build launching capabilities of + Hob. + + For more information on using Hob to build an image, + see the + "Image Development Using Hob" + section. + + + + The remainder of this section describes what you need to have in + place to use Toaster, how to start it, use it, and stop it. + For additional information on installing and running Toaster, see the + "Installation and Running" + section of the "Toaster" wiki page. + For complete information on the API and its search operation + URI, parameters, and responses, see the + REST API Contracts + Wiki page. + + +
+ Starting Toaster + + + Getting set up to use and start Toaster is simple. + First, be sure you have met the following requirements: + + You have set up your + Source Directory + by cloning the upstream poky + repository. + See the + Yocto Project Release + item for information on how to set up the Source + Directory. + Be sure your build machine has + Django + version 1.5 installed. + Make sure that port 8000 and 8200 are + free (i.e. they have no servers on them). + + + + + + Once you have met the requirements, follow these steps to + start Toaster running in the background of your shell: + + Set up your build environment: + Source a build environment script (i.e. + &OE_INIT_FILE; + or + oe-init-build-env-memres). + + Start Toaster: + Start the Toaster service using this + command from within your + Build Directory: + + $ source toaster start + + + The Toaster must be started and running in order + for it to collect data. + + + + + + When Toaster starts, it creates some additional files in your + Build Directory. + Deleting these files will cause you to lose data or interrupt + Toaster: + + toaster.sqlite: + Toaster's database file. + toaster_web.log: + The log file of the web server. + toaster_ui.log: + The log file of the user interface component. + + toastermain.pid: + The PID of the web server. + toasterui.pid: + The PID of the DSI data bridge. + bitbake-cookerdaemon.log: + The BitBake server's log file. + + +
+ +
+ Using Toaster + + + Once Toaster is running, it logs information for any BitBake + run from your Build Directory. + This logging is automatic. + All you need to do is access and use the information. + + + + You access the information one of two ways: + + Open a Browser and enter + http://localhost:8000 + for the URL. + + Use the xdg-open + tool from the shell and pass it the same URL. + + + Either method opens the home page for the Toaster interface. + + + Notes + + For information on how to delete information from the Toaster + database, see the + Deleting a Build from the Toaster Database + wiki page. + + + + For information on how to set up an instance of Toaster on + a remote host, see the + Setting Up a Toaster Instance on a Remote Host + wiki page. + + +
+ +
+ Examining Toaster Data + + + The Toaster database is persistent regardless of whether you + start or stop the service. + + + + Toaster's interface shows you a list of builds + (successful and unsuccessful) for which it has data. + You can click on any build to see related information. + This information includes configuration details, information + about tasks, all recipes and packages built and their + dependencies, packages and their directory structure as + installed in your final image, + execution time, CPU usage and disk I/O per task. + + + + For details on the interface, see the + Toaster Manual. + +
+ +
+ Stopping Toaster + + + Stop the Toaster service with the following command + from with the + Build Directory: + + $ source toaster stop + + The service stops but the Toaster database remains persistent. + +
+
+ +
+ Profiling with OProfile + + + OProfile is a + statistical profiler well suited for finding performance + bottlenecks in both user-space software and in the kernel. + This profiler provides answers to questions like "Which functions does my application spend + the most time in when doing X?" + Because the OpenEmbedded build system is well integrated with OProfile, it makes profiling + applications on target hardware straight forward. + + For more information on how to set up and run OProfile, see the + "oprofile" + section in the Yocto Project Profiling and Tracing Manual. + + + + + To use OProfile, you need an image that has OProfile installed. + The easiest way to do this is with "tools-profile" in the + IMAGE_FEATURES variable. + You also need debugging symbols to be available on the system where the analysis + takes place. + You can gain access to the symbols by using "dbg-pkgs" in the + IMAGE_FEATURES variable or by + installing the appropriate DBG (-dbg) packages. + + + + For successful call graph analysis, the binaries must preserve the frame + pointer register and should also be compiled with the + -fno-omit-framepointer flag. + You can achieve this by setting the + SELECTED_OPTIMIZATION + variable with the following options: + + -fexpensive-optimizations + -fno-omit-framepointer + -frename-registers + -O2 + + You can also achieve it by setting the + DEBUG_BUILD + variable to "1" in the local.conf configuration file. + If you use the DEBUG_BUILD variable, + you also add extra debugging information that can make the debug + packages large. + + +
+ Profiling on the Target + + + Using OProfile, you can perform all the profiling work on the target device. + A simple OProfile session might look like the following: + + + + + # opcontrol --reset + # opcontrol --start --separate=lib --no-vmlinux -c 5 + . + . + [do whatever is being profiled] + . + . + # opcontrol --stop + $ opreport -cl + + + + + In this example, the reset command clears any previously profiled data. + The next command starts OProfile. + The options used when starting the profiler separate dynamic library data + within applications, disable kernel profiling, and enable callgraphing up to + five levels deep. + + To profile the kernel, you would specify the + --vmlinux=/path/to/vmlinux option. + The vmlinux file is usually in the source directory in the + /boot/ directory and must match the running kernel. + + + + + After you perform your profiling tasks, the next command stops the profiler. + After that, you can view results with the opreport command with options + to see the separate library symbols and callgraph information. + + + + Callgraphing logs information about time spent in functions and about a function's + calling function (parent) and called functions (children). + The higher the callgraphing depth, the more accurate the results. + However, higher depths also increase the logging overhead. + Consequently, you should take care when setting the callgraphing depth. + + On ARM, binaries need to have the frame pointer enabled for callgraphing to work. + To accomplish this use the -fno-omit-framepointer option + with gcc. + + + + + For more information on using OProfile, see the OProfile + online documentation at + . + +
+ +
+ Using OProfileUI + + + A graphical user interface for OProfile is also available. + You can download and build this interface from the Yocto Project at + . + If the "tools-profile" image feature is selected, all necessary binaries + are installed onto the target device for OProfileUI interaction. + For a list of image features that ship with the Yocto Project, + see the + "Image Features" + section in the Yocto Project Reference Manual. + + + + Even though the source directory usually includes all needed patches on the target device, you + might find you need other OProfile patches for recent OProfileUI features. + If so, see the + OProfileUI README for the most recent information. + + +
+ Online Mode + + + Using OProfile in online mode assumes a working network connection with the target + hardware. + With this connection, you just need to run "oprofile-server" on the device. + By default, OProfile listens on port 4224. + + You can change the port using the --port command-line + option. + + + + + The client program is called oprofile-viewer and its UI is relatively + straight forward. + You access key functionality through the buttons on the toolbar, which + are duplicated in the menus. + Here are the buttons: + + Connect: Connects to the remote host. + You can also supply the IP address or hostname. + Disconnect: Disconnects from the target. + + Start: Starts profiling on the device. + + Stop: Stops profiling on the device and + downloads the data to the local host. + Stopping the profiler generates the profile and displays it in the viewer. + + Download: Downloads the data from the + target and generates the profile, which appears in the viewer. + Reset: Resets the sample data on the device. + Resetting the data removes sample information collected from previous + sampling runs. + Be sure you reset the data if you do not want to include old sample information. + + Save: Saves the data downloaded from the + target to another directory for later examination. + Open: Loads previously saved data. + + + + + + The client downloads the complete profile archive from + the target to the host for processing. + This archive is a directory that contains the sample data, the object files, + and the debug information for the object files. + The archive is then converted using the oparchconv script, which is + included in this distribution. + The script uses opimport to convert the archive from + the target to something that can be processed on the host. + + + + Downloaded archives reside in the + Build Directory in + tmp and are cleared up when they are no longer in use. + + + + If you wish to perform kernel profiling, you need to be sure + a vmlinux file that matches the running kernel is available. + In the source directory, that file is usually located in + /boot/vmlinux-KERNELVERSION, where + KERNEL-version is the version of the kernel. + The OpenEmbedded build system generates separate vmlinux + packages for each kernel it builds. + Thus, it should just be a question of making sure a matching package is + installed (e.g. opkg install kernel-vmlinux). + The files are automatically installed into development and profiling images + alongside OProfile. + A configuration option exists within the OProfileUI settings page that you can use to + enter the location of the vmlinux file. + + + + Waiting for debug symbols to transfer from the device can be slow, and it + is not always necessary to actually have them on the device for OProfile use. + All that is needed is a copy of the filesystem with the debug symbols present + on the viewer system. + The "Launch GDB on the Host Computer" + section covers how to create such a directory within + the source directory and how to use the OProfileUI Settings + Dialog to specify the location. + If you specify the directory, it will be used when the file checksums + match those on the system you are profiling. + +
+ +
+ Offline Mode + + + If network access to the target is unavailable, you can generate + an archive for processing in oprofile-viewer as follows: + + # opcontrol --reset + # opcontrol --start --separate=lib --no-vmlinux -c 5 + . + . + [do whatever is being profiled] + . + . + # opcontrol --stop + # oparchive -o my_archive + + + + + In the above example, my_archive is the name of the + archive directory where you would like the profile archive to be kept. + After the directory is created, you can copy it to another host and load it + using oprofile-viewer open functionality. + If necessary, the archive is converted. + +
+
+
+ +
+ Maintaining Open Source License Compliance During Your Product's Lifecycle + + + One of the concerns for a development organization using open source + software is how to maintain compliance with various open source + licensing during the lifecycle of the product. + While this section does not provide legal advice or + comprehensively cover all scenarios, it does + present methods that you can use to + assist you in meeting the compliance requirements during a software + release. + + + + With hundreds of different open source licenses that the Yocto + Project tracks, it is difficult to know the requirements of each + and every license. + However, the requirements of the major FLOSS licenses can begin + to be covered by + assuming that three main areas of concern exist: + + Source code must be provided. + License text for the software must be + provided. + Compilation scripts and modifications to the + source code must be provided. + + + There are other requirements beyond the scope of these + three and the methods described in this section + (e.g. the mechanism through which source code is distributed). + + + + As different organizations have different methods of complying with + open source licensing, this section is not meant to imply that + there is only one single way to meet your compliance obligations, + but rather to describe one method of achieving compliance. + The remainder of this section describes methods supported to meet the + previously mentioned three requirements. + Once you take steps to meet these requirements, + and prior to releasing images, sources, and the build system, + you should audit all artifacts to ensure completeness. + + The Yocto Project generates a license manifest during + image creation that is located + in ${DEPLOY_DIR}/licenses/<image_name-datestamp> + to assist with any audits. + + + +
+ Providing the Source Code + + + Compliance activities should begin before you generate the + final image. + The first thing you should look at is the requirement that + tops the list for most compliance groups - providing + the source. + The Yocto Project has a few ways of meeting this + requirement. + + + + One of the easiest ways to meet this requirement is + to provide the entire + DL_DIR + used by the build. + This method, however, has a few issues. + The most obvious is the size of the directory since it includes + all sources used in the build and not just the source used in + the released image. + It will include toolchain source, and other artifacts, which + you would not generally release. + However, the more serious issue for most companies is accidental + release of proprietary software. + The Yocto Project provides an + archiver + class to help avoid some of these concerns. + + + + Before you employ DL_DIR or the + archiver class, you need to decide how you choose to + provide source. + The source archiver class can generate tarballs and SRPMs + and can create them with various levels of compliance in mind. + + + + One way of doing this (but certainly not the only way) is to + release just the source as a tarball. + You can do this by adding the following to the + local.conf file found in the + Build Directory: + + INHERIT += "archiver" + ARCHIVER_MODE[src] = "original" + + During the creation of your image, the source from all + recipes that deploy packages to the image is placed within + subdirectories of + DEPLOY_DIR/sources based on the + LICENSE + for each recipe. + Releasing the entire directory enables you to comply with + requirements concerning providing the unmodified source. + It is important to note that the size of the directory can + get large. + + + + A way to help mitigate the size issue is to only release + tarballs for licenses that require the release of + source. + Let us assume you are only concerned with GPL code as + identified with the following: + + $ cd poky/build/tmp/deploy/sources + $ mkdir ~/gpl_source_release + $ for dir in */*GPL*; do cp -r $dir ~/gpl_source_release; done + + At this point, you could create a tarball from the + gpl_source_release directory and + provide that to the end user. + This method would be a step toward achieving compliance + with section 3a of GPLv2 and with section 6 of GPLv3. + +
+ +
+ Providing License Text + + + One requirement that is often overlooked is inclusion + of license text. + This requirement also needs to be dealt with prior to + generating the final image. + Some licenses require the license text to accompany + the binary. + You can achieve this by adding the following to your + local.conf file: + + COPY_LIC_MANIFEST = "1" + COPY_LIC_DIRS = "1" + + Adding these statements to the configuration file ensures + that the licenses collected during package generation + are included on your image. + As the source archiver has already archived the original + unmodified source that contains the license files, + you would have already met the requirements for inclusion + of the license information with source as defined by the GPL + and other open source licenses. + +
+ +
+ Providing Compilation Scripts and Source Code Modifications + + + At this point, we have addressed all we need to address + prior to generating the image. + The next two requirements are addressed during the final + packaging of the release. + + + + By releasing the version of the OpenEmbedded build system + and the layers used during the build, you will be providing both + compilation scripts and the source code modifications in one + step. + + + + If the deployment team has a + BSP layer + and a distro layer, and those those layers are used to patch, + compile, package, or modify (in any way) any open source + software included in your released images, you + might be required to to release those layers under section 3 of + GPLv2 or section 1 of GPLv3. + One way of doing that is with a clean + checkout of the version of the Yocto Project and layers used + during your build. + Here is an example: + + # We built using the &DISTRO_NAME; branch of the poky repo + $ git clone -b &DISTRO_NAME; git://git.yoctoproject.org/poky + $ cd poky + # We built using the release_branch for our layers + $ git clone -b release_branch git://git.mycompany.com/meta-my-bsp-layer + $ git clone -b release_branch git://git.mycompany.com/meta-my-software-layer + # clean up the .git repos + $ find . -name ".git" -type d -exec rm -rf {} \; + + One thing a development organization might want to consider + for end-user convenience is to modify + meta-yocto/conf/bblayers.conf.sample to + ensure that when the end user utilizes the released build + system to build an image, the development organization's + layers are included in the bblayers.conf + file automatically: + + # LAYER_CONF_VERSION is increased each time build/conf/bblayers.conf + # changes incompatibly + LCONF_VERSION = "6" + + BBPATH = "${TOPDIR}" + BBFILES ?= "" + + BBLAYERS ?= " \ + ##OEROOT##/meta \ + ##OEROOT##/meta-yocto \ + ##OEROOT##/meta-yocto-bsp \ + ##OEROOT##/meta-mylayer \ + " + + BBLAYERS_NON_REMOVABLE ?= " \ + ##OEROOT##/meta \ + ##OEROOT##/meta-yocto \ + " + + Creating and providing an archive of the + Metadata layers + (recipes, configuration files, and so forth) + enables you to meet your + requirements to include the scripts to control compilation + as well as any modifications to the original source. + +
+
+ +
+ Using the Error Reporting Tool + + + The error reporting tool allows you to + submit errors encountered during builds to a central database. + Outside of the build environment, you can use a web interface to + browse errors, view statistics, and query for errors. + The tool works using a client-server system where the client + portion is integrated with the installed Yocto Project + Source Directory + (e.g. poky). + The server receives the information collected and saves it in a + database. + + + + A live instance of the error reporting server exists at + . + This server exists so that when you want to get help with + build failures, you can submit all of the information on the + failure easily and then point to the URL in your bug report + or send an email to the mailing list. + + If you send error reports to this server, the reports become + publicly visible. + + + +
+ Enabling and Using the Tool + + + By default, the error reporting tool is disabled. + You can enable it by inheriting the + report-error + class by adding the following statement to the end of + your local.conf file in your + Build Directory. + + INHERIT += "report-error" + + + + + By default, the error reporting feature stores information in + ${LOG_DIR}/error-report. + However, you can specify a directory to use by adding the following + to your local.conf file: + + ERR_REPORT_DIR = "path" + + Enabling error reporting causes the build process to collect + the errors and store them in a file as previously described. + When the build system encounters an error, it includes a command + as part of the console output. + You can run the command to send the error file to the server. + For example, the following command sends the errors to an upstream + server: + + send-error-report /home/brandusa/project/poky/build/tmp/log/error-report/error_report_201403141617.txt [server] + + In the above example, the server parameter is + optional. + By default, the errors are sent to a database used by the entire + community. + If you specify a particular server, you can send them to a different + database. + + + + When sending the error file, you receive a link that corresponds + to your entry in the database. + For example, here is a typical link: + + http://localhost:8000/Errors/Search/1/158 + + Following the link takes you to a web interface where you can + browse, query the errors, and view statistics. + +
+ +
+ Disabling the Tool + + + To disable the error reporting feature, simply remove or comment + out the following statement from the end of your + local.conf file in your + Build Directory. + + INHERIT += "report-error" + + +
+ +
+ Setting Up Your Own Error Reporting Server + + + If you want to set up your own error reporting server, you + can obtain the code from the Git repository at + . + Instructions on how to set it up are in the README document. + +
+
+ + + diff --git a/documentation/dev-manual/dev-manual-customization.xsl b/documentation/dev-manual/dev-manual-customization.xsl new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8969605 --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/dev-manual/dev-manual-customization.xsl @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/documentation/dev-manual/dev-manual-eclipse-customization.xsl b/documentation/dev-manual/dev-manual-eclipse-customization.xsl new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8ac4c18 --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/dev-manual/dev-manual-eclipse-customization.xsl @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/documentation/dev-manual/dev-manual-intro.xml b/documentation/dev-manual/dev-manual-intro.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f3cf489 --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/dev-manual/dev-manual-intro.xml @@ -0,0 +1,207 @@ + %poky; ] > + + + +The Yocto Project Development Manual +
+ Introduction + + + Welcome to the Yocto Project Development Manual! + This manual provides information on how to use the Yocto Project to + develop embedded Linux images and user-space applications that + run on targeted devices. + The manual provides an overview of image, kernel, and + user-space application development using the Yocto Project. + Because much of the information in this manual is general, it + contains many references to other sources where you can find more + detail. + For example, you can find detailed information on Git, repositories, + and open source in general in many places on the Internet. + Another example specific to the Yocto Project is how to quickly + set up your host development system and build an image, which you + find in the + Yocto Project Quick Start. + + + + The Yocto Project Development Manual does, however, provide + guidance and examples on how to change the kernel source code, + reconfigure the kernel, and develop an application using the + popular Eclipse IDE. + + + + By default, using the Yocto Project creates a Poky distribution. + However, you can create your own distribution by providing key + Metadata. + A good example is Angstrom, which has had a distribution + based on the Yocto Project since its inception. + Other examples include commercial distributions like + Wind River Linux, Mentor Embedded Linux, and ENEA Linux. + See the "Creating Your Own Distribution" + section for more information. + +
+ +
+ What This Manual Provides + + + The following list describes what you can get from this manual: + + Information that lets you get set + up to develop using the Yocto Project. + Information to help developers who are new to + the open source environment and to the distributed revision + control system Git, which the Yocto Project uses. + + An understanding of common end-to-end + development models and tasks. + Information about common development tasks + generally used during image development for + embedded devices. + + Many references to other sources of related + information. + + +
+ +
+ What this Manual Does Not Provide + + + This manual will not give you the following: + + Step-by-step instructions when those instructions exist in other Yocto + Project documentation: + For example, the Yocto Project Application Developer's Guide contains detailed + instructions on how to run the + ADT Installer, + which is used to set up a cross-development environment. + Reference material: + This type of material resides in an appropriate reference manual. + For example, system variables are documented in the + Yocto Project Reference Manual. + Detailed public information that is not specific to the Yocto Project: + For example, exhaustive information on how to use Git is covered better through the + Internet than in this manual. + + +
+ +
+ Other Information + + + Because this manual presents overview information for many different + topics, supplemental information is recommended for full + comprehension. + The following list presents other sources of information you might find helpful: + + Yocto Project Website: + The home page for the Yocto Project provides lots of information on the project + as well as links to software and documentation. + + Yocto Project Quick Start: This short document lets you get started + with the Yocto Project and quickly begin building an image. + + Yocto Project Reference Manual: This manual is a reference + guide to the OpenEmbedded build system, which is based on BitBake. + The build system is sometimes referred to as "Poky". + + + Yocto Project Application Developer's Guide: + This guide provides information that lets you get going with the Application + Development Toolkit (ADT) and stand-alone cross-development toolchains to + develop projects using the Yocto Project. + + Yocto Project Board Support Package (BSP) Developer's Guide: + This guide defines the structure for BSP components. + Having a commonly understood structure encourages standardization. + + Yocto Project Linux Kernel Development Manual: + This manual describes how to work with Linux Yocto kernels as well as provides a bit + of conceptual information on the construction of the Yocto Linux kernel tree. + + + Yocto Project Profiling and Tracing Manual: + This manual presents a set of common and generally useful tracing and + profiling schemes along with their applications (as appropriate) to each tool. + + + + Eclipse IDE Yocto Plug-in: A step-by-step instructional video that + demonstrates how an application developer uses Yocto Plug-in features within + the Eclipse IDE. + + FAQ: + A list of commonly asked questions and their answers. + + Release Notes: + Features, updates and known issues for the current + release of the Yocto Project. + + + Hob: A graphical user interface for BitBake. + Hob's primary goal is to enable a user to perform common tasks more easily. + + + Build Appliance: A virtual machine that + enables you to build and boot a custom embedded Linux image + with the Yocto Project using a non-Linux development system. + + + Bugzilla: + The bug tracking application the Yocto Project uses. + If you find problems with the Yocto Project, you should report them using this + application. + + Yocto Project Mailing Lists: To subscribe to the Yocto Project mailing + lists, click on the following URLs and follow the instructions: + + for a + Yocto Project Discussions mailing list. + for a + Yocto Project Discussions mailing list about the + OpenEmbedded build system (Poky). + + + for a mailing list to receive official Yocto Project announcements + as well as Yocto Project milestones. + for a + listing of all public mailing lists on lists.yoctoproject.org. + + + Internet Relay Chat (IRC): + Two IRC channels on freenode are available + for Yocto Project and Poky discussions: #yocto and + #poky, respectively. + + OpenEmbedded: + The build system used by the Yocto Project. + This project is the upstream, generic, embedded distribution + from which the Yocto Project derives its build system (Poky) + and to which it contributes. + + + BitBake: The tool used by the OpenEmbedded build system + to process project metadata. + + BitBake User Manual: + A comprehensive guide to the BitBake tool. + If you want information on BitBake, see this manual. + + + Quick EMUlator (QEMU): + An open-source machine emulator and virtualizer. + + +
+ + diff --git a/documentation/dev-manual/dev-manual-model.xml b/documentation/dev-manual/dev-manual-model.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4fd4c4e --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/dev-manual/dev-manual-model.xml @@ -0,0 +1,2069 @@ + %poky; ] > + + + +Common Development Models + + + Many development models exist for which you can use the Yocto Project. + This chapter overviews simple methods that use tools provided by the + Yocto Project: + + System Development: + System Development covers Board Support Package (BSP) development and kernel + modification or configuration. + For an example on how to create a BSP, see the + "Creating a New BSP Layer Using the yocto-bsp Script" + section in the Yocto Project Board Support Package (BSP) Developer's Guide. + For more complete information on how to work with the kernel, see the + Yocto Project Linux Kernel + Development Manual. + + User Application Development: + User Application Development covers development of applications that you intend + to run on target hardware. + For information on how to set up your host development system for user-space + application development, see the + Yocto Project Application Developer's Guide. + For a simple example of user-space application development using the + Eclipse IDE, see the + "Application + Development Workflow" section. + + Temporary Source Code Modification: + Direct modification of temporary source code is a convenient development model + to quickly iterate and develop towards a solution. + Once you implement the solution, you should of course take steps to + get the changes upstream and applied in the affected recipes. + Image Development using Hob: + You can use the Hob to build + custom operating system images within the build environment. + Hob provides an efficient interface to the OpenEmbedded build system. + Using a Development Shell: + You can use a devshell to efficiently debug commands or simply + edit packages. + Working inside a development shell is a quick way to set up the OpenEmbedded build + environment to work on parts of a project. + + + +
+ System Development Workflow + + + System development involves modification or creation of an image that you want to run on + a specific hardware target. + Usually, when you want to create an image that runs on embedded hardware, the image does + not require the same number of features that a full-fledged Linux distribution provides. + Thus, you can create a much smaller image that is designed to use only the + features for your particular hardware. + + + + To help you understand how system development works in the Yocto Project, this section + covers two types of image development: BSP creation and kernel modification or + configuration. + + +
+ Developing a Board Support Package (BSP) + + + A BSP is a package of recipes that, when applied during a build, results in + an image that you can run on a particular board. + Thus, the package when compiled into the new image, supports the operation of the board. + + + + For a brief list of terms used when describing the development process in the Yocto Project, + see the "Yocto Project Terms" section. + + + + The remainder of this section presents the basic + steps used to create a BSP using the Yocto Project's + BSP Tools. + Although not required for BSP creation, the + meta-intel repository, which contains + many BSPs supported by the Yocto Project, is part of the example. + + + + For an example that shows how to create a new layer using the tools, see the + "Creating a New BSP Layer Using the yocto-bsp Script" + section in the Yocto Project Board Support Package (BSP) Developer's Guide. + + + + The following illustration and list summarize the BSP creation general workflow. + + + + + + + + + Set up your host development system to support + development using the Yocto Project: See the + "The Linux Distribution" + and the + "The Packages" sections both + in the Yocto Project Quick Start for requirements. + Establish a local copy of the project files on your + system: You need this Source + Directory available on your host system. + Having these files on your system gives you access to the build + process and to the tools you need. + For information on how to set up the Source Directory, + see the + "Getting Set Up" section. + Establish the meta-intel + repository on your system: Having local copies + of these supported BSP layers on your system gives you + access to layers you might be able to build on or modify + to create your BSP. + For information on how to get these files, see the + "Getting Set Up" section. + Create your own BSP layer using the + yocto-bsp script: + Layers are ideal for + isolating and storing work for a given piece of hardware. + A layer is really just a location or area in which you place + the recipes and configurations for your BSP. + In fact, a BSP is, in itself, a special type of layer. + The simplest way to create a new BSP layer that is compliant with the + Yocto Project is to use the yocto-bsp script. + For information about that script, see the + "Creating a New BSP Layer Using the yocto-bsp Script" + section in the Yocto Project Board Support (BSP) Developer's Guide. + + + Another example that illustrates a layer is an application. + Suppose you are creating an application that has library or other dependencies in + order for it to compile and run. + The layer, in this case, would be where all the recipes that define those dependencies + are kept. + The key point for a layer is that it is an isolated area that contains + all the relevant information for the project that the OpenEmbedded build + system knows about. + For more information on layers, see the + "Understanding and Creating Layers" + section. + For more information on BSP layers, see the + "BSP Layers" section in the + Yocto Project Board Support Package (BSP) Developer's Guide. + Five BSPs exist that are part of the + Yocto Project release: genericx86, genericx86-64, + beaglebone, + mpc8315e, and edgerouter. + The recipes and configurations for these five BSPs are located and dispersed + within the Source Directory. + On the other hand, BSP layers for Crown Bay, + Crystal Forest, Emenlow, Fish River Island 2, Haswell, + Jasper Forest, NUC DC3217IYE, + Romley, Sugar Bay, and tlk exist in their own separate layers + within the larger meta-intel layer. + When you set up a layer for a new BSP, you should follow a standard layout. + This layout is described in the + "Example Filesystem Layout" + section of the Board Support Package (BSP) Development Guide. + In the standard layout, you will notice a suggested structure for recipes and + configuration information. + You can see the standard layout for a BSP by examining + any supported BSP found in the meta-intel layer inside + the Source Directory. + Make configuration changes to your new BSP + layer: The standard BSP layer structure organizes the files you need + to edit in conf and several recipes-* + directories within the BSP layer. + Configuration changes identify where your new layer is on the local system + and identify which kernel you are going to use. + When you run the yocto-bsp script, you are able to interactively + configure many things for the BSP (e.g. keyboard, touchscreen, and so forth). + + Make recipe changes to your new BSP layer: Recipe + changes include altering recipes (.bb files), removing + recipes you do not use, and adding new recipes or append files + (.bbappend) that you need to support your hardware. + + Prepare for the build: Once you have made all the + changes to your BSP layer, there remains a few things + you need to do for the OpenEmbedded build system in order for it to create your image. + You need to get the build environment ready by sourcing an environment setup script + (i.e. oe-init-build-env or + oe-init-build-env-memres) + and you need to be sure two key configuration files are configured appropriately: + the conf/local.conf and the + conf/bblayers.conf file. + You must make the OpenEmbedded build system aware of your new layer. + See the + "Enabling Your Layer" section + for information on how to let the build system know about your new layer. + The entire process for building an image is overviewed in the section + "Building an Image" section + of the Yocto Project Quick Start. + You might want to reference this information. + Build the image: The OpenEmbedded build system + uses the BitBake tool to build images based on the type of image you want to create. + You can find more information about BitBake in the + BitBake User Manual. + + The build process supports several types of images to satisfy different needs. + See the + "Images" chapter + in the Yocto Project Reference Manual for information on + supported images. + + + + + You can view a video presentation on "Building Custom Embedded Images with Yocto" + at Free Electrons. + After going to the page, just search for "Embedded". + You can also find supplemental information in the + + Yocto Project Board Support Package (BSP) Developer's Guide. + Finally, there is a wiki page write up of the example also located + + here that you might find helpful. + +
+ +
+ <anchor id='kernel-spot' />Modifying the Kernel + + + Kernel modification involves changing the Yocto Project kernel, which could involve changing + configuration options as well as adding new kernel recipes. + Configuration changes can be added in the form of configuration fragments, while recipe + modification comes through the kernel's recipes-kernel area + in a kernel layer you create. + + + + The remainder of this section presents a high-level overview of the Yocto Project + kernel architecture and the steps to modify the kernel. + You can reference the + "Patching the Kernel" section + for an example that changes the source code of the kernel. + For information on how to configure the kernel, see the + "Configuring the Kernel" section. + For more information on the kernel and on modifying the kernel, see the + Yocto Project Linux Kernel Development Manual. + + +
+ Kernel Overview + + + Traditionally, when one thinks of a patched kernel, they think of a base kernel + source tree and a fixed structure that contains kernel patches. + The Yocto Project, however, employs mechanisms that, in a sense, result in a kernel source + generator. + By the end of this section, this analogy will become clearer. + + + + You can find a web interface to the Yocto Project kernel source repositories at + . + If you look at the interface, you will see to the left a grouping of + Git repositories titled "Yocto Linux Kernel." + Within this group, you will find several kernels supported by + the Yocto Project: + + linux-yocto-3.4 - The + stable Yocto Project kernel to use with the Yocto Project Release 1.3. This kernel + is based on the Linux 3.4 released kernel. + linux-yocto-3.8 - The + stable Yocto Project kernel to use with the Yocto Project Release 1.4. This kernel + is based on the Linux 3.8 released kernel. + linux-yocto-3.10 - The + stable Yocto Project kernel to use with the Yocto Project Release 1.5. This kernel + is based on the Linux 3.10 released kernel. + linux-yocto-3.14 - The + stable Yocto Project kernel to use with the Yocto Project Release 1.6. This kernel + is based on the Linux 3.14 released kernel. + linux-yocto-dev - A development + kernel based on the latest upstream release candidate available. + + + + + The kernels are maintained using the Git revision control system + that structures them using the familiar "tree", "branch", and "leaf" scheme. + Branches represent diversions from general code to more specific code, while leaves + represent the end-points for a complete and unique kernel whose source files, + when gathered from the root of the tree to the leaf, accumulate to create the files + necessary for a specific piece of hardware and its features. + The following figure displays this concept: + + + + + + Within the figure, the "Kernel.org Branch Point" represents the point in the tree + where a supported base kernel is modified from the Linux kernel. + For example, this could be the branch point for the linux-yocto-3.4 + kernel. + Thus, everything further to the right in the structure is based on the + linux-yocto-3.4 kernel. + Branch points to right in the figure represent where the + linux-yocto-3.4 kernel is modified for specific hardware + or types of kernels, such as real-time kernels. + Each leaf thus represents the end-point for a kernel designed to run on a specific + targeted device. + + + + The overall result is a Git-maintained repository from which all the supported + kernel types can be derived for all the supported devices. + A big advantage to this scheme is the sharing of common features by keeping them in + "larger" branches within the tree. + This practice eliminates redundant storage of similar features shared among kernels. + + + + Keep in mind the figure does not take into account all the supported Yocto + Project kernel types, but rather shows a single generic kernel just for conceptual purposes. + Also keep in mind that this structure represents the Yocto Project source repositories + that are either pulled from during the build or established on the host development system + prior to the build by either cloning a particular kernel's Git repository or by + downloading and unpacking a tarball. + + + + Upstream storage of all the available kernel source code is one thing, while + representing and using the code on your host development system is another. + Conceptually, you can think of the kernel source repositories as all the + source files necessary for all the supported kernels. + As a developer, you are just interested in the source files for the kernel on + which you are working. + And, furthermore, you need them available on your host system. + + + + Kernel source code is available on your host system a couple of different + ways. + If you are working in the kernel all the time, you probably would want + to set up your own local Git repository of the kernel tree. + If you just need to make some patches to the kernel, you can access + temporary kernel source files that were extracted and used + during a build. + We will just talk about working with the temporary source code. + For more information on how to get kernel source code onto your + host system, see the + "Yocto Project Kernel" + bulleted item earlier in the manual. + + + + What happens during the build? + When you build the kernel on your development system, all files needed for the build + are taken from the source repositories pointed to by the + SRC_URI variable + and gathered in a temporary work area + where they are subsequently used to create the unique kernel. + Thus, in a sense, the process constructs a local source tree specific to your + kernel to generate the new kernel image - a source generator if you will. + + The following figure shows the temporary file structure + created on your host system when the build occurs. + This + Build Directory contains all the + source files used during the build. + + + + + + + + Again, for additional information on the Yocto Project kernel's + architecture and its branching strategy, see the + Yocto Project Linux Kernel Development Manual. + You can also reference the + "Patching the Kernel" + section for a detailed example that modifies the kernel. + +
+ +
+ Kernel Modification Workflow + + + This illustration and the following list summarizes the kernel modification general workflow. + + + + + + + + + Set up your host development system to support + development using the Yocto Project: See + "The Linux Distribution" and + "The Packages" sections both + in the Yocto Project Quick Start for requirements. + Establish a local copy of project files on your + system: Having the Source + Directory on your system gives you access to the build process and tools + you need. + For information on how to get these files, see the bulleted item + "Yocto Project Release" earlier in this manual. + + Establish the temporary kernel source files: + Temporary kernel source files are kept in the + Build Directory + created by the + OpenEmbedded build system when you run BitBake. + If you have never built the kernel in which you are + interested, you need to run an initial build to + establish local kernel source files. + If you are building an image for the first time, you need to get the build + environment ready by sourcing an environment setup script + (i.e. oe-init-build-env or + oe-init-build-env-memres). + You also need to be sure two key configuration files + (local.conf and bblayers.conf) + are configured appropriately. + The entire process for building an image is overviewed in the + "Building an Image" + section of the Yocto Project Quick Start. + You might want to reference this information. + You can find more information on BitBake in the + BitBake User Manual. + + The build process supports several types of images to satisfy different needs. + See the "Images" chapter in + the Yocto Project Reference Manual for information on supported images. + + Make changes to the kernel source code if + applicable: Modifying the kernel does not always mean directly + changing source files. + However, if you have to do this, you make the changes to the files in the + Build Directory. + Make kernel configuration changes + if applicable: + If your situation calls for changing the kernel's configuration, you can + use the yocto-kernel script or menuconfig + to enable and disable kernel configurations. + Using the script lets you interactively set up kernel configurations. + Using menuconfig allows you to interactively develop and test the + configuration changes you are making to the kernel. + When saved, changes using menuconfig update the kernel's + .config file. + Try to resist the temptation of directly editing the .config + file found in the Build Directory at + tmp/sysroots/<machine-name>/kernel. + Doing so, can produce unexpected results when the OpenEmbedded build system + regenerates the configuration file. + Once you are satisfied with the configuration changes made using + menuconfig, you can directly compare the + .config file against a saved original and gather those + changes into a config fragment to be referenced from within the kernel's + .bbappend file. + Rebuild the kernel image with your changes: + Rebuilding the kernel image applies your changes. + + +
+
+
+ +
+ Application Development Workflow + + + Application development involves creating an application that you want + to run on your target hardware, which is running a kernel image created using the + OpenEmbedded build system. + The Yocto Project provides an + Application Development Toolkit (ADT) + and stand-alone + cross-development toolchains + that facilitate quick development and integration of your application into its runtime environment. + Using the ADT and toolchains, you can compile and link your application. + You can then deploy your application to the actual hardware or to the QEMU emulator for testing. + If you are familiar with the popular Eclipse IDE, + you can use an Eclipse Yocto Plug-in to + allow you to develop, deploy, and test your application all from within Eclipse. + + + + While we strongly suggest using the ADT to develop your application, this option might not + be best for you. + If this is the case, you can still use pieces of the Yocto Project for your development process. + However, because the process can vary greatly, this manual does not provide detail on the process. + + +
+ Workflow Using the ADT and <trademark class='trade'>Eclipse</trademark> + + + To help you understand how application development works using the ADT, this section + provides an overview of the general development process and a detailed example of the process + as it is used from within the Eclipse IDE. + + + + The following illustration and list summarize the application development general workflow. + + + + + + + + + Prepare the host system for the Yocto Project: + See + "Supported Linux Distributions" + and + "Required Packages for the Host Development System" sections both + in the Yocto Project Reference Manual for requirements. + In particular, be sure your host system has the + xterm package installed. + + Secure the Yocto Project kernel target image: + You must have a target kernel image that has been built using the OpenEmbedded + build system. + Depending on whether the Yocto Project has a pre-built image that matches your target + architecture and where you are going to run the image while you develop your application + (QEMU or real hardware), the area from which you get the image differs. + + Download the image from + machines + if your target architecture is supported and you are going to develop + and test your application on actual hardware. + Download the image from + + machines/qemu if your target architecture is supported + and you are going to develop and test your application using the QEMU + emulator. + Build your image if you cannot find a pre-built image that matches + your target architecture. + If your target architecture is similar to a supported architecture, you can + modify the kernel image before you build it. + See the + "Patching the Kernel" + section for an example. + + For information on pre-built kernel image naming schemes for images + that can run on the QEMU emulator, see the + "Downloading the Pre-Built Linux Kernel" + section in the Yocto Project Quick Start. + Install the ADT: + The ADT provides a target-specific cross-development toolchain, the root filesystem, + the QEMU emulator, and other tools that can help you develop your application. + While it is possible to get these pieces separately, the ADT Installer provides an + easy, inclusive method. + You can get these pieces by running an ADT installer script, which is configurable. + For information on how to install the ADT, see the + "Using the ADT Installer" + section + in the Yocto Project Application Developer's Guide. + If applicable, secure the target root filesystem + and the Cross-development toolchain: + If you choose not to install the ADT using the ADT Installer, + you need to find and download the appropriate root filesystem and + the cross-development toolchain. + You can find the tarballs for the root filesystem in the same area used + for the kernel image. + Depending on the type of image you are running, the root filesystem you need differs. + For example, if you are developing an application that runs on an image that + supports Sato, you need to get a root filesystem that supports Sato. + You can find the cross-development toolchains at + toolchains. + Be sure to get the correct toolchain for your development host and your + target architecture. + See the "Using a Cross-Toolchain Tarball" + section in the Yocto Project Application Developer's Guide for information + and the + "Installing the Toolchain" + in the Yocto Project Quick Start for information on finding and installing + the correct toolchain based on your host development system and your target + architecture. + + Create and build your application: + At this point, you need to have source files for your application. + Once you have the files, you can use the Eclipse IDE to import them and build the + project. + If you are not using Eclipse, you need to use the cross-development tools you have + installed to create the image. + Deploy the image with the application: + If you are using the Eclipse IDE, you can deploy your image to the hardware or to + QEMU through the project's preferences. + If you are not using the Eclipse IDE, then you need to deploy the application + to the hardware using other methods. + Or, if you are using QEMU, you need to use that tool and load your image in for testing. + + Test and debug the application: + Once your application is deployed, you need to test it. + Within the Eclipse IDE, you can use the debugging environment along with the + set of user-space tools installed along with the ADT to debug your application. + Of course, the same user-space tools are available separately if you choose + not to use the Eclipse IDE. + + +
+ +
+ Working Within Eclipse + + + The Eclipse IDE is a popular development environment and it fully + supports development using the Yocto Project. + + This release of the Yocto Project supports both the Kepler + and Juno versions of the Eclipse IDE. + Thus, the following information provides setup information for + both versions. + + + + + When you install and configure the Eclipse Yocto Project Plug-in + into the Eclipse IDE, you maximize your Yocto Project experience. + Installing and configuring the Plug-in results in an environment + that has extensions specifically designed to let you more easily + develop software. + These extensions allow for cross-compilation, deployment, and + execution of your output into a QEMU emulation session as well as + actual target hardware. + You can also perform cross-debugging and profiling. + The environment also supports a suite of tools that allows you + to perform remote profiling, tracing, collection of power data, + collection of latency data, and collection of performance data. + + + + This section describes how to install and configure the Eclipse IDE + Yocto Plug-in and how to use it to develop your application. + + +
+ Setting Up the Eclipse IDE + + + To develop within the Eclipse IDE, you need to do the following: + + Install the optimal version of the Eclipse + IDE. + Configure the Eclipse IDE. + + Install the Eclipse Yocto Plug-in. + + Configure the Eclipse Yocto Plug-in. + + + + Do not install Eclipse from your distribution's package + repository. + Be sure to install Eclipse from the official Eclipse + download site as directed in the next section. + + + +
+ Installing the Eclipse IDE + + + It is recommended that you have the Kepler 4.3.2 version of + the Eclipse IDE installed on your development system. + However, if you currently have the Juno 4.2 version + installed and you do not want to upgrade the IDE, you can + configure Juno to work with the Yocto Project. + + + + If you do not have the Kepler 4.3.2 Eclipse IDE installed, + you can find the tarball at + . + From that site, choose the Eclipse Standard 4.3.2 version + particular to your development host. + This version contains the Eclipse Platform, the Java + Development Tools (JDT), and the Plug-in Development + Environment. + + + + Once you have downloaded the tarball, extract it into a + clean directory. + For example, the following commands unpack and install the + downloaded Eclipse IDE tarball into a clean directory + using the default name eclipse: + + $ cd ~ + $ tar -xzvf ~/Downloads/eclipse-standard-kepler-SR2-linux-gtk-x86_64.tar.gz + + +
+ +
+ Configuring the Eclipse IDE + + + This section presents the steps needed to configure the + Eclipse IDE. + + + + Before installing and configuring the Eclipse Yocto Plug-in, + you need to configure the Eclipse IDE. + Follow these general steps: + + Start the Eclipse IDE. + Make sure you are in your Workbench and + select "Install New Software" from the "Help" + pull-down menu. + Select + Kepler - &ECLIPSE_KEPLER_URL; + from the "Work with:" pull-down menu. + + For Juno, select + Juno - &ECLIPSE_JUNO_URL; + + + Expand the box next to "Linux Tools" + and select the + LTTng - Linux Tracing Toolkit + boxes. + Expand the box next to "Mobile and + Device Development" and select the following boxes: + + C/C++ Remote Launch (Requires RSE Remote System Explorer) + Remote System Explorer End-user Runtime + Remote System Explorer User Actions + Target Management Terminal + TCF Remote System Explorer add-in + TCF Target Explorer + + Expand the box next to "Programming + Languages" and select the + C/C++ Autotools Support + and C/C++ Development Tools + boxes. + Complete the installation and restart + the Eclipse IDE. + + +
+ +
+ Installing or Accessing the Eclipse Yocto Plug-in + + + You can install the Eclipse Yocto Plug-in into the Eclipse + IDE one of two ways: use the Yocto Project's Eclipse + Update site to install the pre-built plug-in or build and + install the plug-in from the latest source code. + + +
+ Installing the Pre-built Plug-in from the Yocto Project Eclipse Update Site + + + To install the Eclipse Yocto Plug-in from the update + site, follow these steps: + + Start up the Eclipse IDE. + + In Eclipse, select "Install New + Software" from the "Help" menu. + + Click "Add..." in the "Work with:" + area. + Enter + &ECLIPSE_DL_PLUGIN_URL;/kepler + in the URL field and provide a meaningful name + in the "Name" field. + + If you are using Juno, use + &ECLIPSE_DL_PLUGIN_URL;/juno + in the URL field. + + Click "OK" to have the entry added + to the "Work with:" drop-down list. + + Select the entry for the plug-in + from the "Work with:" drop-down list. + + Check the boxes next to + Yocto Project ADT Plug-in, + Yocto Project Bitbake Commander Plug-in, + and + Yocto Project Documentation plug-in. + + Complete the remaining software + installation steps and then restart the Eclipse + IDE to finish the installation of the plug-in. + + + +
+ +
+ Installing the Plug-in Using the Latest Source Code + + + To install the Eclipse Yocto Plug-in from the latest + source code, follow these steps: + + Be sure your development system + is not using OpenJDK to build the plug-in + by doing the following: + + Use the Oracle JDK. + If you don't have that, go to + + and download the appropriate tarball + for your development system and + extract it into your home directory. + + In the shell you are going + to do your work, export the location of + the Oracle Java as follows: + + export PATH=~/jdk1.7.0_40/bin:$PATH + + + In the same shell, create a Git + repository with: + + $ cd ~ + $ git clone git://git.yoctoproject.org/eclipse-poky-kepler + + + If you are using Juno, the repository is + located at + git://git.yoctoproject.org/eclipse-poky-juno. + + For this example, the repository is named + ~/eclipse-poky-kepler. + + Change to the directory where you + set up the Git repository: + + $ cd ~/eclipse-poky-kepler + + Be sure you are in the right branch + for your Git repository. + For this release set the branch to + &DISTRO_NAME;: + + $ git checkout &DISTRO_NAME; + + Change to the + scripts + directory within the Git repository: + + $ cd scripts + + Set up the local build environment + by running the setup script: + + $ ./setup.sh + + When the script finishes execution, + it prompts you with instructions on how to run + the build.sh script, which + is also in the scripts + directory of + the Git repository created earlier. + + Run the build.sh script + as directed. + Be sure to provide the name of the Git branch + along with the Yocto Project release you are + using. + Here is an example that uses the + &DISTRO_NAME; branch: + + $ ECLIPSE_HOME=/home/scottrif/eclipse-poky-kepler/scripts/eclipse ./build.sh &DISTRO_NAME; &DISTRO_NAME; + + After running the script, the file + org.yocto.sdk-<release>-<date>-archive.zip + is in the current directory. + If necessary, start the Eclipse IDE + and be sure you are in the Workbench. + + Select "Install New Software" from the "Help" pull-down menu. + + Click "Add". + Provide anything you want in the + "Name" field. + Click "Archive" and browse to the + ZIP file you built in step eight. + This ZIP file should not be "unzipped", and must + be the *archive.zip file + created by running the + build.sh script. + + Click through the "Okay" buttons. + + Check the boxes + in the installation window and complete + the installation. + Restart the Eclipse IDE if + necessary. + + + + + At this point you should be able to configure the + Eclipse Yocto Plug-in as described in the + "Configuring the Eclipse Yocto Plug-in" + section. +
+
+ +
+ Configuring the Eclipse Yocto Plug-in + + + Configuring the Eclipse Yocto Plug-in involves setting the + Cross Compiler options and the Target options. + The configurations you choose become the default settings + for all projects. + You do have opportunities to change them later when + you configure the project (see the following section). + + + + To start, you need to do the following from within the + Eclipse IDE: + + Choose "Preferences" from the + "Windows" menu to display the Preferences Dialog. + + Click "Yocto Project ADT". + + + + +
+ Configuring the Cross-Compiler Options + + + To configure the Cross Compiler Options, you must select + the type of toolchain, point to the toolchain, specify + the sysroot location, and select the target + architecture. + + Selecting the Toolchain Type: + Choose between + Standalone pre-built toolchain + and + Build system derived toolchain + for Cross Compiler Options. + + + Standalone Pre-built Toolchain: + Select this mode when you are using + a stand-alone cross-toolchain. + For example, suppose you are an + application developer and do not + need to build a target image. + Instead, you just want to use an + architecture-specific toolchain on + an existing kernel and target root + filesystem. + + Build System Derived Toolchain: + Select this mode if the + cross-toolchain has been installed + and built as part of the + Build Directory. + When you select + Build system derived toolchain, + you are using the toolchain bundled + inside the Build Directory. + + + + Point to the Toolchain: + If you are using a stand-alone pre-built + toolchain, you should be pointing to where it is + installed. + If you used the ADT Installer script and + accepted the default installation directory, the + toolchain will be installed in the + &YOCTO_ADTPATH_DIR; + directory. + Sections "Configuring and Running the ADT Installer Script" + and + "Using a Cross-Toolchain Tarball" + in the Yocto Project Application Developer's + Guide describe how to install a stand-alone + cross-toolchain. + If you are using a system-derived + toolchain, the path you provide for the + Toolchain Root Location + field is the + Build Directory. + See the + "Using BitBake and the Build Directory" + section in the Yocto Project Application + Developer's Guide for information on how to + install the toolchain into the Build + Directory. + Specify the Sysroot Location: + This location is where the root filesystem for + the target hardware resides. + If you used the ADT Installer script and + accepted the default installation directory, + then the location is + /opt/poky/&DISTRO;. + Additionally, when you use the ADT Installer + script, the same location is used for the QEMU + user-space tools and the NFS boot process. + + If you used either of the other two + methods to install the toolchain or did not + accept the ADT Installer script's default + installation directory, then the location of + the sysroot filesystem depends on where you + separately extracted and installed the + filesystem. + For information on how to install the + toolchain and on how to extract and install the + sysroot filesystem, see the + "Installing the ADT and Toolchains" + section in the Yocto Project Application + Developer's Guide. + + Select the Target Architecture: + The target architecture is the type of hardware + you are going to use or emulate. + Use the pull-down + Target Architecture menu + to make your selection. + The pull-down menu should have the supported + architectures. + If the architecture you need is not listed in + the menu, you will need to build the image. + See the + "Building an Image" + section of the Yocto Project Quick Start for + more information. + + +
+ +
+ Configuring the Target Options + + + You can choose to emulate hardware using the QEMU + emulator, or you can choose to run your image on actual + hardware. + + QEMU: + Select this option if you will be using the + QEMU emulator. + If you are using the emulator, you also need to + locate the kernel and specify any custom + options. + If you selected + Build system derived toolchain, + the target kernel you built will be located in + the Build Directory in + tmp/deploy/images/<machine> + directory. + If you selected + Standalone pre-built toolchain, + the pre-built image you downloaded is located + in the directory you specified when you + downloaded the image. + Most custom options are for advanced QEMU + users to further customize their QEMU instance. + These options are specified between paired + angled brackets. + Some options must be specified outside the + brackets. + In particular, the options + serial, + nographic, and + kvm must all be outside the + brackets. + Use the man qemu command + to get help on all the options and their use. + The following is an example: + + serial ‘<-m 256 -full-screen>’ + + + Regardless of the mode, Sysroot is already + defined as part of the Cross-Compiler Options + configuration in the + Sysroot Location: field. + + External HW: + Select this option if you will be using actual + hardware. + + + + + Click the "OK" to save your plug-in configurations. + +
+
+
+ +
+ Creating the Project + + + You can create two types of projects: Autotools-based, or + Makefile-based. + This section describes how to create Autotools-based projects + from within the Eclipse IDE. + For information on creating Makefile-based projects in a + terminal window, see the section + "Using the Command Line" + in the Yocto Project Application Developer's Guide. + + Do not use special characters in project names + (e.g. spaces, underscores, etc.). Doing so can + cause configuration to fail. + + + + + To create a project based on a Yocto template and then display + the source code, follow these steps: + + Select "Project" from the "File -> New" menu. + + Double click CC++. + + Double click C Project + to create the project. + Expand Yocto Project ADT Project. + + Select Hello World ANSI C Autotools Project. + This is an Autotools-based project based on a Yocto + template. + Put a name in the Project name: + field. + Do not use hyphens as part of the name. + + Click "Next". + Add information in the + Author and + Copyright notice fields. + + Be sure the License + field is correct. + Click "Finish". + If the "open perspective" prompt appears, + click "Yes" so that you in the C/C++ perspective. + + The left-hand navigation pane shows your + project. + You can display your source by double clicking the + project's source file. + + +
+ +
+ Configuring the Cross-Toolchains + + + The earlier section, + "Configuring the Eclipse Yocto Plug-in", + sets up the default project configurations. + You can override these settings for a given project by following + these steps: + + Select "Change Yocto Project Settings" from + the "Project" menu. + This selection brings up the Yocto Project Settings + Dialog and allows you to make changes specific to an + individual project. + By default, the Cross Compiler Options and Target + Options for a project are inherited from settings you + provided using the Preferences Dialog as described + earlier in the + "Configuring the Eclipse Yocto Plug-in" section. + The Yocto Project Settings Dialog allows you to override + those default settings for a given project. + + Make your configurations for the project + and click "OK". + If you are running the Juno version of Eclipse, you can + skip down to the next section where you build the + project. + If you are not working with Juno, you need to reconfigure the + project as described in the next step. + + Select "Reconfigure Project" from the + "Project" menu. + This selection reconfigures the project by running + autogen.sh in the workspace for + your project. + The script also runs libtoolize, + aclocal, + autoconf, + autoheader, + automake --a, and + ./configure. + Click on the "Console" tab beneath your source code to + see the results of reconfiguring your project. + + + +
+ +
+ Building the Project + + + To build the project in Juno, right click on the project in + the navigator pane and select "Build Project". + If you are not running Juno, select "Build Project" from the + "Project" menu. + The console should update and you can note the cross-compiler + you are using. + +
+ +
+ Starting QEMU in User-Space NFS Mode + + + To start the QEMU emulator from within Eclipse, follow these + steps: + + Expose and select "External Tools" from + the "Run" menu. + Your image should appear as a selectable menu item. + + Select your image from the menu to launch + the emulator in a new window. + If needed, enter your host root password in + the shell window at the prompt. + This sets up a Tap 0 connection + needed for running in user-space NFS mode. + + Wait for QEMU to launch. + Once QEMU launches, you can begin operating + within that environment. + For example, you could determine the IP Address + for the user-space NFS by using the + ifconfig command. + + +
+ +
+ Deploying and Debugging the Application + + + Once the QEMU emulator is running the image, you can deploy + your application using the Eclipse IDE and then use + the emulator to perform debugging. + Follow these steps to deploy the application. + + Select "Debug Configurations..." from the + "Run" menu. + In the left area, expand + C/C++Remote Application. + + Locate your project and select it to bring + up a new tabbed view in the Debug Configurations Dialog. + + Enter the absolute path into which you want + to deploy the application. + Use the "Remote Absolute File Path for + C/C++Application:" field. + For example, enter + /usr/bin/<programname>. + + Click on the "Debugger" tab to see the + cross-tool debugger you are using. + Click on the "Main" tab. + Create a new connection to the QEMU instance + by clicking on "new". + Select TCF, which means + Target Communication Framework. + Click "Next". + Clear out the "host name" field and enter + the IP Address determined earlier. + Click "Finish" to close the + New Connections Dialog. + Use the drop-down menu now in the + "Connection" field and pick the IP Address you entered. + + Click "Run" to bring up a login screen + and login. + Accept the debug perspective. + + + +
+ +
+ Running User-Space Tools + + + As mentioned earlier in the manual, several tools exist that + enhance your development experience. + These tools are aids in developing and debugging applications + and images. + You can run these user-space tools from within the Eclipse + IDE through the "YoctoTools" menu. + + + + Once you pick a tool, you need to configure it for the remote + target. + Every tool needs to have the connection configured. + You must select an existing TCF-based RSE connection to the + remote target. + If one does not exist, click "New" to create one. + + + + Here are some specifics about the remote tools: + + OProfile: + Selecting this tool causes the + oprofile-server on the remote + target to launch on the local host machine. + The oprofile-viewer must be + installed on the local host machine and the + oprofile-server must be installed + on the remote target, respectively, in order to use. + You must compile and install the + oprofile-viewer from the source + code on your local host machine. + Furthermore, in order to convert the target's sample + format data into a form that the host can use, you must + have OProfile version 0.9.4 or greater installed on the + host. + You can locate both the viewer and server from + . + You can also find more information on setting up and + using this tool in the + "oprofile" + section of the Yocto Project Profiling and Tracing + Manual. + The oprofile-server is + installed by default on the + core-image-sato-sdk image. + + Lttng2.0 ust trace import: + Selecting this tool transfers the remote target's + Lttng tracing data back to the + local host machine and uses the Lttng Eclipse plug-in + to graphically display the output. + For information on how to use Lttng to trace an + application, + see + and the + "LTTng (Linux Trace Toolkit, next generation)" + section, which is in the Yocto Project Profiling and + Tracing Manual. + Do not use + Lttng-user space (legacy) tool. + This tool no longer has any upstream support. + + Before you use the + Lttng2.0 ust trace import tool, + you need to setup the Lttng Eclipse plug-in and create a + Tracing project. + Do the following: + + Select "Open Perspective" from the + "Window" menu and then select "Tracing". + + Click "OK" to change the Eclipse + perspective into the Tracing perspective. + + Create a new Tracing project by + selecting "Project" from the "File -> New" menu. + + Choose "Tracing Project" from the + "Tracing" menu. + + Generate your tracing data on the + remote target. + Select "Lttng2.0 ust trace import" + from the "Yocto Project Tools" menu to + start the data import process. + Specify your remote connection name. + + For the Ust directory path, specify + the location of your remote tracing data. + Make sure the location ends with + ust (e.g. + /usr/mysession/ust). + + Click "OK" to complete the import + process. + The data is now in the local tracing project + you created. + Right click on the data and then use + the menu to Select "Generic CTF Trace" from the + "Trace Type... -> Common Trace Format" menu to + map the tracing type. + Right click the mouse and select + "Open" to bring up the Eclipse Lttng Trace + Viewer so you view the tracing data. + + + PowerTOP: + Selecting this tool runs PowerTOP on the remote target + machine and displays the results in a new view called + PowerTOP. + The "Time to gather data(sec):" field is the time + passed in seconds before data is gathered from the + remote target for analysis. + The "show pids in wakeups list:" field corresponds + to the -p argument passed to + PowerTOP. + LatencyTOP and Perf: + LatencyTOP identifies system latency, while + Perf monitors the system's performance counter + registers. + Selecting either of these tools causes an RSE terminal + view to appear from which you can run the tools. + Both tools refresh the entire screen to display results + while they run. + For more information on setting up and using + perf, see the + "perf" + section in the Yocto Project Profiling and Tracing + Manual. + + + +
+ +
+ Customizing an Image Using a BitBake Commander Project and Hob + + + Within the Eclipse IDE, you can create a Yocto BitBake Commander + project, edit the Metadata, and + then use + Hob to build a customized image all within one IDE. + + +
+ Creating the Yocto BitBake Commander Project + + + To create a Yocto BitBake Commander project, follow these + steps: + + Select "Other" from the + "Window -> Open Perspective" menu + and then choose "Bitbake Commander". + + Click "OK" to change the perspective to + Bitbake Commander. + Select "Project" from the "File -> New" + menu to create a new Yocto + Bitbake Commander project. + Choose "New Yocto Project" from the + "Yocto Project Bitbake Commander" menu and click + "Next". + Enter the Project Name and choose the + Project Location. + The Yocto project's Metadata files will be put under + the directory + <project_location>/<project_name>. + If that directory does not exist, you need to check + the "Clone from Yocto Git Repository" box, which + would execute a git clone + command to get the project's Metadata files. + + Do not specify your BitBake Commander project + location as your Eclipse workspace. + Doing so causes an error indicating that the + current project overlaps the location of + another project. + This error occurs even if no such project exits. + + Select Finish to + create the project. + + +
+ +
+ Editing the Metadata + + + After you create the Yocto Bitbake Commander project, you + can modify the Metadata + files by opening them in the project. + When editing recipe files (.bb files), + you can view BitBake variable values and information by + hovering the mouse pointer over the variable name and + waiting a few seconds. + + + + To edit the Metadata, follow these steps: + + Select your Yocto Bitbake Commander + project. + Select "BitBake Recipe" from the + "File -> New -> Yocto BitBake Commander" menu + to open a new recipe wizard. + Point to your source by filling in the + "SRC_URL" field. + For example, you can add a recipe to your + Source Directory + by defining "SRC_URL" as follows: + + ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/m4/m4-1.4.9.tar.gz + + Click "Populate" to calculate the + archive md5, sha256, license checksum values and to + auto-generate the recipe filename. + Fill in the "Description" field. + + Be sure values for all required + fields exist. + Click "Finish". + + +
+ +
+ Building and Customizing the Image Using Hob + + + To build and customize the image using Hob from within the + Eclipse IDE, follow these steps: + + Select your Yocto Bitbake Commander + project. + Select "Launch Hob" from the "Project" + menu. + Enter the + Build Directory + where you want to put your final images. + + Click "OK" to launch Hob. + + Use Hob to customize and build your own + images. + For information on Hob, see the + Hob Project Page + on the Yocto Project website. + + +
+
+
+ +
+ Workflow Using Stand-Alone Cross-Development Toolchains + + + If you want to develop an application without prior installation + of the ADT, you still can employ the + Cross Development Toolchain, + the QEMU emulator, and a number of supported target image files. + You just need to follow these general steps: + + Install the cross-development + toolchain for your target hardware: + For information on how to install the toolchain, see the + "Using a Cross-Toolchain Tarball" + section in the Yocto Project Application Developer's + Guide. + Download the Target Image: + The Yocto Project supports several target architectures + and has many pre-built kernel images and root filesystem + images. + If you are going to develop your application on + hardware, go to the + machines + download area and choose a target machine area + from which to download the kernel image and root filesystem. + This download area could have several files in it that + support development using actual hardware. + For example, the area might contain + .hddimg files that combine the + kernel image with the filesystem, boot loaders, and + so forth. + Be sure to get the files you need for your particular + development process. + If you are going to develop your application and + then run and test it using the QEMU emulator, go to the + machines/qemu + download area. + From this area, go down into the directory for your + target architecture (e.g. qemux86_64 + for an Intel-based + 64-bit architecture). + Download kernel, root filesystem, and any other files you + need for your process. + In order to use the root filesystem in QEMU, you + need to extract it. + See the + "Extracting the Root Filesystem" + section for information on how to extract the root + filesystem. + Develop and Test your + Application: At this point, you have the tools + to develop your application. + If you need to separately install and use the QEMU + emulator, you can go to + QEMU Home Page + to download and learn about the emulator. + + +
+
+ +
+ Modifying Temporary Source Code + + + You might + find it helpful during development to modify the temporary source code used by recipes + to build packages. + For example, suppose you are developing a patch and you need to experiment a bit + to figure out your solution. + After you have initially built the package, you can iteratively tweak the + source code, which is located in the + Build Directory, and then + you can force a re-compile and quickly test your altered code. + Once you settle on a solution, you can then preserve your changes in the form of + patches. + You can accomplish these steps all within either a + Quilt or + Git workflow. + + +
+ Finding the Temporary Source Code + + + During a build, the unpacked temporary source code used by recipes + to build packages is available in the Build Directory as + defined by the + S variable. + Below is the default value for the S variable as defined in the + meta/conf/bitbake.conf configuration file in the + Source Directory: + + S = "${WORKDIR}/${BP}" + + You should be aware that many recipes override the S variable. + For example, recipes that fetch their source from Git usually set + S to ${WORKDIR}/git. + + The + BP + represents the base recipe name, which consists of the name and version: + + BP = "${BPN}-${PV}" + + + + + + The path to the work directory for the recipe + (WORKDIR) + is defined as follows: + + ${TMPDIR}/work/${MULTIMACH_TARGET_SYS}/${PN}/${EXTENDPE}${PV}-${PR} + + The actual directory depends on several things: + + TMPDIR: + The top-level build output directory + MULTIMACH_TARGET_SYS: + The target system identifier + PN: + The recipe name + EXTENDPE: + The epoch - (if + PE + is not specified, which is usually the case for most + recipes, then EXTENDPE is blank) + PV: + The recipe version + PR: + The recipe revision + + + + + As an example, assume a Source Directory top-level folder + name poky, a default Build Directory at + poky/build, and a + qemux86-poky-linux machine target + system. + Furthermore, suppose your recipe is named + foo_1.3.0-r0.bb. + In this case, the work directory the build system uses to + build the package would be as follows: + + poky/build/tmp/work/qemux86-poky-linux/foo/1.3.0-r0 + + + + + Now that you know where to locate the directory that has the temporary source code, + you can use a Quilt or Git workflow to make your edits, test the changes, + and preserve the changes in the form of patches. + +
+ +
+ Using a Quilt Workflow + + + Quilt + is a powerful tool that allows you to capture source code changes without having + a clean source tree. + This section outlines the typical workflow you can use to modify temporary source code, + test changes, and then preserve the changes in the form of a patch all using Quilt. + + + + Follow these general steps: + + Find the Source Code: + The temporary source code used by the OpenEmbedded build system is kept in the + Build Directory. + See the + "Finding the Temporary Source Code" + section to learn how to locate the directory that has the temporary source code for a + particular package. + Change Your Working Directory: + You need to be in the directory that has the temporary source code. + That directory is defined by the + S + variable. + Create a New Patch: + Before modifying source code, you need to create a new patch. + To create a new patch file, use quilt new as below: + + $ quilt new my_changes.patch + + Notify Quilt and Add Files: + After creating the patch, you need to notify Quilt about the files + you plan to edit. + You notify Quilt by adding the files to the patch you just created: + + $ quilt add file1.c file2.c file3.c + + + Edit the Files: + Make your changes in the temporary source code to the files you added + to the patch. + Test Your Changes: + Once you have modified the source code, the easiest way to test your changes + is by calling the compile task as shown in the following example: + + $ bitbake -c compile -f <name_of_package> + + The -f or --force + option forces the specified task to execute. + If you find problems with your code, you can just keep editing and + re-testing iteratively until things work as expected. + All the modifications you make to the temporary source code + disappear once you -c clean or + -c cleanall with BitBake for the package. + Modifications will also disappear if you use the rm_work + feature as described in the + "Building an Image" + section of the Yocto Project Quick Start. + + Generate the Patch: + Once your changes work as expected, you need to use Quilt to generate the final patch that + contains all your modifications. + + $ quilt refresh + + At this point, the my_changes.patch file has all your edits made + to the file1.c, file2.c, and + file3.c files. + You can find the resulting patch file in the patches/ + subdirectory of the source (S) directory. + Copy the Patch File: + For simplicity, copy the patch file into a directory named files, + which you can create in the same directory that holds the recipe + (.bb) file or the + append (.bbappend) file. + Placing the patch here guarantees that the OpenEmbedded build system will find + the patch. + Next, add the patch into the + SRC_URI + of the recipe. + Here is an example: + + SRC_URI += "file://my_changes.patch" + + Increment the Recipe Revision Number: + Finally, don't forget to 'bump' the + PR + value in the recipe since the resulting packages have changed. + +
+ +
+ Using a Git Workflow + + Git is an even more powerful tool that allows you to capture source code changes without having + a clean source tree. + This section outlines the typical workflow you can use to modify temporary source code, + test changes, and then preserve the changes in the form of a patch all using Git. + For general information on Git as it is used in the Yocto Project, see the + "Git" section. + + + + This workflow uses Git only for its ability to manage local changes to the source code + and produce patches independent of any version control system used with the Yocto Project. + + + + Follow these general steps: + + Find the Source Code: + The temporary source code used by the OpenEmbedded build system is kept in the + Build Directory. + See the + "Finding the Temporary Source Code" + section to learn how to locate the directory that has the temporary source code for a + particular package. + Change Your Working Directory: + You need to be in the directory that has the temporary source code. + That directory is defined by the + S + variable. + If needed, initialize a Git Repository: + If the recipe you are working with does not use a Git fetcher, + you need to set up a Git repository as follows: + + $ git init + $ git add * + $ git commit -m "initial revision" + + The above Git commands initialize a Git repository that is based on the + files in your current working directory, stage all the files, and commit + the files. + At this point, your Git repository is aware of all the source code files. + Any edits you now make to files can be committed later and will be tracked by + Git. + Edit the Files: + Make your changes to the temporary source code. + Test Your Changes: + Once you have modified the source code, the easiest way to test your changes + is by calling the compile task as shown in the following example: + + $ bitbake -c compile -f <name_of_package> + + The -f or --force + option forces the specified task to execute. + If you find problems with your code, you can just keep editing and + re-testing iteratively until things work as expected. + All the modifications you make to the temporary source code + disappear once you -c clean, -c cleansstate, + or -c cleanall with BitBake for the package. + Modifications will also disappear if you use the rm_work + feature as described in the + "Building an Image" + section of the Yocto Project Quick Start. + + See the List of Files You Changed: + Use the git status command to see what files you have actually edited. + The ability to have Git track the files you have changed is an advantage that this + workflow has over the Quilt workflow. + Here is the Git command to list your changed files: + + $ git status + + Stage the Modified Files: + Use the git add command to stage the changed files so they + can be committed as follows: + + $ git add file1.c file2.c file3.c + + Commit the Staged Files and View Your Changes: + Use the git commit command to commit the changes to the + local repository. + Once you have committed the files, you can use the git log + command to see your changes: + + $ git commit -m "<commit-summary-message>" + $ git log + + The name of the patch file created in the next step is based on your + commit-summary-message. + Generate the Patch: + Once the changes are committed, use the git format-patch + command to generate a patch file: + + $ git format-patch -1 + + Specifying "-1" causes Git to generate the + patch file for the most recent commit. + At this point, the patch file has all your edits made + to the file1.c, file2.c, and + file3.c files. + You can find the resulting patch file in the current directory and it + is named according to the git commit summary line. + The patch file ends with .patch. + Copy the Patch File: + For simplicity, copy the patch file into a directory named files, + which you can create in the same directory that holds the recipe + (.bb) file or the + append (.bbappend) file. + Placing the patch here guarantees that the OpenEmbedded build system will find + the patch. + Next, add the patch into the + SRC_URI + of the recipe. + Here is an example: + + SRC_URI += "file://0001-<commit-summary-message>.patch" + + Increment the Recipe Revision Number: + Finally, don't forget to 'bump' the + PR + value in the recipe since the resulting packages have changed. + + +
+
+ +
+ Image Development Using Hob + + + The Hob is a graphical user interface for the + OpenEmbedded build system, which is based on BitBake. + You can use the Hob to build custom operating system images within the Yocto Project build environment. + Hob simply provides a friendly interface over the build system used during development. + In other words, building images with the Hob lets you take care of common build tasks more easily. + + + + For a better understanding of Hob, see the project page at + + on the Yocto Project website. + If you follow the "Documentation" link from the Hob page, you will + find a short introductory training video on Hob. + The following lists some features of Hob: + + You can setup and run Hob using these commands: + + $ source oe-init-build-env + $ hob + + You can set the + MACHINE + for which you are building the image. + You can modify various policy settings such as the + package format with which to build, + the parallelism BitBake uses, whether or not to build an + external toolchain, and which host to build against. + + You can manage + layers. + You can select a base image and then add extra packages for your custom build. + + You can launch and monitor the build from within Hob. + + +
+ +
+ Using a Development Shell + + + When debugging certain commands or even when just editing packages, + devshell can be a useful tool. + When you invoke devshell, source files are + extracted into your working directory and patches are applied. + Then, a new terminal is opened and you are placed in the working directory. + In the new terminal, all the OpenEmbedded build-related environment variables are + still defined so you can use commands such as configure and + make. + The commands execute just as if the OpenEmbedded build system were executing them. + Consequently, working this way can be helpful when debugging a build or preparing + software to be used with the OpenEmbedded build system. + + + + Following is an example that uses devshell on a target named + matchbox-desktop: + + $ bitbake matchbox-desktop -c devshell + + + + + This command spawns a terminal with a shell prompt within the OpenEmbedded build environment. + The OE_TERMINAL + variable controls what type of shell is opened. + + + + For spawned terminals, the following occurs: + + The PATH variable includes the + cross-toolchain. + The pkgconfig variables find the correct + .pc files. + The configure command finds the + Yocto Project site files as well as any other necessary files. + + + + + Within this environment, you can run configure or compile + commands as if they were being run by + the OpenEmbedded build system itself. + As noted earlier, the working directory also automatically changes to the + Source Directory (S). + + + + When you are finished, you just exit the shell or close the terminal window. + + + + + It is worth remembering that when using devshell + you need to use the full compiler name such as arm-poky-linux-gnueabi-gcc + instead of just using gcc. + The same applies to other applications such as binutils, + libtool and so forth. + BitBake sets up environment variables such as CC + to assist applications, such as make to find the correct tools. + + + + It is also worth noting that devshell still works over + X11 forwarding and similar situations. + + +
+ + + diff --git a/documentation/dev-manual/dev-manual-newbie.xml b/documentation/dev-manual/dev-manual-newbie.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..37fa5af --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/dev-manual/dev-manual-newbie.xml @@ -0,0 +1,1687 @@ + %poky; ] > + + + +The Yocto Project Open Source Development Environment + + + This chapter helps you understand the Yocto Project as an open source development project. + In general, working in an open source environment is very different from working in a + closed, proprietary environment. + Additionally, the Yocto Project uses specific tools and constructs as part of its development + environment. + This chapter specifically addresses open source philosophy, using the + Yocto Project in a team environment, source repositories, Yocto Project + terms, licensing, the open source distributed version control system Git, + workflows, bug tracking, and how to submit changes. + + +
+ Open Source Philosophy + + + Open source philosophy is characterized by software development directed by peer production + and collaboration through an active community of developers. + Contrast this to the more standard centralized development models used by commercial software + companies where a finite set of developers produces a product for sale using a defined set + of procedures that ultimately result in an end product whose architecture and source material + are closed to the public. + + + + Open source projects conceptually have differing concurrent agendas, approaches, and production. + These facets of the development process can come from anyone in the public (community) that has a + stake in the software project. + The open source environment contains new copyright, licensing, domain, and consumer issues + that differ from the more traditional development environment. + In an open source environment, the end product, source material, and documentation are + all available to the public at no cost. + + + + A benchmark example of an open source project is the Linux Kernel, which was initially conceived + and created by Finnish computer science student Linus Torvalds in 1991. + Conversely, a good example of a non-open source project is the + Windows family of operating + systems developed by Microsoft Corporation. + + + + Wikipedia has a good historical description of the Open Source Philosophy + here. + You can also find helpful information on how to participate in the Linux Community + here. + +
+ +
+ Using the Yocto Project in a Team Environment + + + It might not be immediately clear how you can use the Yocto + Project in a team environment, or scale it for a large team of + developers. + One of the strengths of the Yocto Project is that it is extremely + flexible. + Thus, you can adapt it to many different use cases and scenarios. + However, these characteristics can cause a struggle if you are trying + to create a working setup that scales across a large team. + + + + To help with these types of situations, this section presents + some of the project's most successful experiences, + practices, solutions, and available technologies that work well. + Keep in mind, the information here is a starting point. + You can build off it and customize it to fit any + particular working environment and set of practices. + + +
+ System Configurations + + + Systems across a large team should meet the needs of + two types of developers: those working on the contents of the + operating system image itself and those developing applications. + Regardless of the type of developer, their workstations must + be both reasonably powerful and run Linux. + + +
+ Application Development + + + For developers who mainly do application level work + on top of an existing software stack, + here are some practices that work best: + + Use a pre-built toolchain that + contains the software stack itself. + Then, develop the application code on top of the + stack. + This method works well for small numbers of relatively + isolated applications. + When possible, use the Yocto Project + plug-in for the Eclipse IDE + and other pieces of Application Development + Technology (ADT). + For more information, see the + "Application + Development Workflow" section as well as the + Yocto Project Application Developer's Guide. + + Keep your cross-development toolchains + updated. + You can do this through provisioning either as new + toolchain downloads or as updates through a package + update mechanism using opkg + to provide updates to an existing toolchain. + The exact mechanics of how and when to do this are a + question for local policy. + Use multiple toolchains installed locally + into different locations to allow development across + versions. + + +
+ +
+ Core System Development + + + For core system development, it is often best to have the + build system itself available on the developer workstations + so developers can run their own builds and directly + rebuild the software stack. + You should keep the core system unchanged as much as + possible and do your work in layers on top of the core system. + Doing so gives you a greater level of portability when + upgrading to new versions of the core system or Board + Support Packages (BSPs). + You can share layers amongst the developers of a particular + project and contain the policy configuration that defines + the project. + + + + Aside from the previous best practices, there exists a number + of tips and tricks that can help speed up core development + projects: + + Use a + Shared State Cache + (sstate) among groups of developers who are on a + fast network. + The best way to share sstate is through a + Network File System (NFS) share. + The first user to build a given component for the + first time contributes that object to the sstate, + while subsequent builds from other developers then + reuse the object rather than rebuild it themselves. + + Although it is possible to use other protocols for the + sstate such as HTTP and FTP, you should avoid these. + Using HTTP limits the sstate to read-only and + FTP provides poor performance. + + Have autobuilders contribute to the sstate + pool similarly to how the developer workstations + contribute. + For information, see the + "Autobuilders" + section. + Build stand-alone tarballs that contain + "missing" system requirements if for some reason + developer workstations do not meet minimum system + requirements such as latest Python versions, + chrpath, or other tools. + You can install and relocate the tarball exactly as you + would the usual cross-development toolchain so that + all developers can meet minimum version requirements + on most distributions. + Use a small number of shared, + high performance systems for testing purposes + (e.g. dual, six-core Xeons with 24 Gbytes of RAM + and plenty of disk space). + Developers can use these systems for wider, more + extensive testing while they continue to develop + locally using their primary development system. + + Enable the PR Service when package feeds + need to be incremental with continually increasing + PR + values. + Typically, this situation occurs when you use or + publish package feeds and use a shared state. + You should enable the PR Service for all users who + use the shared state pool. + For more information on the PR Service, see the + "Working With a PR Service". + + + +
+
+ +
+ Source Control Management (SCM) + + + Keeping your + Metadata + and any software you are developing under the + control of an SCM system that is compatible + with the OpenEmbedded build system is advisable. + Of the SCMs BitBake supports, the + Yocto Project team strongly recommends using + Git. + Git is a distributed system that is easy to backup, + allows you to work remotely, and then connects back to the + infrastructure. + + For information about BitBake, see the + BitBake User Manual. + + + + + It is relatively easy to set up Git services and create + infrastructure like + http://git.yoctoproject.org, + which is based on server software called + gitolite with cgit + being used to generate the web interface that lets you view the + repositories. + The gitolite software identifies users + using SSH keys and allows branch-based + access controls to repositories that you can control as little + or as much as necessary. + + + + The setup of these services is beyond the scope of this manual. + However, sites such as these exist that describe how to perform + setup: + + Git documentation: + Describes how to install gitolite + on the server. + The gitolite master index: + All topics for gitolite. + + Interfaces, frontends, and tools: + Documentation on how to create interfaces and frontends + for Git. + + +
+ +
+ Autobuilders + + + Autobuilders are often the core of a development project. + It is here that changes from individual developers are brought + together and centrally tested and subsequent decisions about + releases can be made. + Autobuilders also allow for "continuous integration" style + testing of software components and regression identification + and tracking. + + + + See "Yocto Project Autobuilder" + for more information and links to buildbot. + The Yocto Project team has found this implementation + works well in this role. + A public example of this is the Yocto Project + Autobuilders, which we use to test the overall health of the + project. + + + + The features of this system are: + + Highlights when commits break the build. + + Populates an sstate cache from which + developers can pull rather than requiring local + builds. + Allows commit hook triggers, + which trigger builds when commits are made. + + Allows triggering of automated image booting + and testing under the QuickEMUlator (QEMU). + + Supports incremental build testing and + from-scratch builds. + Shares output that allows developer + testing and historical regression investigation. + + Creates output that can be used for releases. + + Allows scheduling of builds so that resources + can be used efficiently. + + +
+ +
+ Policies and Change Flow + + + The Yocto Project itself uses a hierarchical structure and a + pull model. + Scripts exist to create and send pull requests + (i.e. create-pull-request and + send-pull-request). + This model is in line with other open source projects where + maintainers are responsible for specific areas of the project + and a single maintainer handles the final "top-of-tree" merges. + + + + You can also use a more collective push model. + The gitolite software supports both the + push and pull models quite easily. + + + + As with any development environment, it is important + to document the policy used as well as any main project + guidelines so they are understood by everyone. + It is also a good idea to have well structured + commit messages, which are usually a part of a project's + guidelines. + Good commit messages are essential when looking back in time and + trying to understand why changes were made. + + + + If you discover that changes are needed to the core layer of the + project, it is worth sharing those with the community as soon + as possible. + Chances are if you have discovered the need for changes, someone + else in the community needs them also. + +
+ +
+ Summary + + + This section summarizes the key recommendations described in the + previous sections: + + Use Git + as the source control system. + Maintain your Metadata in layers that make sense + for your situation. + See the "Understanding + and Creating Layers" section for more information on + layers. + + Separate the project's Metadata and code by using + separate Git repositories. + See the + "Yocto Project Source Repositories" + section for information on these repositories. + See the + "Getting Set Up" + section for information on how to set up local Git + repositories for related upstream Yocto Project + Git repositories. + + Set up the directory for the shared state cache + (SSTATE_DIR) + where it makes sense. + For example, set up the sstate cache on a system used + by developers in the same organization and share the + same source directories on their machines. + + Set up an Autobuilder and have it populate the + sstate cache and source directories. + The Yocto Project community encourages you + to send patches to the project to fix bugs or add features. + If you do submit patches, follow the project commit + guidelines for writing good commit messages. + See the "How to Submit a Change" + section. + Send changes to the core sooner than later + as others are likely to run into the same issues. + For some guidance on mailing lists to use, see the list in the + "How to Submit a Change" + section. + For a description of the available mailing lists, see the + "Mailing Lists" + section in the Yocto Project Reference Manual. + + + +
+
+ +
+ Yocto Project Source Repositories + + + The Yocto Project team maintains complete source repositories for all + Yocto Project files at + . + This web-based source code browser is organized into categories by + function such as IDE Plugins, Matchbox, Poky, Yocto Linux Kernel, and + so forth. + From the interface, you can click on any particular item in the "Name" + column and see the URL at the bottom of the page that you need to clone + a Git repository for that particular item. + Having a local Git repository of the + Source Directory, which is + usually named "poky", allows + you to make changes, contribute to the history, and ultimately enhance + the Yocto Project's tools, Board Support Packages, and so forth. + + + + For any supported release of Yocto Project, you can also go to the + Yocto Project Website and + select the "Downloads" tab and get a released tarball of the + poky repository or any supported BSP tarballs. + Unpacking these tarballs gives you a snapshot of the released + files. + Notes + + + The recommended method for setting up the Yocto Project + Source Directory + and the files for supported BSPs + (e.g., meta-intel) is to use + Git to create a local copy of + the upstream repositories. + + + Be sure to always work in matching branches for both + the meta-intel repository and the + Source Directory + (i.e. poky) repository. + For example, if you have checked out the "master" branch + of poky and you are going to use + meta-intel, be sure to checkout the + "master" branch of meta-intel. + + + + + + + In summary, here is where you can get the project files needed for development: + + Source Repositories: + This area contains IDE Plugins, Matchbox, Poky, Poky Support, Tools, Yocto Linux Kernel, and Yocto + Metadata Layers. + You can create local copies of Git repositories for each of these areas. + + + + Index of /releases: + This is an index of releases such as + the Eclipse + Yocto Plug-in, miscellaneous support, Poky, Pseudo, installers for cross-development toolchains, + and all released versions of Yocto Project in the form of images or tarballs. + Downloading and extracting these files does not produce a local copy of the + Git repository but rather a snapshot of a particular release or image. + + + + "Downloads" page for the + Yocto Project Website: + Access this page by going to the website and then selecting + the "Downloads" tab. + This page allows you to download any Yocto Project + release or Board Support Package (BSP) in tarball form. + The tarballs are similar to those found in the + Index of /releases: area. + + + + + +
+ +
+ Yocto Project Terms + + + Following is a list of terms and definitions users new to the Yocto Project development + environment might find helpful. + While some of these terms are universal, the list includes them just in case: + + Append Files: Files that append build information to + a recipe file. + Append files are known as BitBake append files and .bbappend files. + The OpenEmbedded build system expects every append file to have a corresponding + recipe (.bb) file. + Furthermore, the append file and corresponding recipe file + must use the same root filename. + The filenames can differ only in the file type suffix used (e.g. + formfactor_0.0.bb and formfactor_0.0.bbappend). + + Information in append files overrides the information in the similarly-named recipe file. + For an example of an append file in use, see the + "Using .bbappend Files" section. + + BitBake: + The task executor and scheduler used by the OpenEmbedded build + system to build images. + For more information on BitBake, see the + BitBake User Manual. + + + Build Directory: + This term refers to the area used by the OpenEmbedded build + system for builds. + The area is created when you source the + setup environment script that is found in the Source Directory + (i.e. &OE_INIT_FILE; + or + oe-init-build-env-memres). + The TOPDIR + variable points to the Build Directory. + + + You have a lot of flexibility when creating the Build + Directory. + Following are some examples that show how to create the + directory. + The examples assume your + Source Directory is + named poky: + + Create the Build Directory inside your + Source Directory and let the name of the Build + Directory default to build: + + $ cd $HOME/poky + $ source &OE_INIT_FILE; + + Create the Build Directory inside your + home directory and specifically name it + test-builds: + + $ cd $HOME + $ source poky/&OE_INIT_FILE; test-builds + + + Provide a directory path and + specifically name the Build Directory. + Any intermediate folders in the pathname must + exist. + This next example creates a Build Directory named + YP-&POKYVERSION; + in your home directory within the existing + directory mybuilds: + + $cd $HOME + $ source $HOME/poky/&OE_INIT_FILE; $HOME/mybuilds/YP-&POKYVERSION; + + + + By default, the Build Directory contains + TMPDIR, + which is a temporary directory the build system uses for + its work. + TMPDIR cannot be under NFS. + Thus, by default, the Build Directory cannot be under NFS. + However, if you need the Build Directory to be under NFS, + you can set this up by setting TMPDIR + in your local.conf file + to use a local drive. + Doing so effectively separates TMPDIR + from TOPDIR, which is the Build + Directory. + + + Build System: + In the context of the Yocto Project, + this term refers to the OpenEmbedded build system used by the project. + This build system is based on the project known as "Poky." + For some historical information about Poky, see the + Poky term. + + Classes: Files that provide for logic encapsulation + and inheritance so that commonly used patterns can be defined once and then easily used + in multiple recipes. + For reference information on the Yocto Project classes, see the + "Classes" chapter of the + Yocto Project Reference Manual. + Class files end with the .bbclass filename extension. + + Configuration File: + Configuration information in various .conf + files provides global definitions of variables. + The conf/local.conf configuration file in + the + Build Directory + contains user-defined variables that affect every build. + The meta-yocto/conf/distro/poky.conf + configuration file defines Yocto "distro" configuration + variables used only when building with this policy. + Machine configuration files, which + are located throughout the + Source Directory, define + variables for specific hardware and are only used when building + for that target (e.g. the + machine/beaglebone.conf configuration + file defines variables for the Texas Instruments ARM Cortex-A8 + development board). + Configuration files end with a .conf + filename extension. + + + Cross-Development Toolchain: + In general, a cross-development toolchain is a collection of + software development tools and utilities that run on one + architecture and allow you to develop software for a + different, or targeted, architecture. + These toolchains contain cross-compilers, linkers, and + debuggers that are specific to the target architecture. + + + The Yocto Project supports two different cross-development + toolchains: + + A toolchain only used by and within + BitBake when building an image for a target + architecture. + A relocatable toolchain used outside of + BitBake by developers when developing applications + that will run on a targeted device. + Sometimes this relocatable cross-development + toolchain is referred to as the meta-toolchain. + + + + + + Creation of these toolchains is simple and automated. + For information on toolchain concepts as they apply to the + Yocto Project, see the + "Cross-Development Toolchain Generation" + section in the Yocto Project Reference Manual. + You can also find more information on using the + relocatable toolchain in the + Yocto Project + Application Developer's Guide. + + Image: + An image is the result produced when BitBake processes a given + collection of recipes and related Metadata. + Images are the binary output that run on specific hardware or + QEMU and are used for specific use-cases. + For a list of the supported image types that the Yocto Project provides, see the + "Images" + chapter in the Yocto Project Reference Manual. + Layer: A collection of recipes representing the core, + a BSP, or an application stack. + For a discussion on BSP Layers, see the + "BSP Layers" + section in the Yocto Project Board Support Packages (BSP) + Developer's Guide. + Meta-Toolchain: + A term sometimes used for + Cross-Development Toolchain. + + Metadata: + The files that BitBake parses when building an image. + In general, Metadata includes recipes, classes, and + configuration files. + In the context of the kernel ("kernel Metadata"), + it refers to Metadata in the meta + branches of the kernel source Git repositories. + + OE-Core: A core set of Metadata originating + with OpenEmbedded (OE) that is shared between OE and the Yocto Project. + This Metadata is found in the meta directory of the + Source Directory. + Package: + In the context of the Yocto Project, this term refers a + recipe's packaged output produced by BitBake (i.e. a + "baked recipe"). + A package is generally the compiled binaries produced from the + recipe's sources. + You "bake" something by running it through BitBake. + It is worth noting that the term "package" can, in general, have subtle + meanings. For example, the packages referred to in the + "The Packages" section are + compiled binaries that when installed add functionality to your Linux + distribution. + Another point worth noting is that historically within the Yocto Project, + recipes were referred to as packages - thus, the existence of several BitBake + variables that are seemingly mis-named, + (e.g. PR, + PV, and + PE). + + Package Groups: + Arbitrary groups of software Recipes. + You use package groups to hold recipes that, when built, + usually accomplish a single task. + For example, a package group could contain the recipes for a + company’s proprietary or value-add software. + Or, the package group could contain the recipes that enable + graphics. + A package group is really just another recipe. + Because package group files are recipes, they end with the + .bb filename extension. + Poky: The term "poky" can mean several things. + In its most general sense, it is an open-source project that was initially developed + by OpenedHand. With OpenedHand, poky was developed off of the existing OpenEmbedded + build system becoming a build system for embedded images. + After Intel Corporation acquired OpenedHand, the project poky became the basis for + the Yocto Project's build system. + + Within the Yocto Project source repositories, poky + exists as a separate Git repository + that can be cloned to yield a local copy on the host system. + Thus, "poky" can refer to the local copy of the Source Directory used to develop within + the Yocto Project. + Recipe: + A set of instructions for building packages. + A recipe describes where you get source code and which patches + to apply. + Recipes describe dependencies for libraries or for other + recipes, and they also contain configuration and compilation + options. + Recipes contain the logical unit of execution, the software + to build, the images to build, and use the + .bb file extension. + + + Source Directory: + This term refers to the directory structure created as a result + of creating a local copy of the poky Git + repository git://git.yoctoproject.org/poky + or expanding a released poky tarball. + + Creating a local copy of the poky + Git repository is the recommended method for setting up + your Source Directory. + + Sometimes you might hear the term "poky directory" used to refer + to this directory structure. + + The OpenEmbedded build system does not support file or + directory names that contain spaces. + Be sure that the Source Directory you use does not contain + these types of names. + + + The Source Directory contains BitBake, Documentation, + Metadata and other files that all support the Yocto Project. + Consequently, you must have the Source Directory in place on + your development system in order to do any development using + the Yocto Project. + + When you create a local copy of the Git repository, you + can name the repository anything you like. + Throughout much of the documentation, "poky" + is used as the name of the top-level folder of the local copy of + the poky Git repository. + So, for example, cloning the poky Git + repository results in a local Git repository whose top-level + folder is also named "poky". + + While it is not recommended that you use tarball expansion + to setup the Source Directory, if you do, the top-level + directory name of the Source Directory is derived from the + Yocto Project release tarball. + For example, downloading and unpacking + &YOCTO_POKY_TARBALL; results in a + Source Directory whose root folder is named + &YOCTO_POKY;. + + It is important to understand the differences between the + Source Directory created by unpacking a released tarball as + compared to cloning + git://git.yoctoproject.org/poky. + When you unpack a tarball, you have an exact copy of the files + based on the time of release - a fixed release point. + Any changes you make to your local files in the Source Directory + are on top of the release and will remain local only. + On the other hand, when you clone the poky + Git repository, you have an active development repository with + access to the upstream repository's branches and tags. + In this case, any local changes you make to the local + Source Directory can be later applied to active development + branches of the upstream poky Git + repository. + + For more information on concepts related to Git + repositories, branches, and tags, see the + "Repositories, Tags, and Branches" + section. + Task: + A unit of execution for BitBake (e.g. + do_compile, + do_fetch, do_patch, + and so forth). + + Upstream: A reference to source code or repositories + that are not local to the development system but located in a master area that is controlled + by the maintainer of the source code. + For example, in order for a developer to work on a particular piece of code, they need to + first get a copy of it from an "upstream" source. + + +
+ +
+ Licensing + + + Because open source projects are open to the public, they have different licensing structures in place. + License evolution for both Open Source and Free Software has an interesting history. + If you are interested in this history, you can find basic information here: + + Open source license history + + Free software license + history + + + + + In general, the Yocto Project is broadly licensed under the Massachusetts Institute of Technology + (MIT) License. + MIT licensing permits the reuse of software within proprietary software as long as the + license is distributed with that software. + MIT is also compatible with the GNU General Public License (GPL). + Patches to the Yocto Project follow the upstream licensing scheme. + You can find information on the MIT license at + here. + You can find information on the GNU GPL + here. + + + + When you build an image using the Yocto Project, the build process uses a + known list of licenses to ensure compliance. + You can find this list in the + Source Directory at + meta/files/common-licenses. + Once the build completes, the list of all licenses found and used during that build are + kept in the + Build Directory at + tmp/deploy/licenses. + + + + If a module requires a license that is not in the base list, the build process + generates a warning during the build. + These tools make it easier for a developer to be certain of the licenses with which + their shipped products must comply. + However, even with these tools it is still up to the developer to resolve potential licensing issues. + + + + The base list of licenses used by the build process is a combination of the Software Package + Data Exchange (SPDX) list and the Open Source Initiative (OSI) projects. + SPDX Group is a working group of the Linux Foundation + that maintains a specification + for a standard format for communicating the components, licenses, and copyrights + associated with a software package. + OSI is a corporation dedicated to the Open Source + Definition and the effort for reviewing and approving licenses that + conform to the Open Source Definition (OSD). + + + + You can find a list of the combined SPDX and OSI licenses that the + Yocto Project uses in the + meta/files/common-licenses directory in your + Source Directory. + + + + For information that can help you maintain compliance with various + open source licensing during the lifecycle of a product created using + the Yocto Project, see the + "Maintaining Open Source License Compliance During Your Product's Lifecycle" + section. + +
+ +
+ Git + + + The Yocto Project makes extensive use of Git, + which is a free, open source distributed version control system. + Git supports distributed development, non-linear development, and can handle large projects. + It is best that you have some fundamental understanding of how Git tracks projects and + how to work with Git if you are going to use the Yocto Project for development. + This section provides a quick overview of how Git works and provides you with a summary + of some essential Git commands. + + + + For more information on Git, see + . + If you need to download Git, go to . + + +
+ Repositories, Tags, and Branches + + + As mentioned earlier in the section + "Yocto Project Source Repositories", + the Yocto Project maintains source repositories at + . + If you look at this web-interface of the repositories, each item is a separate + Git repository. + + + + Git repositories use branching techniques that track content change (not files) + within a project (e.g. a new feature or updated documentation). + Creating a tree-like structure based on project divergence allows for excellent historical + information over the life of a project. + This methodology also allows for an environment from which you can do lots of + local experimentation on projects as you develop changes or new features. + + + + A Git repository represents all development efforts for a given project. + For example, the Git repository poky contains all changes + and developments for Poky over the course of its entire life. + That means that all changes that make up all releases are captured. + The repository maintains a complete history of changes. + + + + You can create a local copy of any repository by "cloning" it with the Git + clone command. + When you clone a Git repository, you end up with an identical copy of the + repository on your development system. + Once you have a local copy of a repository, you can take steps to develop locally. + For examples on how to clone Git repositories, see the + "Getting Set Up" section. + + + + It is important to understand that Git tracks content change and + not files. + Git uses "branches" to organize different development efforts. + For example, the poky repository has + denzil, danny, + dylan, dora, + daisy, and master branches + among others. + You can see all the branches by going to + and + clicking on the + [...] + link beneath the "Branch" heading. + + + + Each of these branches represents a specific area of development. + The master branch represents the current or most recent + development. + All other branches represent off-shoots of the master + branch. + + + + When you create a local copy of a Git repository, the copy has the same set + of branches as the original. + This means you can use Git to create a local working area (also called a branch) + that tracks a specific development branch from the source Git repository. + in other words, you can define your local Git environment to work on any development + branch in the repository. + To help illustrate, here is a set of commands that creates a local copy of the + poky Git repository and then creates and checks out a local + Git branch that tracks the Yocto Project &DISTRO; Release (&DISTRO_NAME;) development: + + $ cd ~ + $ git clone git://git.yoctoproject.org/poky + $ cd poky + $ git checkout -b &DISTRO_NAME; origin/&DISTRO_NAME; + + In this example, the name of the top-level directory of your local + Source Directory + is "poky" and the name of that local working area (local branch) + you just created and checked out is "&DISTRO_NAME;". + The files in your local repository now reflect the same files that + are in the "&DISTRO_NAME;" development branch of the + Yocto Project's "poky" upstream repository. + It is important to understand that when you create and checkout a + local working branch based on a branch name, + your local environment matches the "tip" of that development branch + at the time you created your local branch, which could be + different from the files at the time of a similarly named release. + In other words, creating and checking out a local branch based on + the "&DISTRO_NAME;" branch name is not the same as + cloning and checking out the "master" branch. + Keep reading to see how you create a local snapshot of a Yocto + Project Release. + + + + Git uses "tags" to mark specific changes in a repository. + Typically, a tag is used to mark a special point such as the final + change before a project is released. + You can see the tags used with the poky Git + repository by going to + and + clicking on the + [...] + link beneath the "Tag" heading. + + + + Some key tags are dylan-9.0.0, + dora-10.0.0, + and &DISTRO_NAME;-&POKYVERSION;. + These tags represent Yocto Project releases. + + + + When you create a local copy of the Git repository, you also have access to all the + tags. + Similar to branches, you can create and checkout a local working Git branch based + on a tag name. + When you do this, you get a snapshot of the Git repository that reflects + the state of the files when the change was made associated with that tag. + The most common use is to checkout a working branch that matches a specific + Yocto Project release. + Here is an example: + + $ cd ~ + $ git clone git://git.yoctoproject.org/poky + $ cd poky + $ git checkout -b my-&DISTRO_NAME;-&POKYVERSION; &DISTRO_NAME;-&POKYVERSION; + + In this example, the name of the top-level directory of your local Yocto Project + Files Git repository is poky. + And, the name of the local branch you have created and checked out is + my-&DISTRO_NAME;-&POKYVERSION;. + The files in your repository now exactly match the Yocto Project &DISTRO; + Release tag (&DISTRO_NAME;-&POKYVERSION;). + It is important to understand that when you create and checkout a local + working branch based on a tag, your environment matches a specific point + in time and not the entire development branch. + +
+ +
+ Basic Commands + + + Git has an extensive set of commands that lets you manage changes and perform + collaboration over the life of a project. + Conveniently though, you can manage with a small set of basic operations and workflows + once you understand the basic philosophy behind Git. + You do not have to be an expert in Git to be functional. + A good place to look for instruction on a minimal set of Git commands is + here. + If you need to download Git, you can do so + here. + + + + If you do not know much about Git, you should educate + yourself by visiting the links previously mentioned. + + + + The following list briefly describes some basic Git operations as a way to get started. + As with any set of commands, this list (in most cases) simply shows the base command and + omits the many arguments they support. + See the Git documentation for complete descriptions and strategies on how to use these commands: + + git init: Initializes an empty Git repository. + You cannot use Git commands unless you have a .git repository. + git clone: + Creates a local clone of a Git repository. + During collaboration, this command allows you to create a + local Git repository that is on equal footing with a fellow + developer’s Git repository. + + git add: Stages updated file contents + to the index that + Git uses to track changes. + You must stage all files that have changed before you can commit them. + git commit: Creates a "commit" that documents + the changes you made. + Commits are used for historical purposes, for determining if a maintainer of a project + will allow the change, and for ultimately pushing the change from your local Git repository + into the project’s upstream (or master) repository. + git status: Reports any modified files that + possibly need to be staged and committed. + git checkout <branch-name>: Changes + your working branch. + This command is analogous to "cd". + git checkout –b <working-branch>: Creates + a working branch on your local machine where you can isolate work. + It is a good idea to use local branches when adding specific features or changes. + This way if you do not like what you have done you can easily get rid of the work. + git branch: Reports + existing local branches and + tells you the branch in which you are currently working. + git branch -D <branch-name>: + Deletes an existing local branch. + You need to be in a local branch other than the one you are deleting + in order to delete <branch-name>. + git pull: Retrieves information + from an upstream Git + repository and places it in your local Git repository. + You use this command to make sure you are synchronized with the repository + from which you are basing changes (.e.g. the master branch). + git push: + Sends all your committed local changes to an upstream Git + repository (e.g. a contribution repository). + The maintainer of the project draws from these repositories + when adding changes to the project’s master repository or + other development branch. + + git merge: Combines or adds changes from one + local branch of your repository with another branch. + When you create a local Git repository, the default branch is named "master". + A typical workflow is to create a temporary branch for isolated work, make and commit your + changes, switch to your local master branch, merge the changes from the temporary branch into the + local master branch, and then delete the temporary branch. + git cherry-pick: Choose and apply specific + commits from one branch into another branch. + There are times when you might not be able to merge all the changes in one branch with + another but need to pick out certain ones. + gitk: Provides a GUI view of the branches + and changes in your local Git repository. + This command is a good way to graphically see where things have diverged in your + local repository. + git log: Reports a history of your changes to the + repository. + git diff: Displays line-by-line differences + between your local working files and the same files in the upstream Git repository that your + branch currently tracks. + + +
+
+ +
+ Workflows + + + This section provides some overview on workflows using Git. + In particular, the information covers basic practices that describe roles and actions in a + collaborative development environment. + Again, if you are familiar with this type of development environment, you might want to just + skip this section. + + + + The Yocto Project files are maintained using Git in a "master" branch whose Git history + tracks every change and whose structure provides branches for all diverging functionality. + Although there is no need to use Git, many open source projects do so. + For the Yocto Project, a key individual called the "maintainer" is responsible for the "master" + branch of a given Git repository. + The "master" branch is the “upstream” repository where the final builds of the project occur. + The maintainer is responsible for allowing changes in from other developers and for + organizing the underlying branch structure to reflect release strategies and so forth. + For information on finding out who is responsible (maintains) + for a particular area of code, see the + "How to Submit a Change" + section. + + + + + The project also has an upstream contribution Git repository named + poky-contrib. + You can see all the branches in this repository using the web interface + of the + Source Repositories organized + within the "Poky Support" area. + These branches temporarily hold changes to the project that have been + submitted or committed by the Yocto Project development team and by + community members who contribute to the project. + The maintainer determines if the changes are qualified to be moved + from the "contrib" branches into the "master" branch of the Git + repository. + + + + Developers (including contributing community members) create and maintain cloned repositories + of the upstream "master" branch. + These repositories are local to their development platforms and are used to develop changes. + When a developer is satisfied with a particular feature or change, they "push" the changes + to the appropriate "contrib" repository. + + + + Developers are responsible for keeping their local repository up-to-date with "master". + They are also responsible for straightening out any conflicts that might arise within files + that are being worked on simultaneously by more than one person. + All this work is done locally on the developer’s machines before anything is pushed to a + "contrib" area and examined at the maintainer’s level. + + + + A somewhat formal method exists by which developers commit changes and push them into the + "contrib" area and subsequently request that the maintainer include them into "master" + This process is called “submitting a patch” or "submitting a change." + For information on submitting patches and changes, see the + "How to Submit a Change" section. + + + + To summarize the environment: a single point of entry exists for + changes into the project’s "master" branch of the Git repository, + which is controlled by the project’s maintainer. + And, a set of developers exist who independently develop, test, and + submit changes to "contrib" areas for the maintainer to examine. + The maintainer then chooses which changes are going to become a + permanent part of the project. + + + + + + + + While each development environment is unique, there are some best practices or methods + that help development run smoothly. + The following list describes some of these practices. + For more information about Git workflows, see the workflow topics in the + Git Community Book. + + Make Small Changes: It is best to keep the changes you commit + small as compared to bundling many disparate changes into a single commit. + This practice not only keeps things manageable but also allows the maintainer + to more easily include or refuse changes. + It is also good practice to leave the repository in a state that allows you to + still successfully build your project. In other words, do not commit half of a feature, + then add the other half as a separate, later commit. + Each commit should take you from one buildable project state to another + buildable state. + Use Branches Liberally: It is very easy to create, use, and + delete local branches in your working Git repository. + You can name these branches anything you like. + It is helpful to give them names associated with the particular feature or change + on which you are working. + Once you are done with a feature or change and have merged it + into your local master branch, simply discard the temporary + branch. + Merge Changes: The git merge + command allows you to take the + changes from one branch and fold them into another branch. + This process is especially helpful when more than a single developer might be working + on different parts of the same feature. + Merging changes also automatically identifies any collisions or "conflicts" + that might happen as a result of the same lines of code being altered by two different + developers. + Manage Branches: Because branches are easy to use, you should + use a system where branches indicate varying levels of code readiness. + For example, you can have a "work" branch to develop in, a "test" branch where the code or + change is tested, a "stage" branch where changes are ready to be committed, and so forth. + As your project develops, you can merge code across the branches to reflect ever-increasing + stable states of the development. + Use Push and Pull: The push-pull workflow is based on the + concept of developers "pushing" local commits to a remote repository, which is + usually a contribution repository. + This workflow is also based on developers "pulling" known states of the project down into their + local development repositories. + The workflow easily allows you to pull changes submitted by other developers from the + upstream repository into your work area ensuring that you have the most recent software + on which to develop. + The Yocto Project has two scripts named create-pull-request and + send-pull-request that ship with the release to facilitate this + workflow. + You can find these scripts in the scripts + folder of the + Source Directory. + For information on how to use these scripts, see the + "Using Scripts to Push a Change Upstream and Request a Pull" section. + + Patch Workflow: This workflow allows you to notify the + maintainer through an email that you have a change (or patch) you would like considered + for the "master" branch of the Git repository. + To send this type of change, you format the patch and then send the email using the Git commands + git format-patch and git send-email. + For information on how to use these scripts, see the + "How to Submit a Change" + section. + + + +
+ +
+ Tracking Bugs + + + The Yocto Project uses its own implementation of + Bugzilla to track bugs. + Implementations of Bugzilla work well for group development because they track bugs and code + changes, can be used to communicate changes and problems with developers, can be used to + submit and review patches, and can be used to manage quality assurance. + The home page for the Yocto Project implementation of Bugzilla is + &YOCTO_BUGZILLA_URL;. + + + + Sometimes it is helpful to submit, investigate, or track a bug against the Yocto Project itself + such as when discovering an issue with some component of the build system that acts contrary + to the documentation or your expectations. + Following is the general procedure for submitting a new bug using the Yocto Project + Bugzilla. + You can find more information on defect management, bug tracking, and feature request + processes all accomplished through the Yocto Project Bugzilla on the wiki page + here. + + Always use the Yocto Project implementation of Bugzilla to submit + a bug. + When submitting a new bug, be sure to choose the appropriate + Classification, Product, and Component for which the issue was found. + Defects for the Yocto Project fall into one of six classifications: Yocto Project + Components, Infrastructure, Build System & Metadata, Documentation, + QA/Testing, and Runtime. + Each of these Classifications break down into multiple Products and, in some + cases, multiple Components. + Use the bug form to choose the correct Hardware and Architecture + for which the bug applies. + Indicate the Yocto Project version you were using when the issue + occurred. + Be sure to indicate the Severity of the bug. + Severity communicates how the bug impacted your work. + Select the appropriate "Documentation change" item + for the bug. + Fixing a bug may or may not affect the Yocto Project + documentation. + Provide a brief summary of the issue. + Try to limit your summary to just a line or two and be sure to capture the + essence of the issue. + Provide a detailed description of the issue. + You should provide as much detail as you can about the context, behavior, output, + and so forth that surrounds the issue. + You can even attach supporting files for output from logs by + using the "Add an attachment" button. + Be sure to copy the appropriate people in the + "CC List" for the bug. + See the "How to Submit a Change" + section for information about finding out who is responsible + for code. + Submit the bug by clicking the "Submit Bug" button. + + +
+ +
+ How to Submit a Change + + + Contributions to the Yocto Project and OpenEmbedded are very welcome. + Because the system is extremely configurable and flexible, we recognize that developers + will want to extend, configure or optimize it for their specific uses. + You should send patches to the appropriate mailing list so that they + can be reviewed and merged by the appropriate maintainer. + + + + Before submitting any change, be sure to find out who you should be + notifying. + Several methods exist through which you find out who you should be copying + or notifying: + + Maintenance File: + Examine the maintainers.inc file, which is + located in the + Source Directory + at meta-yocto/conf/distro/include, to + see who is responsible for code. + + Board Support Package (BSP) README Files: + For BSP maintainers of supported BSPs, you can examine + individual BSP README files. + In addition, some layers (such as the meta-intel layer), + include a MAINTAINERS file which contains + a list of all supported BSP maintainers for that layer. + + Search by File: + Using Git, you can enter the + following command to bring up a short list of all commits + against a specific file: + + git shortlog -- <filename> + + Just provide the name of the file for which you are interested. + The information returned is not ordered by history but does + include a list of all committers grouped by name. + From the list, you can see who is responsible for the bulk of + the changes against the file. + + + + + + For a list of the Yocto Project and related mailing lists, see the + "Mailing lists" section in + the Yocto Project Reference Manual. + + + + Here is some guidance on which mailing list to use for what type of change: + + For changes to the core + Metadata, send your patch to the + openembedded-core mailing list. + For example, a change to anything under the meta or + scripts directories + should be sent to this mailing list. + For changes to BitBake (anything under the bitbake + directory), send your patch to the + bitbake-devel mailing list. + For changes to meta-yocto, send your patch to the + poky mailing list. + For changes to other layers hosted on + yoctoproject.org (unless the + layer's documentation specifies otherwise), tools, and Yocto Project + documentation, use the + yocto mailing list. + For additional recipes that do not fit into the core Metadata, + you should determine which layer the recipe should go into and submit the + change in the manner recommended by the documentation (e.g. README) supplied + with the layer. If in doubt, please ask on the + yocto or + openembedded-devel + mailing lists. + + + + + When you send a patch, be sure to include a "Signed-off-by:" + line in the same style as required by the Linux kernel. + Adding this line signifies that you, the submitter, have agreed to the Developer's Certificate of Origin 1.1 + as follows: + + Developer's Certificate of Origin 1.1 + + By making a contribution to this project, I certify that: + + (a) The contribution was created in whole or in part by me and I + have the right to submit it under the open source license + indicated in the file; or + + (b) The contribution is based upon previous work that, to the best + of my knowledge, is covered under an appropriate open source + license and I have the right under that license to submit that + work with modifications, whether created in whole or in part + by me, under the same open source license (unless I am + permitted to submit under a different license), as indicated + in the file; or + + (c) The contribution was provided directly to me by some other + person who certified (a), (b) or (c) and I have not modified + it. + + (d) I understand and agree that this project and the contribution + are public and that a record of the contribution (including all + personal information I submit with it, including my sign-off) is + maintained indefinitely and may be redistributed consistent with + this project or the open source license(s) involved. + + + + + In a collaborative environment, it is necessary to have some sort of standard + or method through which you submit changes. + Otherwise, things could get quite chaotic. + One general practice to follow is to make small, controlled changes. + Keeping changes small and isolated aids review, makes merging/rebasing easier + and keeps the change history clean when anyone needs to refer to it in future. + + + + When you make a commit, you must follow certain standards established by the + OpenEmbedded and Yocto Project development teams. + For each commit, you must provide a single-line summary of the change and you + should almost always provide a more detailed description of what you did (i.e. + the body of the commit message). + The only exceptions for not providing a detailed description would be if your + change is a simple, self-explanatory change that needs no further description + beyond the summary. + Here are the guidelines for composing a commit message: + + Provide a single-line, short summary of the change. + This summary is typically viewable in the "shortlist" of changes. + Thus, providing something short and descriptive that gives the reader + a summary of the change is useful when viewing a list of many commits. + This short description should be prefixed by the recipe name (if changing a recipe), or + else the short form path to the file being changed. + + For the body of the commit message, provide detailed information + that describes what you changed, why you made the change, and the approach + you used. It may also be helpful if you mention how you tested the change. + Provide as much detail as you can in the body of the commit message. + + + If the change addresses a specific bug or issue that is + associated with a bug-tracking ID, include a reference to that + ID in your detailed description. + For example, the Yocto Project uses a specific convention for + bug references - any commit that addresses a specific bug should + use the following form for the detailed description: + + Fixes [YOCTO #<bug-id>] + + <detailed description of change> + + Where <bug-id> is replaced with the specific bug ID from + the Yocto Project Bugzilla instance. + + + + + You can find more guidance on creating well-formed commit messages at this OpenEmbedded + wiki page: + . + + + + The next two sections describe general instructions for both pushing + changes upstream and for submitting changes as patches. + + +
+ Using Scripts to Push a Change Upstream and Request a Pull + + + The basic flow for pushing a change to an upstream "contrib" Git repository is as follows: + + Make your changes in your local Git repository. + Stage your changes by using the git add + command on each file you changed. + + Commit the change by using the + git commit command. + Be sure to provide a commit message that follows the + project’s commit message standards as described earlier. + + + Push the change to the upstream "contrib" repository by + using the git push command. + + Notify the maintainer that you have pushed a change by making a pull + request. + The Yocto Project provides two scripts that conveniently let you generate and send + pull requests to the Yocto Project. + These scripts are create-pull-request and + send-pull-request. + You can find these scripts in the scripts directory + within the Source Directory. + Using these scripts correctly formats the requests without introducing any + whitespace or HTML formatting. + The maintainer that receives your patches needs to be able to save and apply them + directly from your emails. + Using these scripts is the preferred method for sending patches. + For help on using these scripts, simply provide the + -h argument as follows: + + $ poky/scripts/create-pull-request -h + $ poky/scripts/send-pull-request -h + + + + + + You can find general Git information on how to push a change upstream in the + Git Community Book. + +
+ +
+ Using Email to Submit a Patch + + + You can submit patches without using the create-pull-request and + send-pull-request scripts described in the previous section. + However, keep in mind, the preferred method is to use the scripts. + + + + Depending on the components changed, you need to submit the email to a specific + mailing list. + For some guidance on which mailing list to use, see the list in the + "How to Submit a Change" + section. + For a description of the available mailing lists, see the + "Mailing Lists" + section in the Yocto Project Reference Manual. + + + + Here is the general procedure on how to submit a patch through email without using the + scripts: + + Make your changes in your local Git repository. + Stage your changes by using the git add + command on each file you changed. + Commit the change by using the + git commit --signoff command. + Using the --signoff option identifies you as the person + making the change and also satisfies the Developer's Certificate of + Origin (DCO) shown earlier. + When you form a commit, you must follow certain standards established by the + Yocto Project development team. + See the earlier section + "How to Submit a Change" + for Yocto Project commit message standards. + Format the commit into an email message. + To format commits, use the git format-patch command. + When you provide the command, you must include a revision list or a number of patches + as part of the command. + For example, either of these two commands takes your most + recent single commit and formats it as an email message in + the current directory: + + $ git format-patch -1 + + or + + $ git format-patch HEAD~ + + After the command is run, the current directory contains a + numbered .patch file for the commit. + If you provide several commits as part of the command, + the git format-patch command produces a + series of numbered files in the current directory – one for each commit. + If you have more than one patch, you should also use the + --cover option with the command, which generates a + cover letter as the first "patch" in the series. + You can then edit the cover letter to provide a description for + the series of patches. + For information on the git format-patch command, + see GIT_FORMAT_PATCH(1) displayed using the + man git-format-patch command. + If you are or will be a frequent contributor to the Yocto Project + or to OpenEmbedded, you might consider requesting a contrib area and the + necessary associated rights. + Import the files into your mail client by using the + git send-email command. + In order to use git send-email, you must have the + the proper Git packages installed. + For Ubuntu, Debian, and Fedora the package is git-email. + The git send-email command sends email by using a local + or remote Mail Transport Agent (MTA) such as + msmtp, sendmail, or through a direct + smtp configuration in your Git config + file. + If you are submitting patches through email only, it is very important + that you submit them without any whitespace or HTML formatting that + either you or your mailer introduces. + The maintainer that receives your patches needs to be able to save and + apply them directly from your emails. + A good way to verify that what you are sending will be applicable by the + maintainer is to do a dry run and send them to yourself and then + save and apply them as the maintainer would. + The git send-email command is the preferred method + for sending your patches since there is no risk of compromising whitespace + in the body of the message, which can occur when you use your own mail client. + The command also has several options that let you + specify recipients and perform further editing of the email message. + For information on how to use the git send-email command, + see GIT-SEND-EMAIL(1) displayed using + the man git-send-email command. + + + +
+
+ + diff --git a/documentation/dev-manual/dev-manual-start.xml b/documentation/dev-manual/dev-manual-start.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6ab93f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/dev-manual/dev-manual-start.xml @@ -0,0 +1,415 @@ + %poky; ] > + + + +Getting Started with the Yocto Project + + + This chapter introduces the Yocto Project and gives you an idea of what you need to get started. + You can find enough information to set up your development host and build or use images for + hardware supported by the Yocto Project by reading the + Yocto Project Quick Start. + + + + The remainder of this chapter summarizes what is in the Yocto Project Quick Start and provides + some higher-level concepts you might want to consider. + + +
+ Introducing the Yocto Project + + + The Yocto Project is an open-source collaboration project focused on embedded Linux development. + The project currently provides a build system that is + referred to as the + OpenEmbedded build system + in the Yocto Project documentation. + The Yocto Project provides various ancillary tools for the embedded developer + and also features the Sato reference User Interface, which is optimized for + stylus driven, low-resolution screens. + + + + You can use the OpenEmbedded build system, which uses + BitBake, to develop complete Linux + images and associated user-space applications for architectures based + on ARM, MIPS, PowerPC, x86 and x86-64. + + By default, using the Yocto Project creates a Poky distribution. + However, you can create your own distribution by providing key + Metadata. + See the "Creating Your Own Distribution" + section for more information. + + While the Yocto Project does not provide a strict testing framework, + it does provide or generate for you artifacts that let you perform target-level and + emulated testing and debugging. + Additionally, if you are an Eclipse + IDE user, you can install an Eclipse Yocto Plug-in to allow you to + develop within that familiar environment. + +
+ +
+ Getting Set Up + + + Here is what you need to use the Yocto Project: + + Host System: You should have a reasonably current + Linux-based host system. + You will have the best results with a recent release of Fedora, + openSUSE, Debian, Ubuntu, or CentOS as these releases are frequently tested against the Yocto Project + and officially supported. + For a list of the distributions under validation and their status, see the + "Supported Linux Distributions" section + in the Yocto Project Reference Manual and the wiki page at + Distribution Support. + + You should also have about 50 Gbytes of free disk space for building images. + + Packages: The OpenEmbedded build system + requires that certain packages exist on your development system (e.g. Python 2.6 or 2.7). + See "The Packages" + section in the Yocto Project Quick Start and the + "Required Packages for the Host Development System" + section in the Yocto Project Reference Manual for the exact + package requirements and the installation commands to install + them for the supported distributions. + + Yocto Project Release: + You need a release of the Yocto Project locally installed on + your development system. + The documentation refers to this set of locally installed files + as the Source Directory. + You create your Source Directory by using + Git to clone a local copy + of the upstream poky repository, + or by downloading and unpacking a tarball of an official + Yocto Project release. + Working from a copy of the upstream repository allows you + to contribute back into the Yocto Project or simply work with + the latest software on a development branch. + Because Git maintains and creates an upstream repository with + a complete history of changes and you are working with a local + clone of that repository, you have access to all the Yocto + Project development branches and tag names used in the upstream + repository. + You can view the Yocto Project Source Repositories at + + + The following transcript shows how to clone the + poky Git repository into the current + working directory. + The command creates the local repository in a directory + named poky. + For information on Git used within the Yocto Project, see + the "Git" section. + + $ git clone git://git.yoctoproject.org/poky + Cloning into 'poky'... + remote: Counting objects: 226790, done. + remote: Compressing objects: 100% (57465/57465), done. + remote: Total 226790 (delta 165212), reused 225887 (delta 164327) + Receiving objects: 100% (226790/226790), 100.98 MiB | 263 KiB/s, done. + Resolving deltas: 100% (165212/165212), done. + + For another example of how to set up your own local Git + repositories, see this + + wiki page, which describes how to create local + Git repositories for both + poky and meta-intel. + + Yocto Project Kernel: + If you are going to be making modifications to a supported Yocto Project kernel, you + need to establish local copies of the source. + You can find Git repositories of supported Yocto Project kernels organized under + "Yocto Linux Kernel" in the Yocto Project Source Repositories at + . + This setup can involve creating a bare clone of the Yocto Project kernel and then + copying that cloned repository. + You can create the bare clone and the copy of the bare clone anywhere you like. + For simplicity, it is recommended that you create these structures outside of the + Source Directory, which is usually named poky. + As an example, the following transcript shows how to create the bare clone + of the linux-yocto-3.10 kernel and then create a copy of + that clone. + When you have a local Yocto Project kernel Git repository, you can + reference that repository rather than the upstream Git repository as + part of the clone command. + Doing so can speed up the process. + In the following example, the bare clone is named + linux-yocto-3.10.git, while the + copy is named my-linux-yocto-3.10-work: + + $ git clone --bare git://git.yoctoproject.org/linux-yocto-3.10 linux-yocto-3.10.git + Cloning into bare repository 'linux-yocto-3.10.git'... + remote: Counting objects: 3364487, done. + remote: Compressing objects: 100% (507178/507178), done. + remote: Total 3364487 (delta 2827715), reused 3364481 (delta 2827709) + Receiving objects: 100% (3364487/3364487), 722.95 MiB | 423 KiB/s, done. + Resolving deltas: 100% (2827715/2827715), done. + + Now create a clone of the bare clone just created: + + $ git clone linux-yocto-3.10.git my-linux-yocto-3.10-work + Cloning into 'my-linux-yocto-3.10-work'... + done. + + + The meta-yocto-kernel-extras Git Repository: + The meta-yocto-kernel-extras Git repository contains Metadata needed + only if you are modifying and building the kernel image. + In particular, it contains the kernel BitBake append (.bbappend) + files that you + edit to point to your locally modified kernel source files and to build the kernel + image. + Pointing to these local files is much more efficient than requiring a download of the + kernel's source files from upstream each time you make changes to the kernel. + You can find the meta-yocto-kernel-extras Git Repository in the + "Yocto Metadata Layers" area of the Yocto Project Source Repositories at + . + It is good practice to create this Git repository inside the Source Directory. + Following is an example that creates the meta-yocto-kernel-extras Git + repository inside the Source Directory, which is named poky + in this case: + + $ cd ~/poky + $ git clone git://git.yoctoproject.org/meta-yocto-kernel-extras meta-yocto-kernel-extras + Cloning into 'meta-yocto-kernel-extras'... + remote: Counting objects: 727, done. + remote: Compressing objects: 100% (452/452), done. + remote: Total 727 (delta 260), reused 719 (delta 252) + Receiving objects: 100% (727/727), 536.36 KiB | 240 KiB/s, done. + Resolving deltas: 100% (260/260), done. + + Supported Board Support Packages (BSPs): + The Yocto Project provides a layer called + meta-intel and it is maintained in its own + separate Git repository. + The meta-intel layer contains many + supported + BSP Layers. + + + The Yocto Project uses the following BSP layer naming + scheme: + + meta-<BSP_name> + + where <BSP_name> is the recognized + BSP name. + Here are some examples: + + meta-crownbay + meta-emenlow + meta-n450 + + See the + "BSP Layers" + section in the Yocto Project Board Support Package (BSP) + Developer's Guide for more information on BSP Layers. + + + + You can locate the meta-intel Git + repository in the "Yocto Metadata Layers" area of the Yocto + Project Source Repositories at + . + + + + Using + Git to create a local clone of the + upstream repository can be helpful if you are working with + BSPs. + Typically, you set up the meta-intel + Git repository inside the Source Directory. + For example, the following transcript shows the steps to clone + meta-intel. + + Be sure to work in the meta-intel + branch that matches your + Source Directory + (i.e. poky) branch. + For example, if you have checked out the "master" branch + of poky and you are going to use + meta-intel, be sure to checkout the + "master" branch of meta-intel. + + + $ cd ~/poky + $ git clone git://git.yoctoproject.org/meta-intel.git + Cloning into 'meta-intel'... + remote: Counting objects: 8844, done. + remote: Compressing objects: 100% (2864/2864), done. + remote: Total 8844 (delta 4931), reused 8780 (delta 4867) + Receiving objects: 100% (8844/8844), 2.48 MiB | 264 KiB/s, done. + Resolving deltas: 100% (4931/4931), done. + + + + + The same + wiki page + referenced earlier covers how to set up the + meta-intel Git repository. + + Eclipse Yocto Plug-in: If you are developing + applications using the Eclipse Integrated Development Environment (IDE), + you will need this plug-in. + See the + "Setting up the Eclipse IDE" + section for more information. + + +
+ +
+ Building Images + + + The build process creates an entire Linux distribution, including the toolchain, from source. + For more information on this topic, see the + "Building an Image" + section in the Yocto Project Quick Start. + + + + The build process is as follows: + + Make sure you have set up the Source Directory described in the + previous section. + Initialize the build environment by sourcing a build + environment script (i.e. + &OE_INIT_FILE; + or + oe-init-build-env-memres). + + Optionally ensure the conf/local.conf configuration file, + which is found in the + Build Directory, + is set up how you want it. + This file defines many aspects of the build environment including + the target machine architecture through the + MACHINE variable, + the development machine's processor use through the + BB_NUMBER_THREADS and + PARALLEL_MAKE variables, and + a centralized tarball download directory through the + DL_DIR variable. + + Build the image using the bitbake command. + If you want information on BitBake, see the + BitBake User Manual. + + Run the image either on the actual hardware or using the QEMU + emulator. + + +
+ +
+ Using Pre-Built Binaries and QEMU + + + Another option you have to get started is to use pre-built binaries. + The Yocto Project provides many types of binaries with each release. + See the "Images" + chapter in the Yocto Project Reference Manual + for descriptions of the types of binaries that ship with a Yocto Project + release. + + + + Using a pre-built binary is ideal for developing software applications to run on your + target hardware. + To do this, you need to be able to access the appropriate cross-toolchain tarball for + the architecture on which you are developing. + If you are using an SDK type image, the image ships with the complete toolchain native to + the architecture. + If you are not using an SDK type image, you need to separately download and + install the stand-alone Yocto Project cross-toolchain tarball. + + + + Regardless of the type of image you are using, you need to download the pre-built kernel + that you will boot in the QEMU emulator and then download and extract the target root + filesystem for your target machine’s architecture. + You can get architecture-specific binaries and file systems from + machines. + You can get installation scripts for stand-alone toolchains from + toolchains. + Once you have all your files, you set up the environment to emulate the hardware + by sourcing an environment setup script. + Finally, you start the QEMU emulator. + You can find details on all these steps in the + "Using Pre-Built Binaries and QEMU" + section of the Yocto Project Quick Start. + + + + Using QEMU to emulate your hardware can result in speed issues + depending on the target and host architecture mix. + For example, using the qemux86 image in the emulator + on an Intel-based 32-bit (x86) host machine is fast because the target and + host architectures match. + On the other hand, using the qemuarm image on the same Intel-based + host can be slower. + But, you still achieve faithful emulation of ARM-specific issues. + + + + To speed things up, the QEMU images support using distcc + to call a cross-compiler outside the emulated system. + If you used runqemu to start QEMU, and the + distccd application is present on the host system, any + BitBake cross-compiling toolchain available from the build system is automatically + used from within QEMU simply by calling distcc. + You can accomplish this by defining the cross-compiler variable + (e.g. export CC="distcc"). + Alternatively, if you are using a suitable SDK image or the appropriate + stand-alone toolchain is present, + the toolchain is also automatically used. + + + + Several mechanisms exist that let you connect to the system running on the + QEMU emulator: + + QEMU provides a framebuffer interface that makes standard + consoles available. + Generally, headless embedded devices have a serial port. + If so, you can configure the operating system of the running image + to use that port to run a console. + The connection uses standard IP networking. + + SSH servers exist in some QEMU images. + The core-image-sato QEMU image has a + Dropbear secure shell (SSH) server that runs with the root + password disabled. + The core-image-full-cmdline and + core-image-lsb QEMU images + have OpenSSH instead of Dropbear. + Including these SSH servers allow you to use standard + ssh and scp commands. + The core-image-minimal QEMU image, + however, contains no SSH server. + + You can use a provided, user-space NFS server to boot the QEMU session + using a local copy of the root filesystem on the host. + In order to make this connection, you must extract a root filesystem tarball by using the + runqemu-extract-sdk command. + After running the command, you must then point the runqemu + script to the extracted directory instead of a root filesystem image file. + + +
+ + diff --git a/documentation/dev-manual/dev-manual.xml b/documentation/dev-manual/dev-manual.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dcb4770 --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/dev-manual/dev-manual.xml @@ -0,0 +1,112 @@ + %poky; ] > + + + + + + + + + + + + Yocto Project Development Manual + + + + + Scott Rifenbark + + Intel Corporation + + scott.m.rifenbark@intel.com + + + + + + 1.1 + 6 October 2011 + The initial document released with the Yocto Project 1.1 Release. + + + 1.2 + April 2012 + Released with the Yocto Project 1.2 Release. + + + 1.3 + October 2012 + Released with the Yocto Project 1.3 Release. + + + 1.4 + April 2013 + Released with the Yocto Project 1.4 Release. + + + 1.5 + October 2013 + Released with the Yocto Project 1.5 Release. + + + 1.5.1 + January 2014 + Released with the Yocto Project 1.5.1 Release. + + + 1.6 + April 2014 + Released with the Yocto Project 1.6 Release. + + + 1.6.1 + Sometime in 2014 + Released with the Yocto Project 1.6.1 Release. + + + + + ©RIGHT_YEAR; + Linux Foundation + + + + + Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under + the terms of the + Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales as published by + Creative Commons. + + + + For the latest version of this manual associated with this + Yocto Project release, see the + Yocto Project Development Manual + from the Yocto Project website. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/documentation/dev-manual/dev-style.css b/documentation/dev-manual/dev-style.css new file mode 100644 index 0000000..23c8e74 --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/dev-manual/dev-style.css @@ -0,0 +1,979 @@ +/* + Generic XHTML / DocBook XHTML CSS Stylesheet. + + Browser wrangling and typographic design by + Oyvind Kolas / pippin@gimp.org + + Customised for Poky by + Matthew Allum / mallum@o-hand.com + + Thanks to: + Liam R. E. Quin + William Skaggs + Jakub Steiner + + Structure + --------- + + The stylesheet is divided into the following sections: + + Positioning + Margins, paddings, width, font-size, clearing. + Decorations + Borders, style + Colors + Colors + Graphics + Graphical backgrounds + Nasty IE tweaks + Workarounds needed to make it work in internet explorer, + currently makes the stylesheet non validating, but up until + this point it is validating. + Mozilla extensions + Transparency for footer + Rounded corners on boxes + +*/ + + + /*************** / + / Positioning / +/ ***************/ + +body { + font-family: Verdana, Sans, sans-serif; + + min-width: 640px; + width: 80%; + margin: 0em auto; + padding: 2em 5em 5em 5em; + color: #333; +} + +h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,h7 { + font-family: Arial, Sans; + color: #00557D; + clear: both; +} + +h1 { + font-size: 2em; + text-align: left; + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; + margin: 2em 0em 0em 0em; +} + +h2.subtitle { + margin: 0.10em 0em 3.0em 0em; + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; + font-size: 1.8em; + padding-left: 20%; + font-weight: normal; + font-style: italic; +} + +h2 { + margin: 2em 0em 0.66em 0em; + padding: 0.5em 0em 0em 0em; + font-size: 1.5em; + font-weight: bold; +} + +h3.subtitle { + margin: 0em 0em 1em 0em; + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; + font-size: 142.14%; + text-align: right; +} + +h3 { + margin: 1em 0em 0.5em 0em; + padding: 1em 0em 0em 0em; + font-size: 140%; + font-weight: bold; +} + +h4 { + margin: 1em 0em 0.5em 0em; + padding: 1em 0em 0em 0em; + font-size: 120%; + font-weight: bold; +} + +h5 { + margin: 1em 0em 0.5em 0em; + padding: 1em 0em 0em 0em; + font-size: 110%; + font-weight: bold; +} + +h6 { + margin: 1em 0em 0em 0em; + padding: 1em 0em 0em 0em; + font-size: 110%; + font-weight: bold; +} + +.authorgroup { + background-color: transparent; + background-repeat: no-repeat; + padding-top: 256px; + background-image: url("figures/dev-title.png"); + background-position: left top; + margin-top: -256px; + padding-right: 50px; + margin-left: 0px; + text-align: right; + width: 740px; +} + +h3.author { + margin: 0em 0me 0em 0em; + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; + font-weight: normal; + font-size: 100%; + color: #333; + clear: both; +} + +.author tt.email { + font-size: 66%; +} + +.titlepage hr { + width: 0em; + clear: both; +} + +.revhistory { + padding-top: 2em; + clear: both; +} + +.toc, +.list-of-tables, +.list-of-examples, +.list-of-figures { + padding: 1.33em 0em 2.5em 0em; + color: #00557D; +} + +.toc p, +.list-of-tables p, +.list-of-figures p, +.list-of-examples p { + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; + padding: 0em 0em 0.3em; + margin: 1.5em 0em 0em 0em; +} + +.toc p b, +.list-of-tables p b, +.list-of-figures p b, +.list-of-examples p b{ + font-size: 100.0%; + font-weight: bold; +} + +.toc dl, +.list-of-tables dl, +.list-of-figures dl, +.list-of-examples dl { + margin: 0em 0em 0.5em 0em; + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; +} + +.toc dt { + margin: 0em 0em 0em 0em; + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; +} + +.toc dd { + margin: 0em 0em 0em 2.6em; + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; +} + +div.glossary dl, +div.variablelist dl { +} + +.glossary dl dt, +.variablelist dl dt, +.variablelist dl dt span.term { + font-weight: normal; + width: 20em; + text-align: right; +} + +.variablelist dl dt { + margin-top: 0.5em; +} + +.glossary dl dd, +.variablelist dl dd { + margin-top: -1em; + margin-left: 25.5em; +} + +.glossary dd p, +.variablelist dd p { + margin-top: 0em; + margin-bottom: 1em; +} + + +div.calloutlist table td { + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; + margin: 0em 0em 0em 0em; +} + +div.calloutlist table td p { + margin-top: 0em; + margin-bottom: 1em; +} + +div p.copyright { + text-align: left; +} + +div.legalnotice p.legalnotice-title { + margin-bottom: 0em; +} + +p { + line-height: 1.5em; + margin-top: 0em; + +} + +dl { + padding-top: 0em; +} + +hr { + border: solid 1px; +} + + +.mediaobject, +.mediaobjectco { + text-align: center; +} + +img { + border: none; +} + +ul { + padding: 0em 0em 0em 1.5em; +} + +ul li { + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; +} + +ul li p { + text-align: left; +} + +table { + width :100%; +} + +th { + padding: 0.25em; + text-align: left; + font-weight: normal; + vertical-align: top; +} + +td { + padding: 0.25em; + vertical-align: top; +} + +p a[id] { + margin: 0px; + padding: 0px; + display: inline; + background-image: none; +} + +a { + text-decoration: underline; + color: #444; +} + +pre { + overflow: auto; +} + +a:hover { + text-decoration: underline; + /*font-weight: bold;*/ +} + + +div.informalfigure, +div.informalexample, +div.informaltable, +div.figure, +div.table, +div.example { + margin: 1em 0em; + padding: 1em; + page-break-inside: avoid; +} + + +div.informalfigure p.title b, +div.informalexample p.title b, +div.informaltable p.title b, +div.figure p.title b, +div.example p.title b, +div.table p.title b{ + padding-top: 0em; + margin-top: 0em; + font-size: 100%; + font-weight: normal; +} + +.mediaobject .caption, +.mediaobject .caption p { + text-align: center; + font-size: 80%; + padding-top: 0.5em; + padding-bottom: 0.5em; +} + +.epigraph { + padding-left: 55%; + margin-bottom: 1em; +} + +.epigraph p { + text-align: left; +} + +.epigraph .quote { + font-style: italic; +} +.epigraph .attribution { + font-style: normal; + text-align: right; +} + +span.application { + font-style: italic; +} + +.programlisting { + font-family: monospace; + font-size: 80%; + white-space: pre; + margin: 1.33em 0em; + padding: 1.33em; +} + +.tip, +.warning, +.caution, +.note { + margin-top: 1em; + margin-bottom: 1em; + +} + +/* force full width of table within div */ +.tip table, +.warning table, +.caution table, +.note table { + border: none; + width: 100%; +} + + +.tip table th, +.warning table th, +.caution table th, +.note table th { + padding: 0.8em 0.0em 0.0em 0.0em; + margin : 0em 0em 0em 0em; +} + +.tip p, +.warning p, +.caution p, +.note p { + margin-top: 0.5em; + margin-bottom: 0.5em; + padding-right: 1em; + text-align: left; +} + +.acronym { + text-transform: uppercase; +} + +b.keycap, +.keycap { + padding: 0.09em 0.3em; + margin: 0em; +} + +.itemizedlist li { + clear: none; +} + +.filename { + font-size: medium; + font-family: Courier, monospace; +} + + +div.navheader, div.heading{ + position: absolute; + left: 0em; + top: 0em; + width: 100%; + background-color: #cdf; + width: 100%; +} + +div.navfooter, div.footing{ + position: fixed; + left: 0em; + bottom: 0em; + background-color: #eee; + width: 100%; +} + + +div.navheader td, +div.navfooter td { + font-size: 66%; +} + +div.navheader table th { + /*font-family: Georgia, Times, serif;*/ + /*font-size: x-large;*/ + font-size: 80%; +} + +div.navheader table { + border-left: 0em; + border-right: 0em; + border-top: 0em; + width: 100%; +} + +div.navfooter table { + border-left: 0em; + border-right: 0em; + border-bottom: 0em; + width: 100%; +} + +div.navheader table td a, +div.navfooter table td a { + color: #777; + text-decoration: none; +} + +/* normal text in the footer */ +div.navfooter table td { + color: black; +} + +div.navheader table td a:visited, +div.navfooter table td a:visited { + color: #444; +} + + +/* links in header and footer */ +div.navheader table td a:hover, +div.navfooter table td a:hover { + text-decoration: underline; + background-color: transparent; + color: #33a; +} + +div.navheader hr, +div.navfooter hr { + display: none; +} + + +.qandaset tr.question td p { + margin: 0em 0em 1em 0em; + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; +} + +.qandaset tr.answer td p { + margin: 0em 0em 1em 0em; + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; +} +.answer td { + padding-bottom: 1.5em; +} + +.emphasis { + font-weight: bold; +} + + + /************* / + / decorations / +/ *************/ + +.titlepage { +} + +.part .title { +} + +.subtitle { + border: none; +} + +/* +h1 { + border: none; +} + +h2 { + border-top: solid 0.2em; + border-bottom: solid 0.06em; +} + +h3 { + border-top: 0em; + border-bottom: solid 0.06em; +} + +h4 { + border: 0em; + border-bottom: solid 0.06em; +} + +h5 { + border: 0em; +} +*/ + +.programlisting { + border: solid 1px; +} + +div.figure, +div.table, +div.informalfigure, +div.informaltable, +div.informalexample, +div.example { + border: 1px solid; +} + + + +.tip, +.warning, +.caution, +.note { + border: 1px solid; +} + +.tip table th, +.warning table th, +.caution table th, +.note table th { + border-bottom: 1px solid; 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+ color: #00557D; +} + diff --git a/documentation/dev-manual/figures/app-dev-flow.png b/documentation/dev-manual/figures/app-dev-flow.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ec93374 Binary files /dev/null and b/documentation/dev-manual/figures/app-dev-flow.png differ diff --git a/documentation/dev-manual/figures/bsp-dev-flow.png b/documentation/dev-manual/figures/bsp-dev-flow.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..540b0ab Binary files /dev/null and b/documentation/dev-manual/figures/bsp-dev-flow.png differ diff --git a/documentation/dev-manual/figures/dev-title.png b/documentation/dev-manual/figures/dev-title.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d3cac4a Binary files /dev/null and b/documentation/dev-manual/figures/dev-title.png differ diff --git a/documentation/dev-manual/figures/git-workflow.png b/documentation/dev-manual/figures/git-workflow.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e401330 Binary files /dev/null and b/documentation/dev-manual/figures/git-workflow.png differ diff --git a/documentation/dev-manual/figures/index-downloads.png b/documentation/dev-manual/figures/index-downloads.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..41251d5 Binary files /dev/null and b/documentation/dev-manual/figures/index-downloads.png differ diff --git a/documentation/dev-manual/figures/kernel-dev-flow.png b/documentation/dev-manual/figures/kernel-dev-flow.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..009105d Binary files /dev/null and b/documentation/dev-manual/figures/kernel-dev-flow.png differ diff --git a/documentation/dev-manual/figures/kernel-overview-1.png b/documentation/dev-manual/figures/kernel-overview-1.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..116c0b9 Binary files /dev/null and b/documentation/dev-manual/figures/kernel-overview-1.png differ diff --git a/documentation/dev-manual/figures/kernel-overview-2-generic.png b/documentation/dev-manual/figures/kernel-overview-2-generic.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..889ff1b Binary files /dev/null and b/documentation/dev-manual/figures/kernel-overview-2-generic.png differ diff --git a/documentation/dev-manual/figures/recipe-workflow.png b/documentation/dev-manual/figures/recipe-workflow.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c0e960b Binary files /dev/null and b/documentation/dev-manual/figures/recipe-workflow.png differ diff --git a/documentation/dev-manual/figures/source-repos.png b/documentation/dev-manual/figures/source-repos.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..65c5f29 Binary files /dev/null and b/documentation/dev-manual/figures/source-repos.png differ diff --git a/documentation/dev-manual/figures/yp-download.png b/documentation/dev-manual/figures/yp-download.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7f1e5ca Binary files /dev/null and b/documentation/dev-manual/figures/yp-download.png differ diff --git a/documentation/kernel-dev/figures/kernel-architecture-overview.png b/documentation/kernel-dev/figures/kernel-architecture-overview.png new file mode 100755 index 0000000..2aad172 Binary files /dev/null and b/documentation/kernel-dev/figures/kernel-architecture-overview.png differ diff --git a/documentation/kernel-dev/figures/kernel-dev-title.png b/documentation/kernel-dev/figures/kernel-dev-title.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7a8dd54 Binary files /dev/null and b/documentation/kernel-dev/figures/kernel-dev-title.png differ diff --git a/documentation/kernel-dev/kernel-dev-advanced.xml b/documentation/kernel-dev/kernel-dev-advanced.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4a6aeb7 --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/kernel-dev/kernel-dev-advanced.xml @@ -0,0 +1,1073 @@ + %poky; ] > + + +Working with Advanced Metadata + +
+ Overview + + + In addition to supporting configuration fragments and patches, the + Yocto Project kernel tools also support rich + Metadata that you can + use to define complex policies and Board Support Package (BSP) support. + The purpose of the Metadata and the tools that manage it, known as + the kern-tools (kern-tools-native_git.bb), is + to help you manage the complexity of the configuration and sources + used to support multiple BSPs and Linux kernel types. + +
+ +
+ Using Kernel Metadata in a Recipe + + + The kernel sources in the Yocto Project contain kernel Metadata, which is + located in the meta branches of the kernel source + Git repositories. + This Metadata defines Board Support Packages (BSPs) that + correspond to definitions in linux-yocto recipes for the same BSPs. + A BSP consists of an aggregation of kernel policy and hardware-specific + feature enablements. + The BSP can be influenced from within the linux-yocto recipe. + + Linux kernel source that contains kernel Metadata is said to be + "linux-yocto style" kernel source. + A Linux kernel recipe that inherits from the + linux-yocto.inc include file is said to be a + "linux-yocto style" recipe. + + + + + Every linux-yocto style recipe must define the + KMACHINE + variable. + This variable is typically set to the same value as the + MACHINE + variable, which is used by + BitBake + (e.g. "edgerouter" or "fri2"). + Multiple BSPs can reuse the same KMACHINE + name if they are built using the same BSP description. + The "fri2" and "fri2-noemgd" BSP combination + in the meta-intel + layer is a good example of two BSPs using the same + KMACHINE value (i.e. "fri2"). + See the BSP Descriptions section + for more information. + + + + The linux-yocto style recipes can optionally define the following + variables: + + KBRANCH + KERNEL_FEATURES + KBRANCH_DEFAULT + LINUX_KERNEL_TYPE + + KBRANCH_DEFAULT defines the Linux kernel source + repository's default branch to use to build the Linux kernel. + The value is used as the default for KBRANCH, which + can define an alternate branch typically with a machine override as + follows: + + KBRANCH_fri2 = "standard/fri2" + + Unless you specify otherwise, KBRANCH_DEFAULT + initializes to "master". + + + + LINUX_KERNEL_TYPE defines the kernel type to be + used in assembling the configuration. + If you do not specify a LINUX_KERNEL_TYPE, + it defaults to "standard". + Together with + KMACHINE, + LINUX_KERNEL_TYPE defines the search + arguments used by the kernel tools to find the + appropriate description within the kernel Metadata with which to + build out the sources and configuration. + The linux-yocto recipes define "standard", "tiny", and "preempt-rt" + kernel types. + See the Kernel Types section + for more information on kernel types. + + + + During the build, the kern-tools search for the BSP description + file that most closely matches the KMACHINE + and LINUX_KERNEL_TYPE variables passed in from the + recipe. + The tools use the first BSP description it finds that match + both variables. + If the tools cannot find a match, they issue a warning such as + the following: + + WARNING: Can't find any BSP hardware or required configuration fragments. + WARNING: Looked at meta/cfg/broken/fri2-broken/hdw_frags.txt and + meta/cfg/broken/fri2-broken/required_frags.txt in directory: + meta/cfg/broken/fri2-broken + + In this example, KMACHINE was set to "fri2-broken" + and LINUX_KERNEL_TYPE was set to "broken". + + + + The tools first search for the KMACHINE and + then for the LINUX_KERNEL_TYPE. + If the tools cannot find a partial match, they will use the + sources from the KBRANCH and any configuration + specified in the + SRC_URI. + + + + You can use the KERNEL_FEATURES variable + to include features (configuration fragments, patches, or both) that + are not already included by the KMACHINE and + LINUX_KERNEL_TYPE variable combination. + For example, to include a feature specified as "features/netfilter.scc", + specify: + + KERNEL_FEATURES += "features/netfilter.scc" + + To include a feature called "cfg/sound.scc" just for the + qemux86 machine, specify: + + KERNEL_FEATURES_append_qemux86 = "cfg/sound.scc" + + The value of the entries in KERNEL_FEATURES + are dependent on their location within the kernel Metadata itself. + The examples here are taken from the + linux-yocto-3.4 repository where "features" + and "cfg" are subdirectories within the + meta/cfg/kernel-cache directory. + For more information, see the + "Kernel Metadata Syntax" section. + + The processing of the these variables has evolved some between the + 0.9 and 1.3 releases of the Yocto Project and associated + kern-tools sources. + The descriptions in this section are accurate for 1.3 and later + releases of the Yocto Project. + + +
+ +
+ Kernel Metadata Location + + + Kernel Metadata can be defined in either the kernel recipe + (recipe-space) or in the kernel tree (in-tree). + Where you choose to define the Metadata depends on what you want + to do and how you intend to work. + Regardless of where you define the kernel Metadata, the syntax used + applies equally. + + + + If you are unfamiliar with the Linux kernel and only wish + to apply a configuration and possibly a couple of patches provided to + you by others, the recipe-space method is recommended. + This method is also a good approach if you are working with Linux kernel + sources you do not control or if you just do not want to maintain a + Linux kernel Git repository on your own. + For partial information on how you can define kernel Metadata in + the recipe-space, see the + "Modifying an Existing Recipe" + section. + + + + Conversely, if you are actively developing a kernel and are already + maintaining a Linux kernel Git repository of your own, you might find + it more convenient to work with the kernel Metadata in the same + repository as the Linux kernel sources. + This method can make iterative development of the Linux kernel + more efficient outside of the BitBake environment. + + +
+ Recipe-Space Metadata + + + When stored in recipe-space, the kernel Metadata files reside in a + directory hierarchy below + FILESEXTRAPATHS. + For a linux-yocto recipe or for a Linux kernel recipe derived + by copying and modifying + oe-core/meta-skeleton/recipes-kernel/linux/linux-yocto-custom.bb + to a recipe in your layer, FILESEXTRAPATHS + is typically set to + ${THISDIR}/${PN}. + See the "Modifying an Existing Recipe" + section for more information. + + + + Here is an example that shows a trivial tree of kernel Metadata + stored in recipe-space within a BSP layer: + + meta-my_bsp_layer/ + `-- recipes-kernel + `-- linux + `-- linux-yocto + |-- bsp-standard.scc + |-- bsp.cfg + `-- standard.cfg + + + + + When the Metadata is stored in recipe-space, you must take + steps to ensure BitBake has the necessary information to decide + what files to fetch and when they need to be fetched again. + It is only necessary to specify the .scc + files on the + SRC_URI. + BitBake parses them and fetches any files referenced in the + .scc files by the include, + patch, or kconf commands. + Because of this, it is necessary to bump the recipe + PR + value when changing the content of files not explicitly listed + in the SRC_URI. + +
+ +
+ In-Tree Metadata + + + When stored in-tree, the kernel Metadata files reside in the + meta directory of the Linux kernel sources. + The meta directory can be present in the + same repository branch as the sources, + such as "master", or meta can be its own + orphan branch. + + An orphan branch in Git is a branch with unique history and + content to the other branches in the repository. + Orphan branches are useful to track Metadata changes + independently from the sources of the Linux kernel, while + still keeping them together in the same repository. + + For the purposes of this document, we will discuss all + in-tree Metadata as residing below the + meta/cfg/kernel-cache directory. + + + + Following is an example that shows how a trivial tree of Metadata + is stored in a custom Linux kernel Git repository: + + meta/ + `-- cfg + `-- kernel-cache + |-- bsp-standard.scc + |-- bsp.cfg + `-- standard.cfg + + + + + To use a branch different from where the sources reside, + specify the branch in the KMETA variable + in your Linux kernel recipe. + Here is an example: + + KMETA = "meta" + + To use the same branch as the sources, set + KMETA to an empty string: + + KMETA = "" + + If you are working with your own sources and want to create an + orphan meta branch, use these commands + from within your Linux kernel Git repository: + + $ git checkout --orphan meta + $ git rm -rf . + $ git commit --allow-empty -m "Create orphan meta branch" + + + + + If you modify the Metadata in the linux-yocto + meta branch, you must not forget to update + the + SRCREV + statements in the kernel's recipe. + In particular, you need to update the + SRCREV_meta variable to match the commit in + the KMETA branch you wish to use. + Changing the data in these branches and not updating the + SRCREV statements to match will cause the + build to fetch an older commit. + +
+
+ +
+ Kernel Metadata Syntax + + + The kernel Metadata consists of three primary types of files: + scc + + + scc stands for Series Configuration + Control, but the naming has less significance in the + current implementation of the tooling than it had in the + past. + Consider scc files to be description files. + + + description files, configuration fragments, and patches. + The scc files define variables and include or + otherwise reference any of the three file types. + The description files are used to aggregate all types of kernel + Metadata into + what ultimately describes the sources and the configuration required + to build a Linux kernel tailored to a specific machine. + + + + The scc description files are used to define two + fundamental types of kernel Metadata: + + Features + Board Support Packages (BSPs) + + + + + Features aggregate sources in the form of patches and configuration + fragments into a modular reusable unit. + You can use features to implement conceptually separate kernel + Metadata descriptions such as pure configuration fragments, + simple patches, complex features, and kernel types. + Kernel types define general + kernel features and policy to be reused in the BSPs. + + + + BSPs define hardware-specific features and aggregate them with kernel + types to form the final description of what will be assembled and built. + + + + While the kernel Metadata syntax does not enforce any logical + separation of configuration fragments, patches, features or kernel + types, best practices dictate a logical separation of these types + of Metadata. + The following Metadata file hierarchy is recommended: + + <base>/ + bsp/ + cfg/ + features/ + ktypes/ + patches/ + + + + + The bsp directory contains the + BSP descriptions. + The remaining directories all contain "features". + Separating bsp from the rest of the structure + aids conceptualizing intended usage. + + + + Use these guidelines to help place your scc + description files within the structure: + + If your file contains + only configuration fragments, place the file in the + cfg directory. + If your file contains + only source-code fixes, place the file in the + patches directory. + If your file encapsulates + a major feature, often combining sources and configurations, + place the file in features directory. + + If your file aggregates + non-hardware configuration and patches in order to define a + base kernel policy or major kernel type to be reused across + multiple BSPs, place the file in ktypes + directory. + + + + + + These distinctions can easily become blurred - especially as + out-of-tree features slowly merge upstream over time. + Also, remember that how the description files are placed is + a purely logical organization and has no impact on the functionality + of the kernel Metadata. + There is no impact because all of cfg, + features, patches, and + ktypes, contain "features" as far as the kernel + tools are concerned. + + + + Paths used in kernel Metadata files are relative to + <base>, which is either + FILESEXTRAPATHS + if you are creating Metadata in + recipe-space, + or meta/cfg/kernel-cache/ if you are creating + Metadata in-tree. + + +
+ Configuration + + + The simplest unit of kernel Metadata is the configuration-only + feature. + This feature consists of one or more Linux kernel configuration + parameters in a configuration fragment file + (.cfg) and an .scc file + that describes the fragment. + + + + The Symmetric Multi-Processing (SMP) fragment included in the + linux-yocto-3.4 Git repository + consists of the following two files: + + cfg/smp.scc: + define KFEATURE_DESCRIPTION "Enable SMP" + kconf hardware smp.cfg + + cfg/smp.cfg: + CONFIG_SMP=y + CONFIG_SCHED_SMT=y + + You can find information on configuration fragment files in the + "Creating Configuration Fragments" + section of the Yocto Project Development Manual and in + the "Generating Configuration Files" + section earlier in this manual. + + + + KFEATURE_DESCRIPTION + provides a short description of the fragment. + Higher level kernel tools use this description. + + + + The kconf command is used to include the + actual configuration fragment in an .scc + file, and the "hardware" keyword identifies the fragment as + being hardware enabling, as opposed to general policy, + which would use the "non-hardware" keyword. + The distinction is made for the benefit of the configuration + validation tools, which warn you if a hardware fragment + overrides a policy set by a non-hardware fragment. + + The description file can include multiple + kconf statements, one per fragment. + + + + + As described in the + "Generating Configuration Files" + section, you can use the following BitBake command to audit your + configuration: + + $ bitbake linux-yocto -c kernel_configcheck -f + + +
+ +
+ Patches + + + Patch descriptions are very similar to configuration fragment + descriptions, which are described in the previous section. + However, instead of a .cfg file, these + descriptions work with source patches. + + + + A typical patch includes a description file and the patch itself: + + patches/mypatch.scc: + patch mypatch.patch + + patches/mypatch.patch: + <typical-patch> + + You can create the typical .patch + file using diff -Nurp or + git format-patch. + + + + The description file can include multiple patch statements, + one per patch. + +
+ +
+ Features + + + Features are complex kernel Metadata types that consist + of configuration fragments (kconf), patches + (patch), and possibly other feature + description files (include). + + + + Here is an example that shows a feature description file: + + features/myfeature.scc + define KFEATURE_DESCRIPTION "Enable myfeature" + + patch 0001-myfeature-core.patch + patch 0002-myfeature-interface.patch + + include cfg/myfeature_dependency.scc + kconf non-hardware myfeature.cfg + + This example shows how the patch and + kconf commands are used as well as + how an additional feature description file is included. + + + + Typically, features are less granular than configuration + fragments and are more likely than configuration fragments + and patches to be the types of things you want to specify + in the KERNEL_FEATURES variable of the + Linux kernel recipe. + See the "Using Kernel Metadata in a Recipe" + section earlier in the manual. + +
+ +
+ Kernel Types + + + A kernel type defines a high-level kernel policy by + aggregating non-hardware configuration fragments with + patches you want to use when building a Linux kernels of a + specific type. + Syntactically, kernel types are no different than features + as described in the "Features" + section. + The LINUX_KERNEL_TYPE variable in the kernel + recipe selects the kernel type. + See the "Using Kernel Metadata in a Recipe" + section for more information. + + + + As an example, the linux-yocto-3.4 + tree defines three kernel types: "standard", + "tiny", and "preempt-rt": + + "standard": + Includes the generic Linux kernel policy of the Yocto + Project linux-yocto kernel recipes. + This policy includes, among other things, which file + systems, networking options, core kernel features, and + debugging and tracing options are supported. + + "preempt-rt": + Applies the PREEMPT_RT + patches and the configuration options required to + build a real-time Linux kernel. + This kernel type inherits from the "standard" kernel type. + + "tiny": + Defines a bare minimum configuration meant to serve as a + base for very small Linux kernels. + The "tiny" kernel type is independent from the "standard" + configuration. + Although the "tiny" kernel type does not currently include + any source changes, it might in the future. + + + + + + The "standard" kernel type is defined by + standard.scc: + + # Include this kernel type fragment to get the standard features and + # configuration values. + + # Include all standard features + include standard-nocfg.scc + + kconf non-hardware standard.cfg + + # individual cfg block section + include cfg/fs/devtmpfs.scc + include cfg/fs/debugfs.scc + include cfg/fs/btrfs.scc + include cfg/fs/ext2.scc + include cfg/fs/ext3.scc + include cfg/fs/ext4.scc + + include cfg/net/ipv6.scc + include cfg/net/ip_nf.scc + include cfg/net/ip6_nf.scc + include cfg/net/bridge.scc + + + + + As with any .scc file, a + kernel type definition can aggregate other + .scc files with + include commands. + These definitions can also directly pull in + configuration fragments and patches with the + kconf and patch + commands, respectively. + + + + It is not strictly necessary to create a kernel type + .scc file. + The Board Support Package (BSP) file can implicitly define + the kernel type using a define + KTYPE myktype + line. + See the "BSP Descriptions" + section for more information. + +
+ +
+ BSP Descriptions + + + BSP descriptions combine kernel types with hardware-specific + features. + The hardware-specific portion is typically defined + independently, and then aggregated with each supported kernel + type. + Consider this simple BSP description that supports the "mybsp" + machine: + + mybsp.scc: + define KMACHINE mybsp + define KTYPE standard + define KARCH i386 + + kconf mybsp.cfg + + Every BSP description should define the + KMACHINE, + KTYPE, + and KARCH + variables. + These variables allow the OpenEmbedded build system to identify + the description as meeting the criteria set by the recipe being + built. + This simple example supports the "mybsp" machine for the "standard" + kernel and the "i386" architecture. + + + + Be aware that a hard link between the + KTYPE variable and a kernel type + description file does not exist. + Thus, if you do not have kernel types defined in your kernel + Metadata, you only need to ensure that the kernel recipe's + LINUX_KERNEL_TYPE + variable and the KTYPE variable in the + BSP description file match. + + Future versions of the tooling make the specification of + KTYPE in the BSP optional. + + + + + If you did want to separate your kernel policy from your + hardware configuration, you could do so by specifying a kernel + type, such as "standard" and including that description file + in the BSP description file. + See the "Kernel Types" section + for more information. + + + + You might also have multiple hardware configurations that you + aggregate into a single hardware description file that you + could include in the BSP description file, rather than referencing + a single .cfg file. + Consider the following: + + mybsp.scc: + define KMACHINE mybsp + define KTYPE standard + define KARCH i386 + + include standard.scc + include mybsp-hw.scc + + + + + In the above example, standard.scc + aggregates all the configuration fragments, patches, and + features that make up your standard kernel policy whereas + mybsp-hw.scc aggregates all those necessary + to support the hardware available on the "mybsp" machine. + For information on how to break a complete + .config file into the various + configuration fragments, see the + "Generating Configuration Files" + section. + + + + Many real-world examples are more complex. + Like any other .scc file, BSP + descriptions can aggregate features. + Consider the Fish River Island 2 (fri2) + BSP definition from the linux-yocto-3.4 + Git repository: + + fri2.scc: + kconf hardware fri2.cfg + + include cfg/x86.scc + include features/eg20t/eg20t.scc + include cfg/dmaengine.scc + include features/ericsson-3g/f5521gw.scc + include features/power/intel.scc + include cfg/efi.scc + include features/usb/ehci-hcd.scc + include features/usb/ohci-hcd.scc + include features/iwlwifi/iwlwifi.scc + + + + + The fri2.scc description file includes + a hardware configuration fragment + (fri2.cfg) specific to the Fish River + Island 2 BSP as well as several more general configuration + fragments and features enabling hardware found on the + machine. + This description file is then included in each of the three + "fri2" description files for the supported kernel types + (i.e. "standard", "preempt-rt", and "tiny"). + Consider the "fri2" description for the "standard" kernel + type: + + fri2-standard.scc: + define KMACHINE fri2 + define KTYPE standard + define KARCH i386 + + include ktypes/standard/standard.scc + branch fri2 + + git merge emgd-1.14 + + include fri2.scc + + # Extra fri2 configs above the minimal defined in fri2.scc + include cfg/efi-ext.scc + include features/drm-emgd/drm-emgd.scc + include cfg/vesafb.scc + + # default policy for standard kernels + include cfg/usb-mass-storage.scc + + The include command midway through the file + includes the fri2.scc description that + defines all hardware enablements for the BSP that is common to all + kernel types. + Using this command significantly reduces duplication. + + + + This "fri2" standard description introduces a few more variables + and commands that are worth further discussion. + Notice the branch fri2 command, which creates + a machine-specific branch into which source changes are applied. + With this branch set up, the git merge command + uses Git to merge in a feature branch named "emgd-1.14". + You could also handle this with the patch + command. + However, for commonly used features such as this, feature branches + are a convenient mechanism. + See the "Feature Branches" + section for more information. + + + + Now consider the "fri2" description for the "tiny" kernel type: + + fri2-tiny.scc: + define KMACHINE fri2 + define KTYPE tiny + define KARCH i386 + + include ktypes/tiny/tiny.scc + branch fri2 + + include fri2.scc + + As you might expect, the "tiny" description includes quite a + bit less. + In fact, it includes only the minimal policy defined by the + "tiny" kernel type and the hardware-specific configuration required + for booting the machine along with the most basic functionality of + the system as defined in the base "fri2" description file. + + + + Notice again the three critical variables: + KMACHINE, KTYPE, + and KARCH. + Of these variables, only the KTYPE has changed. + It is now set to "tiny". + +
+
+ +
+ Organizing Your Source + + + Many recipes based on the linux-yocto-custom.bb + recipe use Linux kernel sources that have only a single + branch - "master". + This type of repository structure is fine for linear development + supporting a single machine and architecture. + However, if you work with multiple boards and architectures, + a kernel source repository with multiple branches is more + efficient. + For example, suppose you need a series of patches for one board to boot. + Sometimes, these patches are works-in-progress or fundamentally wrong, + yet they are still necessary for specific boards. + In these situations, you most likely do not want to include these + patches in every kernel you build (i.e. have the patches as part of + the lone "master" branch). + It is situations like these that give rise to multiple branches used + within a Linux kernel sources Git repository. + + + + Repository organization strategies exist that maximize source reuse, + remove redundancy, and logically order your changes. + This section presents strategies for the following cases: + + Encapsulating patches in a feature description + and only including the patches in the BSP descriptions of + the applicable boards. + Creating a machine branch in your + kernel source repository and applying the patches on that + branch only. + Creating a feature branch in your + kernel source repository and merging that branch into your + BSP when needed. + + + + + The approach you take is entirely up to you + and depends on what works best for your development model. + + +
+ Encapsulating Patches + + + if you are reusing patches from an external tree and are not + working on the patches, you might find the encapsulated feature + to be appropriate. + Given this scenario, you do not need to create any branches in the + source repository. + Rather, you just take the static patches you need and encapsulate + them within a feature description. + Once you have the feature description, you simply include that into + the BSP description as described in the + "BSP Descriptions" + section. + + + + You can find information on how to create patches and BSP + descriptions in the "Patches" and + "BSP Descriptions" + sections. + +
+ +
+ Machine Branches + + + When you have multiple machines and architectures to support, + or you are actively working on board support, it is more + efficient to create branches in the repository based on + individual machines. + Having machine branches allows common source to remain in the + "master" branch with any features specific to a machine stored + in the appropriate machine branch. + This organization method frees you from continually reintegrating + your patches into a feature. + + + + Once you have a new branch, you can set up your kernel Metadata + to use the branch a couple different ways. + In the recipe, you can specify the new branch as the + KBRANCH to use for the board as + follows: + + KBRANCH = "mynewbranch" + + Another method is to use the branch command + in the BSP description: + + mybsp.scc: + define KMACHINE mybsp + define KTYPE standard + define KARCH i386 + include standard.scc + + branch mynewbranch + + include mybsp-hw.scc + + + + + If you find + yourself with numerous branches, you might consider using a + hierarchical branching system similar to what the linux-yocto Linux + kernel repositories use: + + <common>/<kernel_type>/<machine> + + + + + If you had two kernel types, "standard" and "small" for + instance, and three machines, the branches in your + Git repository might look like this: + + common/base + common/standard/base + common/standard/machine_a + common/standard/machine_b + common/standard/machine_c + common/small/base + common/small/machine_a + + + + + This organization can help clarify the branch relationships. + In this case, common/standard/machine_a + includes everything in common/base and + common/standard/base. + The "standard" and "small" branches add sources specific to those + kernel types that for whatever reason are not appropriate for the + other branches. + The "base" branches are an artifact of the way Git manages + its data internally on the filesystem: Git will not allow you + to use common/standard and + common/standard/machine_a because it + would have to create a file and a directory named "standard". + + +
+ +
+ Feature Branches + + + When you are actively developing new features, it can be more + efficient to work with that feature as a branch, rather than + as a set of patches that have to be regularly updated. + The Yocto Project Linux kernel tools provide for this with + the git merge command. + + + + To merge a feature branch into a BSP, insert the + git merge command after any + branch commands: + + mybsp.scc: + define KMACHINE mybsp + define KTYPE standard + define KARCH i386 + include standard.scc + + branch mynewbranch + git merge myfeature + + include mybsp-hw.scc + + +
+
+ +
+ SCC Description File Reference + + + This section provides a brief reference for the commands you can use + within an SCC description file (.scc): + + branch [ref]: + Creates a new branch relative to the current branch + (typically ${KTYPE}) using + the currently checked-out branch, or "ref" if specified. + + define: + Defines variables, such as KMACHINE, + KTYPE, KARCH, + and KFEATURE_DESCRIPTION. + include SCC_FILE: + Includes an SCC file in the current file. + The file is parsed as if you had inserted it inline. + + kconf [hardware|non-hardware] CFG_FILE: + Queues a configuration fragment for merging into the final + Linux .config file. + git merge GIT_BRANCH: + Merges the feature branch into the current branch. + + patch PATCH_FILE: + Applies the patch to the current Git branch. + + +
+ + + diff --git a/documentation/kernel-dev/kernel-dev-common.xml b/documentation/kernel-dev/kernel-dev-common.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ef1d0db --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/kernel-dev/kernel-dev-common.xml @@ -0,0 +1,858 @@ + %poky; ] > + + + +Common Tasks + + + This chapter presents several common tasks you perform when you + work with the Yocto Project Linux kernel. + These tasks include preparing a layer, modifying an existing recipe, + iterative development, working with your own sources, and incorporating + out-of-tree modules. + + The examples presented in this chapter work with the Yocto Project + 1.2.2 Release and forward. + + + +
+ Creating and Preparing a Layer + + + If you are going to be modifying kernel recipes, it is recommended + that you create and prepare your own layer in which to do your + work. + Your layer contains its own + BitBake + append files + (.bbappend) and provides a convenient + mechanism to create your own recipe files + (.bb). + For details on how to create and work with layers, see the following + sections in the Yocto Project Development Manual: + + "Understanding and Creating Layers" for + general information on layers and how to create layers. + "Set Up Your Layer for the Build" for + specific instructions on setting up a layer for kernel + development. + + +
+ +
+ Modifying an Existing Recipe + + + In many cases, you can customize an existing linux-yocto recipe to + meet the needs of your project. + Each release of the Yocto Project provides a few Linux + kernel recipes from which you can choose. + These are located in the + Source Directory + in meta/recipes-kernel/linux. + + + + Modifying an existing recipe can consist of the following: + + Creating the append file + Applying patches + Changing the configuration + + + + + Before modifying an existing recipe, be sure that you have created + a minimal, custom layer from which you can work. + See the "Creating and Preparing a Layer" + section for some general resources. + You can also see the + "Set Up Your Layer for the Build" section + of the Yocto Project Development Manual for a detailed + example. + + +
+ Creating the Append File + + + You create this file in your custom layer. + You also name it accordingly based on the linux-yocto recipe + you are using. + For example, if you are modifying the + meta/recipes-kernel/linux/linux-yocto_3.4.bb + recipe, the append file will typical be located as follows + within your custom layer: + + <your-layer>/recipes-kernel/linux/linux-yocto_3.4.bbappend + + The append file should initially extend the + FILESPATH + search path by prepending the directory that contains your + files to the + FILESEXTRAPATHS + variable as follows: + + FILESEXTRAPATHS_prepend := "${THISDIR}/${PN}:" + + The path ${THISDIR}/${PN} + expands to "linux-yocto" in the current directory for this + example. + If you add any new files that modify the kernel recipe and you + have extended FILESPATH as + described above, you must place the files in your layer in the + following area: + + <your-layer>/recipes-kernel/linux/linux-yocto/ + + If you are working on a new machine Board Support Package + (BSP), be sure to refer to the + Yocto Project Board Support Package (BSP) Developer's Guide. + + +
+ +
+ Applying Patches + + + If you have a single patch or a small series of patches + that you want to apply to the Linux kernel source, you + can do so just as you would with any other recipe. + You first copy the patches to the path added to + FILESEXTRAPATHS + in your .bbappend file as described in + the previous section, and then reference them in + SRC_URI + statements. + + + + For example, you can apply a three-patch series by adding the + following lines to your linux-yocto .bbappend + file in your layer: + + SRC_URI += "file://0001-first-change.patch" + SRC_URI += "file://0002-first-change.patch" + SRC_URI += "file://0003-first-change.patch" + + The next time you run BitBake to build the Linux kernel, BitBake + detects the change in the recipe and fetches and applies the patches + before building the kernel. + + + + For a detailed example showing how to patch the kernel, see the + "Patching the Kernel" + section in the Yocto Project Development Manual. + +
+ +
+ Changing the Configuration + + + You can make wholesale or incremental changes to the Linux + kernel .config file by including a + defconfig and by specifying + configuration fragments in the + SRC_URI. + + + + If you have a final Linux kernel .config + file you want to use, copy it to a directory named + files, which must be in + your layer's recipes-kernel/linux + directory, and name the file "defconfig". + Then, add the following lines to your linux-yocto + .bbappend file in your layer: + + FILESEXTRAPATHS_prepend := "${THISDIR}/files:" + SRC_URI += "file://defconfig" + + The SRC_URI tells the build system how to + search for the file, while the + FILESEXTRAPATHS + extends the + FILESPATH + variable (search directories) to include the + files directory you created for the + configuration changes. + + + + The build system applies the configurations from the + .config file before applying any + subsequent configuration fragments. + The final kernel configuration is a combination of the + configurations in the .config file and + any configuration fragments you provide. + You need to realize that if you have any configuration + fragments, the build system applies these on top of and + after applying the existing .config + file configurations. + + + + Generally speaking, the preferred approach is to determine the + incremental change you want to make and add that as a + configuration fragment. + For example, if you want to add support for a basic serial + console, create a file named 8250.cfg in + the files directory with the following + content (without indentation): + + CONFIG_SERIAL_8250=y + CONFIG_SERIAL_8250_CONSOLE=y + CONFIG_SERIAL_8250_PCI=y + CONFIG_SERIAL_8250_NR_UARTS=4 + CONFIG_SERIAL_8250_RUNTIME_UARTS=4 + CONFIG_SERIAL_CORE=y + CONFIG_SERIAL_CORE_CONSOLE=y + + Next, include this configuration fragment and extend the + FILESPATH variable in your + .bbappend file: + + FILESEXTRAPATHS_prepend := "${THISDIR}/files:" + SRC_URI += "file://8250.cfg" + + The next time you run BitBake to build the Linux kernel, BitBake + detects the change in the recipe and fetches and applies the + new configuration before building the kernel. + + + + For a detailed example showing how to configure the kernel, + see the + "Configuring the Kernel" + section in the Yocto Project Development Manual. + +
+
+ +
+ Using an Iterative Development Process + + + If you do not have existing patches or configuration files, + you can iteratively generate them from within the BitBake build + environment as described within this section. + During an iterative workflow, running a previously completed BitBake + task causes BitBake to invalidate the tasks that follow the + completed task in the build sequence. + Invalidated tasks rebuild the next time you run the build using + BitBake. + + + + As you read this section, be sure to substitute the name + of your Linux kernel recipe for the term + "linux-yocto". + + +
+ "-dirty" String + + + + + If kernel images are being built with "-dirty" on the + end of the version string, this simply means that + modifications in the source directory have not been committed. + + $ git status + + + + + You can use the above Git command to report modified, + removed, or added files. + You should commit those changes to the tree regardless of + whether they will be saved, exported, or used. + Once you commit the changes, you need to rebuild the kernel. + + + + To force a pickup and commit of all such pending changes, + enter the following: + + $ git add . + $ git commit -s -a -m "getting rid of -dirty" + + + + + Next, rebuild the kernel. + +
+ +
+ Generating Configuration Files + + + You can manipulate the .config file + used to build a linux-yocto recipe with the + menuconfig command as follows: + + $ bitbake linux-yocto -c menuconfig + + This command starts the Linux kernel configuration tool, + which allows you to prepare a new + .config file for the build. + When you exit the tool, be sure to save your changes + at the prompt. + + + + The resulting .config file is + located in + ${WORKDIR} under the + linux-${MACHINE}-${KTYPE}-build directory. + You can use the entire .config file as the + defconfig file as described in the + "Changing the Configuration" section. + + + + A better method is to create a configuration fragment using the + differences between two configuration files: one previously + created and saved, and one freshly created using the + menuconfig tool. + + + + To create a configuration fragment using this method, follow + these steps: + + Complete a build at least through the kernel + configuration task as follows: + + $ bitbake linux-yocto -c kernel_configme -f + + Run the menuconfig + command: + + $ bitbake linux-yocto -c menuconfig + + Run the diffconfig + command to prepare a configuration fragment. + The resulting file fragment.cfg + will be placed in the + ${WORKDIR} directory: + + $ bitbake linux-yocto -c diffconfig + + + + + + The diffconfig command creates a file that is a + list of Linux kernel CONFIG_ assignments. + See the "Changing the Configuration" + section for information on how to use the output as a + configuration fragment. + + You can also use this method to create configuration + fragments for a BSP. + See the "BSP Descriptions" + section for more information. + + + + + The kernel tools also provide configuration validation. + You can use these tools to produce warnings for when a + requested configuration does not appear in the final + .config file or when you override a + policy configuration in a hardware configuration fragment. + Here is an example with some sample output of the command + that runs these tools: + + $ bitbake linux-yocto -c kernel_configcheck -f + + ... + + NOTE: validating kernel configuration + This BSP sets 3 invalid/obsolete kernel options. + These config options are not offered anywhere within this kernel. + The full list can be found in your kernel src dir at: + meta/cfg/standard/mybsp/invalid.cfg + + This BSP sets 21 kernel options that are possibly non-hardware related. + The full list can be found in your kernel src dir at: + meta/cfg/standard/mybsp/specified_non_hdw.cfg + + WARNING: There were 2 hardware options requested that do not + have a corresponding value present in the final ".config" file. + This probably means you are not't getting the config you wanted. + The full list can be found in your kernel src dir at: + meta/cfg/standard/mybsp/mismatch.cfg + + + + + The output describes the various problems that you can + encounter along with where to find the offending configuration + items. + You can use the information in the logs to adjust your + configuration files and then repeat the + kernel_configme and + kernel_configcheck commands until + they produce no warnings. + + + + For more information on how to use the + menuconfig tool, see the + "Using menuconfig" + section in the Yocto Project Development Manual. + +
+ +
+ Modifying Source Code + + + You can experiment with source code changes and create a + simple patch without leaving the BitBake environment. + To get started, be sure to complete a build at + least through the kernel configuration task: + + $ bitbake linux-yocto -c kernel_configme -f + + Taking this step ensures you have the sources prepared + and the configuration completed. + You can find the sources in the + ${WORKDIR}/linux directory. + + + + You can edit the sources as you would any other Linux source + tree. + However, keep in mind that you will lose changes if you + trigger the fetch task for the recipe. + You can avoid triggering this task by not issuing BitBake's + cleanall, cleansstate, + or forced fetch commands. + Also, do not modify the recipe itself while working + with temporary changes or BitBake might run the + fetch command depending on the + changes to the recipe. + + + + To test your temporary changes, instruct BitBake to run the + compile again. + The -f option forces the command to run + even though BitBake might think it has already done so: + + $ bitbake linux-yocto -c compile -f + + If the compile fails, you can update the sources and repeat + the compile. + Once compilation is successful, you can inspect and test + the resulting build (i.e. kernel, modules, and so forth) from + the Build Directory: + + ${WORKDIR}/linux-${MACHINE}-${KTYPE}-build + + Alternatively, you can run the deploy + command to place the kernel image in the + tmp/deploy/images directory: + + $ bitbake linux-yocto -c deploy + + And, of course, you can perform the remaining installation and + packaging steps by issuing: + + $ bitbake linux-yocto + + + + + For rapid iterative development, the edit-compile-repeat loop + described in this section is preferable to rebuilding the + entire recipe because the installation and packaging tasks + are very time consuming. + + + + Once you are satisfied with your source code modifications, + you can make them permanent by generating patches and + applying them to the + SRC_URI + statement as described in section + "Applying Patches" section. + If you are not familiar with generating patches, refer to the + "Creating the Patch" + section in the Yocto Project Development Manual. + +
+
+ +
+ Working With Your Own Sources + + + If you cannot work with one of the Linux kernel + versions supported by existing linux-yocto recipes, you can + still make use of the Yocto Project Linux kernel tooling by + working with your own sources. + When you use your own sources, you will not be able to + leverage the existing kernel + Metadata and + stabilization work of the linux-yocto sources. + However, you will be able to manage your own Metadata in the same + format as the linux-yocto sources. + Maintaining format compatibility facilitates converging with + linux-yocto on a future, mutually-supported kernel version. + + + + To help you use your own sources, the Yocto Project provides a + linux-yocto custom recipe + (linux-yocto-custom.bb) that uses + kernel.org sources + and the Yocto Project Linux kernel tools for managing + kernel Metadata. + You can find this recipe in the + poky Git repository of the + Yocto Project Source Repository + at: + + poky/meta-skeleton/recipes-kernel/linux/linux-yocto-custom.bb + + + + + Here are some basic steps you can use to work with your own sources: + + Copy the linux-yocto-custom.bb + recipe to your layer and give it a meaningful name. + The name should include the version of the Linux kernel you + are using (e.g. linux-yocto-myproject_3.5.bb, + where "3.5" is the base version of the Linux kernel + with which you would be working). + In the same directory inside your layer, + create a matching directory + to store your patches and configuration files (e.g. + linux-yocto-myproject). + + Edit the following variables in your recipe + as appropriate for your project: + + SRC_URI: + The SRC_URI should be a Git + repository that uses one of the supported Git fetcher + protocols (i.e. file, + git, http, + and so forth). + The skeleton recipe provides an example + SRC_URI as a syntax reference. + + LINUX_VERSION: + The Linux kernel version you are using (e.g. + "3.4"). + LINUX_VERSION_EXTENSION: + The Linux kernel CONFIG_LOCALVERSION + that is compiled into the resulting kernel and visible + through the uname command. + + SRCREV: + The commit ID from which you want to build. + + PR: + Treat this variable the same as you would in any other + recipe. + Increment the variable to indicate to the OpenEmbedded + build system that the recipe has changed. + + PV: + The default PV assignment is + typically adequate. + It combines the LINUX_VERSION + with the Source Control Manager (SCM) revision + as derived from the + SRCPV + variable. + The combined results are a string with + the following form: + + 3.4.11+git1+68a635bf8dfb64b02263c1ac80c948647cc76d5f_1+218bd8d2022b9852c60d32f0d770931e3cf343e2 + + While lengthy, the extra verbosity in PV + helps ensure you are using the exact + sources from which you intend to build. + + COMPATIBLE_MACHINE: + A list of the machines supported by your new recipe. + This variable in the example recipe is set + by default to a regular expression that matches + only the empty string, "(^$)". + This default setting triggers an explicit build + failure. + You must change it to match a list of the machines + that your new recipe supports. + For example, to support the qemux86 + and qemux86-64 machines, use + the following form: + + COMPATIBLE_MACHINE = "qemux86|qemux86-64" + + + Provide further customizations to your recipe + as needed just as you would customize an existing + linux-yocto recipe. + See the "Modifying + an Existing Recipe" section for information. + + + +
+ +
+ Incorporating Out-of-Tree Modules + + + While it is always preferable to work with sources integrated + into the Linux kernel sources, if you need an external kernel + module, the hello-mod.bb recipe is available + as a template from which you can create your own out-of-tree + Linux kernel module recipe. + + + + This template recipe is located in the + poky Git repository of the + Yocto Project Source Repository + at: + + poky/meta-skeleton/recipes-kernel/hello-mod/hello-mod_0.1.bb + + + + + To get started, copy this recipe to your layer and give it a + meaningful name (e.g. mymodule_1.0.bb). + In the same directory, create a directory named + files where you can store any source files, + patches, or other files necessary for building + the module that do not come with the sources. + Finally, update the recipe as appropriate for the module. + Typically you will need to set the following variables: + + DESCRIPTION + + LICENSE* + + SRC_URI + + PV + + + + + + Depending on the build system used by the module sources, you might + need to make some adjustments. + For example, a typical module Makefile looks + much like the one provided with the hello-mod + template: + + obj-m := hello.o + + SRC := $(shell pwd) + + all: + $(MAKE) -C $(KERNEL_SRC) M=$(SRC) + + modules_install: + $(MAKE) -C $(KERNEL_SRC) M=$(SRC) modules_install + ... + + + + + The important point to note here is the + KERNEL_SRC + variable. + The class module.bbclass sets this variable, + as well as the + KERNEL_PATH + variable to + ${STAGING_KERNEL_DIR} + with the necessary Linux kernel build information to build modules. + If your module Makefile uses a different + variable, you might want to override the + do_compile() step, or create a patch to + the Makefile to work with the more typical + KERNEL_SRC or KERNEL_PATH + variables. + + + + After you have prepared your recipe, you will likely want to + include the module in your images. + To do this, see the documentation for the following variables in + the Yocto Project Reference Manual and set one of them as + appropriate in your machine configuration file: + + MACHINE_ESSENTIAL_EXTRA_RDEPENDS + + MACHINE_ESSENTIAL_EXTRA_RRECOMMENDS + + MACHINE_EXTRA_RDEPENDS + + MACHINE_EXTRA_RRECOMMENDS + + + + + + modules are often not required for boot and can be excluded from + certain build configurations. + The following allows for the most flexibility: + + MACHINE_EXTRA_RRECOMMENDS += "kernel-module-mymodule" + + Where the value is derived by appending the module filename without + the .ko extension to the string + "kernel-module-". + + + + Because the variable is + RRECOMMENDS + and not a + RDEPENDS + variable, the build will not fail if this module is not available + to include in the image. + +
+ +
+ Inspecting Changes and Commits + + + A common question when working with a kernel is: + "What changes have been applied to this tree?" + Rather than using "grep" across directories to see what has + changed, you can use Git to inspect or search the kernel tree. + Using Git is an efficient way to see what has changed in the tree. + + +
+ What Changed in a Kernel? + + + Following are a few examples that show how to use Git + commands to examine changes. + These examples are by no means the only way to see changes. + + In the following examples, unless you provide a commit + range, kernel.org history is blended + with Yocto Project kernel changes. + You can form ranges by using branch names from the + kernel tree as the upper and lower commit markers with + the Git commands. + You can see the branch names through the web interface + to the Yocto Project source repositories at + . + + To see a full range of the changes, use the + git whatchanged command and specify a + commit range for the branch + (<commit>..<commit>). + + + + Here is an example that looks at what has changed in the + emenlow branch of the + linux-yocto-3.4 kernel. + The lower commit range is the commit associated with the + standard/base branch, while + the upper commit range is the commit associated with the + standard/emenlow branch. + + $ git whatchanged origin/standard/base..origin/standard/emenlow + + + + + To see short, one line summaries of changes use the + git log command: + + $ git log --oneline origin/standard/base..origin/standard/emenlow + + + + + Use this command to see code differences for the changes: + + $ git diff origin/standard/base..origin/standard/emenlow + + + + + Use this command to see the commit log messages and the + text differences: + + $ git show origin/standard/base..origin/standard/emenlow + + + + + Use this command to create individual patches for + each change. + Here is an example that that creates patch files for each + commit and places them in your Documents + directory: + + $ git format-patch -o $HOME/Documents origin/standard/base..origin/standard/emenlow + + +
+ +
+ Showing a Particular Feature or Branch Change + + + Tags in the Yocto Project kernel tree divide changes for + significant features or branches. + The git show <tag> command shows + changes based on a tag. + Here is an example that shows systemtap + changes: + + $ git show systemtap + + You can use the + git branch --contains <tag> command + to show the branches that contain a particular feature. + This command shows the branches that contain the + systemtap feature: + + $ git branch --contains systemtap + + +
+
+ + diff --git a/documentation/kernel-dev/kernel-dev-concepts-appx.xml b/documentation/kernel-dev/kernel-dev-concepts-appx.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ac91749 --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/kernel-dev/kernel-dev-concepts-appx.xml @@ -0,0 +1,253 @@ + %poky; ] > + + +Advanced Kernel Concepts + +
+ Yocto Project Kernel Development and Maintenance + + Kernels available through the Yocto Project, like other kernels, are based off the Linux + kernel releases from . + At the beginning of a major development cycle, the Yocto Project team + chooses its kernel based on factors such as release timing, the anticipated release + timing of final upstream kernel.org versions, and Yocto Project + feature requirements. + Typically, the kernel chosen is in the + final stages of development by the community. + In other words, the kernel is in the release + candidate or "rc" phase and not yet a final release. + But, by being in the final stages of external development, the team knows that the + kernel.org final release will clearly be within the early stages of + the Yocto Project development window. + + + This balance allows the team to deliver the most up-to-date kernel + possible, while still ensuring that the team has a stable official release for + the baseline Linux kernel version. + + + The ultimate source for kernels available through the Yocto Project are released kernels + from kernel.org. + In addition to a foundational kernel from kernel.org, the + kernels available contain a mix of important new mainline + developments, non-mainline developments (when there is no alternative), + Board Support Package (BSP) developments, + and custom features. + These additions result in a commercially released Yocto Project Linux kernel that caters + to specific embedded designer needs for targeted hardware. + + + Once a kernel is officially released, the Yocto Project team goes into + their next development cycle, or upward revision (uprev) cycle, while still + continuing maintenance on the released kernel. + It is important to note that the most sustainable and stable way + to include feature development upstream is through a kernel uprev process. + Back-porting hundreds of individual fixes and minor features from various + kernel versions is not sustainable and can easily compromise quality. + + + During the uprev cycle, the Yocto Project team uses an ongoing analysis of + kernel development, BSP support, and release timing to select the best + possible kernel.org version. + The team continually monitors community kernel + development to look for significant features of interest. + The team does consider back-porting large features if they have a significant advantage. + User or community demand can also trigger a back-port or creation of new + functionality in the Yocto Project baseline kernel during the uprev cycle. + + + Generally speaking, every new kernel both adds features and introduces new bugs. + These consequences are the basic properties of upstream kernel development and are + managed by the Yocto Project team's kernel strategy. + It is the Yocto Project team's policy to not back-port minor features to the released kernel. + They only consider back-porting significant technological jumps - and, that is done + after a complete gap analysis. + The reason for this policy is that back-porting any small to medium sized change + from an evolving kernel can easily create mismatches, incompatibilities and very + subtle errors. + + + These policies result in both a stable and a cutting + edge kernel that mixes forward ports of existing features and significant and critical + new functionality. + Forward porting functionality in the kernels available through the Yocto Project kernel + can be thought of as a "micro uprev." + The many “micro uprevs” produce a kernel version with a mix of + important new mainline, non-mainline, BSP developments and feature integrations. + This kernel gives insight into new features and allows focused + amounts of testing to be done on the kernel, which prevents + surprises when selecting the next major uprev. + The quality of these cutting edge kernels is evolving and the kernels are used in leading edge + feature and BSP development. + +
+ +
+ Kernel Architecture + + This section describes the architecture of the kernels available through the + Yocto Project and provides information + on the mechanisms used to achieve that architecture. + + +
+ Overview + + As mentioned earlier, a key goal of the Yocto Project is to present the + developer with + a kernel that has a clear and continuous history that is visible to the user. + The architecture and mechanisms used achieve that goal in a manner similar to the + upstream kernel.org. + + + You can think of a Yocto Project kernel as consisting of a baseline Linux kernel with + added features logically structured on top of the baseline. + The features are tagged and organized by way of a branching strategy implemented by the + source code manager (SCM) Git. + For information on Git as applied to the Yocto Project, see the + "Git" section in the + Yocto Project Development Manual. + + + The result is that the user has the ability to see the added features and + the commits that make up those features. + In addition to being able to see added features, the user can also view the history of what + made up the baseline kernel. + + + The following illustration shows the conceptual Yocto Project kernel. + + + + + + In the illustration, the "Kernel.org Branch Point" + marks the specific spot (or release) from + which the Yocto Project kernel is created. + From this point "up" in the tree, features and differences are organized and tagged. + + + The "Yocto Project Baseline Kernel" contains functionality that is common to every kernel + type and BSP that is organized further up the tree. + Placing these common features in the + tree this way means features do not have to be duplicated along individual branches of the + structure. + + + From the Yocto Project Baseline Kernel, branch points represent specific functionality + for individual BSPs as well as real-time kernels. + The illustration represents this through three BSP-specific branches and a real-time + kernel branch. + Each branch represents some unique functionality for the BSP or a real-time kernel. + + + In this example structure, the real-time kernel branch has common features for all + real-time kernels and contains + more branches for individual BSP-specific real-time kernels. + The illustration shows three branches as an example. + Each branch points the way to specific, unique features for a respective real-time + kernel as they apply to a given BSP. + + + The resulting tree structure presents a clear path of markers (or branches) to the + developer that, for all practical purposes, is the kernel needed for any given set + of requirements. + +
+ +
+ Branching Strategy and Workflow + + The Yocto Project team creates kernel branches at points where functionality is + no longer shared and thus, needs to be isolated. + For example, board-specific incompatibilities would require different functionality + and would require a branch to separate the features. + Likewise, for specific kernel features, the same branching strategy is used. + + + This branching strategy results in a tree that has features organized to be specific + for particular functionality, single kernel types, or a subset of kernel types. + This strategy also results in not having to store the same feature twice + internally in the tree. + Rather, the kernel team stores the unique differences required to apply the + feature onto the kernel type in question. + + The Yocto Project team strives to place features in the tree such that they can be + shared by all boards and kernel types where possible. + However, during development cycles or when large features are merged, + the team cannot always follow this practice. + In those cases, the team uses isolated branches to merge features. + + + + BSP-specific code additions are handled in a similar manner to kernel-specific additions. + Some BSPs only make sense given certain kernel types. + So, for these types, the team creates branches off the end of that kernel type for all + of the BSPs that are supported on that kernel type. + From the perspective of the tools that create the BSP branch, the BSP is really no + different than a feature. + Consequently, the same branching strategy applies to BSPs as it does to features. + So again, rather than store the BSP twice, the team only stores the unique + differences for the BSP across the supported multiple kernels. + + + While this strategy can result in a tree with a significant number of branches, it is + important to realize that from the developer's point of view, there is a linear + path that travels from the baseline kernel.org, through a select + group of features and ends with their BSP-specific commits. + In other words, the divisions of the kernel are transparent and are not relevant + to the developer on a day-to-day basis. + From the developer's perspective, this path is the "master" branch. + The developer does not need to be aware of the existence of any other branches at all. + Of course, there is value in the existence of these branches + in the tree, should a person decide to explore them. + For example, a comparison between two BSPs at either the commit level or at the line-by-line + code diff level is now a trivial operation. + + + Working with the kernel as a structured tree follows recognized community best practices. + In particular, the kernel as shipped with the product, should be + considered an "upstream source" and viewed as a series of + historical and documented modifications (commits). + These modifications represent the development and stabilization done + by the Yocto Project kernel development team. + + + Because commits only change at significant release points in the product life cycle, + developers can work on a branch created + from the last relevant commit in the shipped Yocto Project kernel. + As mentioned previously, the structure is transparent to the developer + because the kernel tree is left in this state after cloning and building the kernel. + +
+ +
+ Source Code Manager - Git + + The Source Code Manager (SCM) is Git. + This SCM is the obvious mechanism for meeting the previously mentioned goals. + Not only is it the SCM for kernel.org but, + Git continues to grow in popularity and supports many different work flows, + front-ends and management techniques. + + + You can find documentation on Git at . + You can also get an introduction to Git as it applies to the Yocto Project in the + "Git" + section in the Yocto Project Development Manual. + These referenced sections overview Git and describe a minimal set of + commands that allows you to be functional using Git. + + You can use as much, or as little, of what Git has to offer to accomplish what + you need for your project. + You do not have to be a "Git Master" in order to use it with the Yocto Project. + + +
+
+ + diff --git a/documentation/kernel-dev/kernel-dev-customization.xsl b/documentation/kernel-dev/kernel-dev-customization.xsl new file mode 100644 index 0000000..43e9dad --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/kernel-dev/kernel-dev-customization.xsl @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ + + + + + + + + A + + + diff --git a/documentation/kernel-dev/kernel-dev-eclipse-customization.xsl b/documentation/kernel-dev/kernel-dev-eclipse-customization.xsl new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7d1bb8d --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/kernel-dev/kernel-dev-eclipse-customization.xsl @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A + + + diff --git a/documentation/kernel-dev/kernel-dev-examples.xml b/documentation/kernel-dev/kernel-dev-examples.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9d9aef6 --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/kernel-dev/kernel-dev-examples.xml @@ -0,0 +1,918 @@ + %poky; ] > + + + +Working with the Yocto Project Kernel + + +
+ Introduction + + This chapter describes how to accomplish tasks involving a kernel's tree structure. + The information is designed to help the developer that wants to modify the Yocto + Project kernel and contribute changes upstream to the Yocto Project. + The information covers the following: + + Tree construction + Build strategies + Workflow examples + + +
+ +
+ Tree Construction + + This section describes construction of the Yocto Project kernel source repositories + as accomplished by the Yocto Project team to create kernel repositories. + These kernel repositories are found under the heading "Yocto Linux Kernel" at + &YOCTO_GIT_URL;/cgit.cgi + and can be shipped as part of a Yocto Project release. + The team creates these repositories by + compiling and executing the set of feature descriptions for every BSP/feature + in the product. + Those feature descriptions list all necessary patches, + configuration, branching, tagging and feature divisions found in a kernel. + Thus, the Yocto Project kernel repository (or tree) is built. + + + The existence of this tree allows you to access and clone a particular + Yocto Project kernel repository and use it to build images based on their configurations + and features. + + + You can find the files used to describe all the valid features and BSPs + in the Yocto Project kernel in any clone of the Yocto Project kernel source repository + Git tree. + For example, the following command clones the Yocto Project baseline kernel that + branched off of linux.org version 3.4: + + $ git clone git://git.yoctoproject.org/linux-yocto-3.4 + + For another example of how to set up a local Git repository of the Yocto Project + kernel files, see the + "Yocto Project Kernel" bulleted + item in the Yocto Project Development Manual. + + + Once you have cloned the kernel Git repository on your local machine, you can + switch to the meta branch within the repository. + Here is an example that assumes the local Git repository for the kernel is in + a top-level directory named linux-yocto-3.4: + + $ cd ~/linux-yocto-3.4 + $ git checkout -b meta origin/meta + + Once you have checked out and switched to the meta branch, + you can see a snapshot of all the kernel configuration and feature descriptions that are + used to build that particular kernel repository. + These descriptions are in the form of .scc files. + + + You should realize, however, that browsing your local kernel repository + for feature descriptions and patches is not an effective way to determine what is in a + particular kernel branch. + Instead, you should use Git directly to discover the changes in a branch. + Using Git is an efficient and flexible way to inspect changes to the kernel. + For examples showing how to use Git to inspect kernel commits, see the following sections + in this chapter. + + Ground up reconstruction of the complete kernel tree is an action only taken by the + Yocto Project team during an active development cycle. + When you create a clone of the kernel Git repository, you are simply making it + efficiently available for building and development. + + + + The following steps describe what happens when the Yocto Project Team constructs + the Yocto Project kernel source Git repository (or tree) found at + given the + introduction of a new top-level kernel feature or BSP. + These are the actions that effectively create the tree + that includes the new feature, patch or BSP: + + A top-level kernel feature is passed to the kernel build subsystem. + Normally, this feature is a BSP for a particular kernel type. + The file that describes the top-level feature is located by searching + these system directories: + + The in-tree kernel-cache directories, which are located + in meta/cfg/kernel-cache + Areas pointed to by SRC_URI statements + found in recipes + + For a typical build, the target of the search is a + feature description in an .scc file + whose name follows this format: + + <bsp_name>-<kernel_type>.scc + + + Once located, the feature description is either compiled into a simple script + of actions, or into an existing equivalent script that is already part of the + shipped kernel. + Extra features are appended to the top-level feature description. + These features can come from the + KERNEL_FEATURES + variable in recipes. + Each extra feature is located, compiled and appended to the script + as described in step three. + The script is executed to produce a series of meta-* + directories. + These directories are descriptions of all the branches, tags, patches and configurations that + need to be applied to the base Git repository to completely create the + source (build) branch for the new BSP or feature. + The base repository is cloned, and the actions + listed in the meta-* directories are applied to the + tree. + The Git repository is left with the desired branch checked out and any + required branching, patching and tagging has been performed. + + + + The kernel tree is now ready for developer consumption to be locally cloned, + configured, and built into a Yocto Project kernel specific to some target hardware. + The generated meta-* directories add to the kernel + as shipped with the Yocto Project release. + Any add-ons and configuration data are applied to the end of an existing branch. + The full repository generation that is found in the + official Yocto Project kernel repositories at + http://git.yoctoproject.org/cgit.cgi + is the combination of all supported boards and configurations. + The technique the Yocto Project team uses is flexible and allows for seamless + blending of an immutable history with additional patches specific to a + deployment. + Any additions to the kernel become an integrated part of the branches. + + +
+ +
+ Build Strategy + + Once a local Git repository of the Yocto Project kernel exists on a development system, + you can consider the compilation phase of kernel development - building a kernel image. + Some prerequisites exist that are validated by the build process before compilation + starts: + + + + The + SRC_URI points + to the kernel Git repository. + A BSP build branch exists. + This branch has the following form: + + <kernel_type>/<bsp_name> + + + + + The OpenEmbedded build system makes sure these conditions exist before attempting compilation. + Other means, however, do exist, such as as bootstrapping a BSP, see + the "Workflow Examples". + + + + Before building a kernel, the build process verifies the tree + and configures the kernel by processing all of the + configuration "fragments" specified by feature descriptions in the .scc + files. + As the features are compiled, associated kernel configuration fragments are noted + and recorded in the meta-* series of directories in their compilation order. + The fragments are migrated, pre-processed and passed to the Linux Kernel + Configuration subsystem (lkc) as raw input in the form + of a .config file. + The lkc uses its own internal dependency constraints to do the final + processing of that information and generates the final .config file + that is used during compilation. + + + + Using the board's architecture and other relevant values from the board's template, + kernel compilation is started and a kernel image is produced. + + + + The other thing that you notice once you configure a kernel is that + the build process generates a build tree that is separate from your kernel's local Git + source repository tree. + This build tree has a name that uses the following form, where + ${MACHINE} is the metadata name of the machine (BSP) and "kernel_type" is one + of the Yocto Project supported kernel types (e.g. "standard"): + + linux-${MACHINE}-<kernel_type>-build + + + + + The existing support in the kernel.org tree achieves this + default functionality. + + + + This behavior means that all the generated files for a particular machine or BSP are now in + the build tree directory. + The files include the final .config file, all the .o + files, the .a files, and so forth. + Since each machine or BSP has its own separate build directory in its own separate branch + of the Git repository, you can easily switch between different builds. + +
+ +
+ Workflow Examples + + + As previously noted, the Yocto Project kernel has built-in Git integration. + However, these utilities are not the only way to work with the kernel repository. + The Yocto Project has not made changes to Git or to other tools that + would invalidate alternate workflows. + Additionally, the way the kernel repository is constructed results in using + only core Git functionality, thus allowing any number of tools or front ends to use the + resulting tree. + + + + This section contains several workflow examples. + Many of the examples use Git commands. + You can find Git documentation at + . + You can find a simple overview of using Git with the Yocto Project in the + "Git" + section of the Yocto Project Development Manual. + + +
+ Change Inspection: Changes/Commits + + + A common question when working with a kernel is: + "What changes have been applied to this tree?" + + + + In projects that have a collection of directories that + contain patches to the kernel, it is possible to inspect or "grep" the contents + of the directories to get a general feel for the changes. + This sort of patch inspection is not an efficient way to determine what has been + done to the kernel. + The reason it is inefficient is because there are many optional patches that are + selected based on the kernel type and the feature description. + Additionally, patches could exist in directories that are not included in the search. + + + + A more efficient way to determine what has changed in the branch is to use + Git and inspect or search the kernel tree. + This method gives you a full view of not only the source code modifications, + but also provides the reasons for the changes. + + +
+ What Changed in a Kernel? + + + Following are a few examples that show how to use Git commands to examine changes. + Because Git repositories in the Yocto Project do not break existing Git + functionality, and because there exists many permutations of these types of + Git commands, many methods exist by which you can discover changes. + + In the following examples, unless you provide a commit range, + kernel.org history is blended with Yocto Project + kernel changes. + You can form ranges by using branch names from the kernel tree as the + upper and lower commit markers with the Git commands. + You can see the branch names through the web interface to the + Yocto Project source repositories at + . + For example, the branch names for the linux-yocto-3.4 + kernel repository can be seen at + . + + To see a full range of the changes, use the + git whatchanged command and specify a commit range + for the branch (<commit>..<commit>). + + + + Here is an example that looks at what has changed in the + emenlow branch of the + linux-yocto-3.4 kernel. + The lower commit range is the commit associated with the + standard/base branch, while + the upper commit range is the commit associated with the + standard/emenlow branch. + + $ git whatchanged origin/standard/base..origin/standard/emenlow + + + + + To see a summary of changes use the git log command. + Here is an example using the same branches: + + $ git log --oneline origin/standard/base..origin/standard/emenlow + + The git log output might be more useful than + the git whatchanged as you get + a short, one-line summary of each change and not the entire commit. + + + + If you want to see code differences associated with all the changes, use + the git diff command. + Here is an example: + + $ git diff origin/standard/base..origin/standard/emenlow + + + + + You can see the commit log messages and the text differences using the + git show command: + Here is an example: + + $ git show origin/standard/base..origin/standard/emenlow + + + + + You can create individual patches for each change by using the + git format-patch command. + Here is an example that that creates patch files for each commit and + places them in your Documents directory: + + $ git format-patch -o $HOME/Documents origin/standard/base..origin/standard/emenlow + + +
+ +
+ Show a Particular Feature or Branch Change + + + Developers use tags in the Yocto Project kernel tree to divide changes for significant + features or branches. + Once you know a particular tag, you can use Git commands + to show changes associated with the tag and find the branches that contain + the feature. + + Because BSP branch, kernel.org, and feature tags are all + present, there could be many tags. + + The git show <tag> command shows changes that are tagged by + a feature. + Here is an example that shows changes tagged by the systemtap + feature: + + $ git show systemtap + + You can use the git branch --contains <tag> command + to show the branches that contain a particular feature. + This command shows the branches that contain the systemtap + feature: + + $ git branch --contains systemtap + + + + + You can use many other comparisons to isolate BSP and kernel changes. + For example, you can compare against kernel.org tags + such as the v3.4 tag. + +
+
+ +
+ Development: Saving Kernel Modifications + + + Another common operation is to build a BSP supplied by the Yocto Project, make some + changes, rebuild, and then test. + Those local changes often need to be exported, shared or otherwise maintained. + + + + Since the Yocto Project kernel source tree is backed by Git, this activity is + much easier as compared to with previous releases. + Because Git tracks file modifications, additions and deletions, it is easy + to modify the code and later realize that you need to save the changes. + It is also easy to determine what has changed. + This method also provides many tools to commit, undo and export those modifications. + + + + This section and its sub-sections, describe general application of Git's + push and pull commands, which are used to + get your changes upstream or source your code from an upstream repository. + The Yocto Project provides scripts that help you work in a collaborative development + environment. + For information on these scripts, see the + "Using Scripts to Push a Change + Upstream and Request a Pull" and + "Using Email to Submit a Patch" + sections in the Yocto Project Development Manual. + + + + There are many ways to save kernel modifications. + The technique employed + depends on the destination for the patches: + + + Bulk storage + Internal sharing either through patches or by using Git + External submissions + Exporting for integration into another Source Code + Manager (SCM) + + + + + Because of the following list of issues, the destination of the patches also influences + the method for gathering them: + + + Bisectability + Commit headers + Division of subsystems for separate submission or review + + + +
+ Bulk Export + + + This section describes how you can "bulk" export changes that have not + been separated or divided. + This situation works well when you are simply storing patches outside of the kernel + source repository, either permanently or temporarily, and you are not committing + incremental changes during development. + + This technique is not appropriate for full integration of upstream submission + because changes are not properly divided and do not provide an avenue for per-change + commit messages. + Therefore, this example assumes that changes have not been committed incrementally + during development and that you simply must gather and export them. + + + # bulk export of ALL modifications without separation or division + # of the changes + + $ git add . + $ git commit -s -a -m <msg> + or + $ git commit -s -a # and interact with $EDITOR + + + + + The previous operations capture all the local changes in the project source + tree in a single Git commit. + And, that commit is also stored in the project's source tree. + + + + Once the changes are exported, you can restore them manually using a template + or through integration with the default_kernel. + + +
+ +
+ Incremental/Planned Sharing + + + This section describes how to save modifications when you are making incremental + commits or practicing planned sharing. + The examples in this section assume that you have incrementally committed + changes to the tree during development and now need to export them. + The sections that follow + describe how you can export your changes internally through either patches or by + using Git commands. + + + + During development, the following commands are of interest. + For full Git documentation, refer to the Git documentation at + . + + + # edit a file + $ vi <path>/file + # stage the change + $ git add <path>/file + # commit the change + $ git commit -s + # remove a file + $ git rm <path>/file + # commit the change + $ git commit -s + + ... etc. + + + + + Distributed development with Git is possible when you use a universally + agreed-upon unique commit identifier (set by the creator of the commit) that maps to a + specific change set with a specific parent. + This identifier is created for you when + you create a commit, and is re-created when you amend, alter or re-apply + a commit. + As an individual in isolation, this is of no interest. + However, if you + intend to share your tree with normal Git push and + pull operations for + distributed development, you should consider the ramifications of changing a + commit that you have already shared with others. + + + + Assuming that the changes have not been pushed upstream, or pulled into + another repository, you can update both the commit content and commit messages + associated with development by using the following commands: + + + $ Git add <path>/file + $ Git commit --amend + $ Git rebase or Git rebase -i + + + + + Again, assuming that the changes have not been pushed upstream, and that + no pending works-in-progress exist (use git status to check), then + you can revert (undo) commits by using the following commands: + + + # remove the commit, update working tree and remove all + # traces of the change + $ git reset --hard HEAD^ + # remove the commit, but leave the files changed and staged for re-commit + $ git reset --soft HEAD^ + # remove the commit, leave file change, but not staged for commit + $ git reset --mixed HEAD^ + + + + + You can create branches, "cherry-pick" changes, or perform any number of Git + operations until the commits are in good order for pushing upstream + or for pull requests. + After a push or pull command, + commits are normally considered + "permanent" and you should not modify them. + If the commits need to be changed, you can incrementally do so with new commits. + These practices follow standard Git workflow and the kernel.org best + practices, which is recommended. + + It is recommended to tag or branch before adding changes to a Yocto Project + BSP or before creating a new one. + The reason for this recommendation is because the branch or tag provides a + reference point to facilitate locating and exporting local changes. + + + +
+ Exporting Changes Internally by Using Patches + + + This section describes how you can extract committed changes from a working directory + by exporting them as patches. + Once the changes have been extracted, you can use the patches for upstream submission, + place them in a Yocto Project template for automatic kernel patching, + or apply them in many other common uses. + + + + This example shows how to create a directory with sequentially numbered patches. + Once the directory is created, you can apply it to a repository using the + git am command to reproduce the original commit and all + the related information such as author, date, commit log, and so forth. + + The new commit identifiers (ID) will be generated upon re-application. + This action reflects that the commit is now applied to an underlying commit + with a different ID. + + + # <first-commit> can be a tag if one was created before development + # began. It can also be the parent branch if a branch was created + # before development began. + + $ git format-patch -o <dir> <first commit>..<last commit> + + + + + In other words: + + # Identify commits of interest. + + # If the tree was tagged before development + $ git format-patch -o <save dir> <tag> + + # If no tags are available + $ git format-patch -o <save dir> HEAD^ # last commit + $ git format-patch -o <save dir> HEAD^^ # last 2 commits + $ git whatchanged # identify last commit + $ git format-patch -o <save dir> <commit id> + $ git format-patch -o <save dir> <rev-list> + + +
+ +
+ Exporting Changes Internally by Using Git + + + This section describes how you can export changes from a working directory + by pushing the changes into a master repository or by making a pull request. + Once you have pushed the changes to the master repository, you can then + pull those same changes into a new kernel build at a later time. + + + + Use this command form to push the changes: + + $ git push ssh://<master_server>/<path_to_repo> + <local_branch>:<remote_branch> + + + + + For example, the following command pushes the changes from your local branch + yocto/standard/common-pc/base to the remote branch with the same name + in the master repository //git.mycompany.com/pub/git/kernel-3.4. + + $ git push ssh://git.mycompany.com/pub/git/kernel-3.4 \ + yocto/standard/common-pc/base:yocto/standard/common-pc/base + + + + + A pull request entails using the git request-pull command to compose + an email to the + maintainer requesting that a branch be pulled into the master repository, see + for an example. + + Other commands such as git stash or branching can also be used to save + changes, but are not covered in this document. + + +
+
+ +
+ Exporting Changes for External (Upstream) Submission + + + This section describes how to export changes for external upstream submission. + If the patch series is large or the maintainer prefers to pull + changes, you can submit these changes by using a pull request. + However, it is common to send patches as an email series. + This method allows easy review and integration of the changes. + + Before sending patches for review be sure you understand the + community standards for submitting and documenting changes and follow their best practices. + For example, kernel patches should follow standards such as: + + + + Documentation/SubmittingPatches (in any linux + kernel source tree) + + + + + + The messages used to commit changes are a large part of these standards. + Consequently, be sure that the headers for each commit have the required information. + For information on how to follow the Yocto Project commit message standards, see the + "How to Submit a + Change" section in the Yocto Project Development Manual. + + + + If the initial commits were not properly documented or do not meet those standards, + you can re-base by using the git rebase -i command to + manipulate the commits and + get them into the required format. + Other techniques such as branching and cherry-picking commits are also viable options. + + + + Once you complete the commits, you can generate the email that sends the patches + to the maintainer(s) or lists that review and integrate changes. + The command git send-email is commonly used to ensure + that patches are properly + formatted for easy application and avoid mailer-induced patch damage. + + + + The following is an example of dumping patches for external submission: + + # dump the last 4 commits + $ git format-patch --thread -n -o ~/rr/ HEAD^^^^ + $ git send-email --compose --subject '[RFC 0/N] <patch series summary>' \ + --to foo@yoctoproject.org --to bar@yoctoproject.org \ + --cc list@yoctoproject.org ~/rr + # the editor is invoked for the 0/N patch, and when complete the entire + # series is sent via email for review + + +
+ +
+ Exporting Changes for Import into Another SCM + + + When you want to export changes for import into another + Source Code Manager (SCM), you can use any of the previously discussed + techniques. + However, if the patches are manually applied to a secondary tree and then + that tree is checked into the SCM, you can lose change information such as + commit logs. + This process is not recommended. + + + + Many SCMs can directly import Git commits, or can translate Git patches so that + information is not lost. + Those facilities are SCM-dependent and you should use them whenever possible. + +
+
+ +
+ Working with the Yocto Project Kernel in Another SCM + + + This section describes kernel development in an SCM other than Git, + which is not the same as exporting changes to another SCM described earlier. + For this scenario, you use the OpenEmbedded build system to + develop the kernel in a different SCM. + The following must be true for you to accomplish this: + + The delivered Yocto Project kernel must be exported into the second + SCM. + Development must be exported from that secondary SCM into a + format that can be used by the OpenEmbedded build system. + + + +
+ Exporting the Delivered Kernel to the SCM + + + Depending on the SCM, it might be possible to export the entire Yocto Project + kernel Git repository, branches and all, into a new environment. + This method is preferred because it has the most flexibility and potential to maintain + the meta data associated with each commit. + + + + When a direct import mechanism is not available, it is still possible to + export a branch (or series of branches) and check them into a new repository. + + + + The following commands illustrate some of the steps you could use to + import the yocto/standard/common-pc/base + kernel into a secondary SCM: + + $ git checkout yocto/standard/common-pc/base + $ cd .. ; echo linux/.git > .cvsignore + $ cvs import -m "initial import" linux MY_COMPANY start + + + + + You could now relocate the CVS repository and use it in a centralized manner. + + + + The following commands illustrate how you can condense and merge two BSPs into a + second SCM: + + $ git checkout yocto/standard/common-pc/base + $ git merge yocto/standard/common-pc-64/base + # resolve any conflicts and commit them + $ cd .. ; echo linux/.git > .cvsignore + $ cvs import -m "initial import" linux MY_COMPANY start + + +
+ +
+ Importing Changes for the Build + + + Once development has reached a suitable point in the second development + environment, you need to export the changes as patches. + To export them, place the changes in a recipe and + automatically apply them to the kernel during patching. + +
+
+ +
+ Creating a BSP Based on an Existing Similar BSP + + + This section overviews the process of creating a BSP based on an + existing similar BSP. + The information is introductory in nature and does not provide step-by-step examples. + For detailed information on how to create a new BSP, see + the "Creating a New BSP Layer Using the yocto-bsp Script" section in the + Yocto Project Board Support Package (BSP) Developer's Guide, or see the + Transcript:_creating_one_generic_Atom_BSP_from_another + wiki page. + + + + The basic steps you need to follow are: + + Make sure you have set up a local Source Directory: + You must create a local + Source Directory + by either creating a Git repository (recommended) or + extracting a Yocto Project release tarball. + Choose an existing BSP available with the Yocto Project: + Try to map your board features as closely to the features of a BSP that is + already supported and exists in the Yocto Project. + Starting with something as close as possible to your board makes developing + your BSP easier. + You can find all the BSPs that are supported and ship with the Yocto Project + on the Yocto Project's Download page at + . + Be sure you have the Base BSP: + You need to either have a local Git repository of the base BSP set up or + have downloaded and extracted the files from a release BSP tarball. + Either method gives you access to the BSP source files. + Make a copy of the existing BSP, thus isolating your new + BSP work: + Copying the existing BSP file structure gives you a new area in which to work. + Make configuration and recipe changes to your new BSP: + Configuration changes involve the files in the BSP's conf + directory. + Changes include creating a machine-specific configuration file and editing the + layer.conf file. + The configuration changes identify the kernel you will be using. + Recipe changes include removing, modifying, or adding new recipe files that + instruct the build process on what features to include in the image. + Prepare for the build: + Before you actually initiate the build, you need to set up the build environment + by sourcing the environment initialization script. + After setting up the environment, you need to make some build configuration + changes to the local.conf and bblayers.conf + files. + Build the image: + The OpenEmbedded build system uses BitBake to create the image. + You need to decide on the type of image you are going to build (e.g. minimal, base, + core, sato, and so forth) and then start the build using the bitbake + command. + + +
+ +
+ "-dirty" String + + + If kernel images are being built with "-dirty" on the end of the version + string, this simply means that modifications in the source + directory have not been committed. + + $ git status + + + + + You can use the above Git command to report modified, removed, or added files. + You should commit those changes to the tree regardless of whether they will be saved, + exported, or used. + Once you commit the changes you need to rebuild the kernel. + + + + To brute force pickup and commit all such pending changes, enter the following: + + $ git add . + $ git commit -s -a -m "getting rid of -dirty" + + + + + Next, rebuild the kernel. + +
+
+ + diff --git a/documentation/kernel-dev/kernel-dev-faq.xml b/documentation/kernel-dev/kernel-dev-faq.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7389c9c --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/kernel-dev/kernel-dev-faq.xml @@ -0,0 +1,131 @@ + %poky; ] > + + +Kernel Development FAQ + + + + + How do I use my own Linux kernel .config + file? + + + + + Refer to the "Changing the Configuration" + section for information. + + + + + + + + How do I create configuration fragments? + + + + + Refer to the "Generating Configuration Files" + section for information. + + + + + + + + How do I use my own Linux kernel sources? + + + + + Refer to the "Working With Your Own Sources" + section for information. + + + + + + + + How do I install/not-install the kernel image on the rootfs? + + + + + The kernel image (e.g. vmlinuz) is provided + by the kernel-image package. + Image recipes depend on kernel-base. + To specify whether or not the kernel + image is installed in the generated root filesystem, override + RDEPENDS_kernel-base to include or not + include "kernel-image". + See the + "Using .bbappend Files" + section in the Yocto Project Development Manual for information on + how to use an append file to override metadata. + + + + + + + + How do I install a specific kernel module? + + + + + Linux kernel modules are packaged individually. + To ensure a specific kernel module is included in an image, + include it in the appropriate machine + RRECOMMENDS + variable. + These other variables are useful for installing specific + modules: + + MACHINE_ESSENTIAL_EXTRA_RDEPENDS + MACHINE_ESSENTIAL_EXTRA_RRECOMMENDS + MACHINE_EXTRA_RDEPENDS + MACHINE_EXTRA_RRECOMMENDS + + For example, set the following in the qemux86.conf + file to include the ab123 kernel modules + with images built for the qemux86 machine: + + MACHINE_EXTRA_RRECOMMENDS += "kernel-module-ab123" + + For more information, see the + "Incorporating Out-of-Tree Modules" + section. + + + + + + + + How do I change the Linux kernel command line? + + + + + The Linux kernel command line is typically specified in + the machine config using the APPEND variable. + For example, you can add some helpful debug information doing + the following: + + APPEND += "printk.time=y initcall_debug debug" + + + + + + + + diff --git a/documentation/kernel-dev/kernel-dev-intro.xml b/documentation/kernel-dev/kernel-dev-intro.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..297696c --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/kernel-dev/kernel-dev-intro.xml @@ -0,0 +1,147 @@ + %poky; ] > + + +Introduction + + + +
+ Overview + + + Regardless of how you intend to make use of the Yocto Project, + chances are you will work with the Linux kernel. + This manual provides background information on the Yocto Linux kernel + Metadata, + describes common tasks you can perform using the kernel tools, + and shows you how to use the kernel Metadata needed to work with + the kernel inside the Yocto Project. + + + + Each Yocto Project release has a set of linux-yocto recipes, whose + Git repositories you can view in the Yocto + Source Repositories under + the "Yocto Linux Kernel" heading. + New recipes for the release track the latest upstream developments + and introduce newly supported platforms. + Previous recipes in the release are refreshed and supported for at + least one additional release. + As they align, these previous releases are updated to include the + latest from the Long Term Support Initiative (LTSI) project. + Also included is a linux-yocto development recipe + (linux-yocto-dev.bb) should you want to work + with the very latest in upstream Linux kernel development and + kernel Metadata development. + + + + The Yocto Project also provides a powerful set of kernel + tools for managing Linux kernel sources and configuration data. + You can use these tools to make a single configuration change, + apply multiple patches, or work with your own kernel sources. + + + + In particular, the kernel tools allow you to generate configuration + fragments that specify only what you must, and nothing more. + Configuration fragments only need to contain the highest level + visible CONFIG options as presented by the Linux + kernel menuconfig system. + Contrast this against a complete Linux kernel + .config, which includes all the automatically + selected CONFIG options. + This efficiency reduces your maintenance effort and allows you + to further separate your configuration in ways that make sense for + your project. + A common split separates policy and hardware. + For example, all your kernels might support + the proc and sys filesystems, + but only specific boards require sound, USB, or specific drivers. + Specifying these configurations individually allows you to aggregate + them together as needed, but maintains them in only one place. + Similar logic applies to separating source changes. + + + + If you do not maintain your own kernel sources and need to make + only minimal changes to the sources, the released recipes provide a + vetted base upon which to layer your changes. + Doing so allows you to benefit from the continual kernel + integration and testing performed during development of the + Yocto Project. + + + + If, instead, you have a very specific Linux kernel source tree + and are unable to align with one of the official linux-yocto + recipes, an alternative exists by which you can use the Yocto + Project Linux kernel tools with your own kernel sources. + +
+ +
+ Other Resources + + + The sections that follow provide instructions for completing + specific Linux kernel development tasks. + These instructions assume you are comfortable working with + BitBake + recipes and basic open-source development tools. + Understanding these concepts will facilitate the process of working + with the kernel recipes. + If you find you need some additional background, please be sure to + review and understand the following documentation: + + Yocto Project Quick Start + + The "Modifying Temporary Source Code" + section in the Yocto Project Development Manual + + The "Understanding and Creating Layers" section + in the Yocto Project Development Manual + The "Modifying the Kernel" section + in the Yocto Project Development Manual. + + + + + Finally, while this document focuses on the manual creation of + recipes, patches, and configuration files, the Yocto Project + Board Support Package (BSP) tools are available to automate + this process with existing content and work well to create the + initial framework and boilerplate code. + For details on these tools, see the + "Using the Yocto Project's BSP Tools" + section in the Yocto Project Board Support Package (BSP) Developer's + Guide. + +
+ + diff --git a/documentation/kernel-dev/kernel-dev-maint-appx.xml b/documentation/kernel-dev/kernel-dev-maint-appx.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a7c144f --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/kernel-dev/kernel-dev-maint-appx.xml @@ -0,0 +1,220 @@ + %poky; ] > + + +Kernel Maintenance + +
+ Tree Construction + + This section describes construction of the Yocto Project kernel source repositories + as accomplished by the Yocto Project team to create kernel repositories. + These kernel repositories are found under the heading "Yocto Linux Kernel" at + &YOCTO_GIT_URL;/cgit.cgi + and can be shipped as part of a Yocto Project release. + The team creates these repositories by + compiling and executing the set of feature descriptions for every BSP + and feature in the product. + Those feature descriptions list all necessary patches, + configuration, branching, tagging and feature divisions found in a kernel. + Thus, the Yocto Project kernel repository (or tree) is built. + + + The existence of this tree allows you to access and clone a particular + Yocto Project kernel repository and use it to build images based on their configurations + and features. + + + You can find the files used to describe all the valid features and BSPs + in the Yocto Project kernel in any clone of the Yocto Project kernel source repository + Git tree. + For example, the following command clones the Yocto Project baseline kernel that + branched off of linux.org version 3.4: + + $ git clone git://git.yoctoproject.org/linux-yocto-3.4 + + For another example of how to set up a local Git repository of the Yocto Project + kernel files, see the + "Yocto Project Kernel" bulleted + item in the Yocto Project Development Manual. + + + Once you have cloned the kernel Git repository on your local machine, you can + switch to the meta branch within the repository. + Here is an example that assumes the local Git repository for the kernel is in + a top-level directory named linux-yocto-3.4: + + $ cd linux-yocto-3.4 + $ git checkout -b meta origin/meta + + Once you have checked out and switched to the meta branch, + you can see a snapshot of all the kernel configuration and feature descriptions that are + used to build that particular kernel repository. + These descriptions are in the form of .scc files. + + + You should realize, however, that browsing your local kernel repository + for feature descriptions and patches is not an effective way to determine what is in a + particular kernel branch. + Instead, you should use Git directly to discover the changes in a branch. + Using Git is an efficient and flexible way to inspect changes to the kernel. + + Ground up reconstruction of the complete kernel tree is an action only taken by the + Yocto Project team during an active development cycle. + When you create a clone of the kernel Git repository, you are simply making it + efficiently available for building and development. + + + + The following steps describe what happens when the Yocto Project Team constructs + the Yocto Project kernel source Git repository (or tree) found at + given the + introduction of a new top-level kernel feature or BSP. + These are the actions that effectively create the tree + that includes the new feature, patch or BSP: + + A top-level kernel feature is passed to the kernel build subsystem. + Normally, this feature is a BSP for a particular kernel type. + The file that describes the top-level feature is located by searching + these system directories: + + The in-tree kernel-cache directories, which are located + in meta/cfg/kernel-cache + Areas pointed to by SRC_URI statements + found in recipes + + For a typical build, the target of the search is a + feature description in an .scc file + whose name follows this format: + + <bsp_name>-<kernel_type>.scc + + + Once located, the feature description is either compiled into a simple script + of actions, or into an existing equivalent script that is already part of the + shipped kernel. + Extra features are appended to the top-level feature description. + These features can come from the + KERNEL_FEATURES + variable in recipes. + Each extra feature is located, compiled and appended to the script + as described in step three. + The script is executed to produce a series of meta-* + directories. + These directories are descriptions of all the branches, tags, patches and configurations that + need to be applied to the base Git repository to completely create the + source (build) branch for the new BSP or feature. + The base repository is cloned, and the actions + listed in the meta-* directories are applied to the + tree. + The Git repository is left with the desired branch checked out and any + required branching, patching and tagging has been performed. + + + + The kernel tree is now ready for developer consumption to be locally cloned, + configured, and built into a Yocto Project kernel specific to some target hardware. + The generated meta-* directories add to the kernel + as shipped with the Yocto Project release. + Any add-ons and configuration data are applied to the end of an existing branch. + The full repository generation that is found in the + official Yocto Project kernel repositories at + http://git.yoctoproject.org/cgit.cgi + is the combination of all supported boards and configurations. + The technique the Yocto Project team uses is flexible and allows for seamless + blending of an immutable history with additional patches specific to a + deployment. + Any additions to the kernel become an integrated part of the branches. + + +
+ +
+ Build Strategy + + + + + Once a local Git repository of the Yocto Project kernel exists on a development system, + you can consider the compilation phase of kernel development - building a kernel image. + Some prerequisites exist that are validated by the build process before compilation + starts: + + + + The + SRC_URI points + to the kernel Git repository. + A BSP build branch exists. + This branch has the following form: + + <kernel_type>/<bsp_name> + + + + + The OpenEmbedded build system makes sure these conditions exist before attempting compilation. + Other means, however, do exist, such as as bootstrapping a BSP. + + + + Before building a kernel, the build process verifies the tree + and configures the kernel by processing all of the + configuration "fragments" specified by feature descriptions in the .scc + files. + As the features are compiled, associated kernel configuration fragments are noted + and recorded in the meta-* series of directories in their compilation order. + The fragments are migrated, pre-processed and passed to the Linux Kernel + Configuration subsystem (lkc) as raw input in the form + of a .config file. + The lkc uses its own internal dependency constraints to do the final + processing of that information and generates the final .config file + that is used during compilation. + + + + Using the board's architecture and other relevant values from the board's template, + kernel compilation is started and a kernel image is produced. + + + + The other thing that you notice once you configure a kernel is that + the build process generates a build tree that is separate from your kernel's local Git + source repository tree. + This build tree has a name that uses the following form, where + ${MACHINE} is the metadata name of the machine (BSP) and "kernel_type" is one + of the Yocto Project supported kernel types (e.g. "standard"): + + linux-${MACHINE}-<kernel_type>-build + + + + + The existing support in the kernel.org tree achieves this + default functionality. + + + + This behavior means that all the generated files for a particular machine or BSP are now in + the build tree directory. + The files include the final .config file, all the .o + files, the .a files, and so forth. + Since each machine or BSP has its own separate + Build Directory + in its own separate branch + of the Git repository, you can easily switch between different builds. + +
+ + diff --git a/documentation/kernel-dev/kernel-dev-style.css b/documentation/kernel-dev/kernel-dev-style.css new file mode 100644 index 0000000..52be143 --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/kernel-dev/kernel-dev-style.css @@ -0,0 +1,978 @@ +/* + Generic XHTML / DocBook XHTML CSS Stylesheet. + + Browser wrangling and typographic design by + Oyvind Kolas / pippin@gimp.org + + Customised for Poky by + Matthew Allum / mallum@o-hand.com + + Thanks to: + Liam R. E. Quin + William Skaggs + Jakub Steiner + + Structure + --------- + + The stylesheet is divided into the following sections: + + Positioning + Margins, paddings, width, font-size, clearing. + Decorations + Borders, style + Colors + Colors + Graphics + Graphical backgrounds + Nasty IE tweaks + Workarounds needed to make it work in internet explorer, + currently makes the stylesheet non validating, but up until + this point it is validating. + Mozilla extensions + Transparency for footer + Rounded corners on boxes + +*/ + + + /*************** / + / Positioning / +/ ***************/ + +body { + font-family: Verdana, Sans, sans-serif; + + min-width: 640px; + width: 80%; + margin: 0em auto; + padding: 2em 5em 5em 5em; + color: #333; +} + +h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,h7 { + font-family: Arial, Sans; + color: #00557D; + clear: both; +} + +h1 { + font-size: 2em; + text-align: left; + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; + margin: 2em 0em 0em 0em; +} + +h2.subtitle { + margin: 0.10em 0em 3.0em 0em; + padding: 0em 0em 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256px; + text-indent: -9000px; + overflow:hidden; +} + +h2.subtitle { + background-color: transparent; + text-indent: -9000px; + overflow:hidden; + width: 0px; + display: none; +} + + /*************************************** / + / pippin.gimp.org specific alterations / +/ ***************************************/ + +/* +div.heading, div.navheader { + color: #777; + font-size: 80%; + padding: 0; + margin: 0; + text-align: left; + position: absolute; + top: 0px; + left: 0px; + width: 100%; + height: 50px; + background: url('/gfx/heading_bg.png') transparent; + background-repeat: repeat-x; + background-attachment: fixed; + border: none; +} + +div.heading a { + color: #444; +} + +div.footing, div.navfooter { + border: none; + color: #ddd; + font-size: 80%; + text-align:right; + + width: 100%; + padding-top: 10px; + position: absolute; + bottom: 0px; + left: 0px; + + background: url('/gfx/footing_bg.png') transparent; +} +*/ + + + + /****************** / + / nasty ie tweaks / +/ ******************/ + +/* +div.heading, div.navheader { + width:expression(document.body.clientWidth + "px"); +} + +div.footing, div.navfooter { + width:expression(document.body.clientWidth + "px"); + margin-left:expression("-5em"); +} +body { + padding:expression("4em 5em 0em 5em"); +} +*/ + + /**************************************** / + / mozilla vendor specific css extensions / +/ ****************************************/ +/* +div.navfooter, div.footing{ + -moz-opacity: 0.8em; +} + +div.figure, +div.table, +div.informalfigure, +div.informaltable, +div.informalexample, +div.example, +.tip, +.warning, +.caution, +.note { + -moz-border-radius: 0.5em; +} + +b.keycap, +.keycap { + -moz-border-radius: 0.3em; +} +*/ + +table tr td table tr td { + display: none; +} + + +hr { + display: none; +} + +table { + border: 0em; +} + + .photo { + float: right; + margin-left: 1.5em; + margin-bottom: 1.5em; + margin-top: 0em; + max-width: 17em; + border: 1px solid gray; + padding: 3px; + background: white; +} + .seperator { + padding-top: 2em; + clear: both; + } + + #validators { + margin-top: 5em; + text-align: right; + color: #777; + } + @media print { + body { + font-size: 8pt; + } + .noprint { + display: none; + } + } + + +.tip, +.note { + background: #f0f0f2; + color: #333; + padding: 20px; + margin: 20px; +} + +.tip h3, +.note h3 { + padding: 0em; + margin: 0em; + font-size: 2em; + font-weight: bold; + color: #333; +} + +.tip a, +.note a { + color: #333; + text-decoration: underline; +} + +.footnote { + font-size: small; + color: #333; +} + +/* Changes the announcement text */ +.tip h3, +.warning h3, +.caution h3, +.note h3 { + font-size:large; + color: #00557D; +} diff --git a/documentation/kernel-dev/kernel-dev.xml b/documentation/kernel-dev/kernel-dev.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a2baa12 --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/kernel-dev/kernel-dev.xml @@ -0,0 +1,105 @@ + %poky; ] > + + + + + + + + + + + + Yocto Project Linux Kernel Development Manual + + + + + Darren Hart + + Intel Corporation + + darren.hart@intel.com + + + + + + 1.4 + April 2013 + Released with the Yocto Project 1.4 Release. + + + 1.5 + October 2013 + Released with the Yocto Project 1.5 Release. + + + 1.5.1 + January 2014 + Released with the Yocto Project 1.5.1 Release. + + + 1.6 + April 2014 + Released with the Yocto Project 1.6 Release. + + + 1.6.1 + Sometime in 2014 + Released with the Yocto Project 1.6.1 Release. + + + + + ©RIGHT_YEAR; + Linux Foundation + + + + + Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under + the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales as published by Creative Commons. + + + For the latest version of this manual associated with this + Yocto Project release, see the + Yocto Project Linux Kernel Development Manual + from the Yocto Project website. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/documentation/mega-manual/figures/adt-title.png 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E. Quin + William Skaggs + Jakub Steiner + + Structure + --------- + + The stylesheet is divided into the following sections: + + Positioning + Margins, paddings, width, font-size, clearing. + Decorations + Borders, style + Colors + Colors + Graphics + Graphical backgrounds + Nasty IE tweaks + Workarounds needed to make it work in internet explorer, + currently makes the stylesheet non validating, but up until + this point it is validating. + Mozilla extensions + Transparency for footer + Rounded corners on boxes + +*/ + + + /*************** / + / Positioning / +/ ***************/ + +body { + font-family: Verdana, Sans, sans-serif; + + min-width: 640px; + width: 80%; + margin: 0em auto; + padding: 2em 5em 5em 5em; + color: #333; +} + +h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,h7 { + font-family: Arial, Sans; + color: #00557D; + clear: both; +} + +h1 { + font-size: 2em; + text-align: left; + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; + margin: 2em 0em 0em 0em; +} + +h2.subtitle { + margin: 0.10em 0em 3.0em 0em; + padding: 0em 0em 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color: black; +} + +div.navheader table td a:visited, +div.navfooter table td a:visited { + color: #444; +} + + +/* links in header and footer */ +div.navheader table td a:hover, +div.navfooter table td a:hover { + text-decoration: underline; + background-color: transparent; + color: #33a; +} + +div.navheader hr, +div.navfooter hr { + display: none; +} + + +.qandaset tr.question td p { + margin: 0em 0em 1em 0em; + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; +} + +.qandaset tr.answer td p { + margin: 0em 0em 1em 0em; + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; +} +.answer td { + padding-bottom: 1.5em; +} + +.emphasis { + font-weight: bold; +} + + + /************* / + / decorations / +/ *************/ + +.titlepage { +} + +.part .title { +} + +.subtitle { + border: none; +} + +/* +h1 { + border: none; +} + +h2 { + border-top: solid 0.2em; + border-bottom: solid 0.06em; +} + +h3 { + border-top: 0em; + border-bottom: solid 0.06em; +} + +h4 { + border: 0em; + border-bottom: solid 0.06em; +} + +h5 { + border: 0em; +} +*/ + 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/dev/null +++ b/documentation/profile-manual/profile-manual-arch.xml @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ + %poky; ] > + + + +Overall Architecture of the Linux Tracing and Profiling Tools + +
+ Architecture of the Tracing and Profiling Tools + + + It may seem surprising to see a section covering an 'overall architecture' + for what seems to be a random collection of tracing tools that together + make up the Linux tracing and profiling space. + The fact is, however, that in recent years this seemingly disparate + set of tools has started to converge on a 'core' set of underlying + mechanisms: + + + + + static tracepoints + dynamic tracepoints + + kprobes + uprobes + + + the perf_events subsystem + debugfs + + + + + Tying it Together: Rather than enumerating here how each tool makes use of + these common mechanisms, textboxes like this will make note of the + specific usages in each tool as they come up in the course + of the text. + +
+ + diff --git a/documentation/profile-manual/profile-manual-customization.xsl b/documentation/profile-manual/profile-manual-customization.xsl new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ead52ee --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/profile-manual/profile-manual-customization.xsl @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ + + + + + + + + A + + + diff --git a/documentation/profile-manual/profile-manual-eclipse-customization.xsl b/documentation/profile-manual/profile-manual-eclipse-customization.xsl new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e4ff6e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/profile-manual/profile-manual-eclipse-customization.xsl @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A + + + diff --git a/documentation/profile-manual/profile-manual-examples.xml b/documentation/profile-manual/profile-manual-examples.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9630c6c --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/profile-manual/profile-manual-examples.xml @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ + %poky; ] > + + + +Real-World Examples + + + This chapter contains real-world examples. + + +
+ Slow Write Speed on Live Images + + + In one of our previous releases (denzil), users noticed that booting + off of a live image and writing to disk was noticeably slower. + This included the boot itself, especially the first one, since first + boots tend to do a significant amount of writing due to certain + post-install scripts. + + + + The problem (and solution) was discovered by using the Yocto tracing + tools, in this case 'perf stat', 'perf script', 'perf record' + and 'perf report'. + + + + See all the unvarnished details of how this bug was diagnosed and + solved here: Yocto Bug #3049 + +
+ + + diff --git a/documentation/profile-manual/profile-manual-intro.xml b/documentation/profile-manual/profile-manual-intro.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..96f819c --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/profile-manual/profile-manual-intro.xml @@ -0,0 +1,102 @@ + %poky; ] > + + + +Yocto Project Tracing and Profiling Manual +
+ Introduction + + + Yocto bundles a number of tracing and profiling tools - this 'HOWTO' + describes their basic usage and shows by example how to make use + of them to examine application and system behavior. + + + + The tools presented are for the most part completely open-ended and + have quite good and/or extensive documentation of their own which + can be used to solve just about any problem you might come across + in Linux. + Each section that describes a particular tool has links to that + tool's documentation and website. + + + + The purpose of this 'HOWTO' is to present a set of common and + generally useful tracing and profiling idioms along with their + application (as appropriate) to each tool, in the context of a + general-purpose 'drill-down' methodology that can be applied + to solving a large number (90%?) of problems. + For help with more advanced usages and problems, please see + the documentation and/or websites listed for each tool. + + + + The final section of this 'HOWTO' is a collection of real-world + examples which we'll be continually adding to as we solve more + problems using the tools - feel free to add your own examples + to the list! + +
+ +
+ General Setup + + + Most of the tools are available only in 'sdk' images or in images + built after adding 'tools-profile' to your local.conf. + So, in order to be able to access all of the tools described here, + please first build and boot an 'sdk' image e.g. + + $ bitbake core-image-sato-sdk + + or alternatively by adding 'tools-profile' to the + EXTRA_IMAGE_FEATURES line in your local.conf: + + EXTRA_IMAGE_FEATURES = "debug-tweaks tools-profile" + + If you use the 'tools-profile' method, you don't need to build an + sdk image - the tracing and profiling tools will be included in + non-sdk images as well e.g.: + + $ bitbake core-image-sato + + + By default, the Yocto build system strips symbols from the + binaries it packages, which makes it difficult to use some + of the tools. + You can prevent that by putting the following + in your local.conf when you build the image: + + + + INHIBIT_PACKAGE_STRIP = "1" + + The above setting will noticeably increase the size of your image. + + + + If you've already built a stripped image, you can generate + debug packages (xxx-dbg) which you can manually install as + needed. + + + + To generate debug info for packages, you can add dbg-pkgs to + EXTRA_IMAGE_FEATURES in local.conf. For example: + + EXTRA_IMAGE_FEATURES = "debug-tweaks tools-profile dbg-pkgs" + + Additionally, in order to generate the right type of + debuginfo, we also need to add the following to local.conf: + + PACKAGE_DEBUG_SPLIT_STYLE = 'debug-file-directory' + + +
+ + diff --git a/documentation/profile-manual/profile-manual-style.css b/documentation/profile-manual/profile-manual-style.css new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7b1b342 --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/profile-manual/profile-manual-style.css @@ -0,0 +1,978 @@ +/* + Generic XHTML / DocBook XHTML CSS Stylesheet. + + Browser wrangling and typographic design by + Oyvind Kolas / pippin@gimp.org + + Customised for Poky by + Matthew Allum / mallum@o-hand.com + + Thanks to: + Liam R. E. Quin + William Skaggs + Jakub Steiner + + Structure + --------- + + The stylesheet is divided into the following sections: + + Positioning + Margins, paddings, width, font-size, clearing. + Decorations + Borders, style + Colors + Colors + Graphics + Graphical backgrounds + Nasty IE tweaks + Workarounds needed to make it work in internet explorer, + currently makes the stylesheet non validating, but up until + this point it is validating. + Mozilla extensions + Transparency for footer + Rounded corners on boxes + +*/ + + + /*************** / + / Positioning / +/ ***************/ + +body { + font-family: Verdana, Sans, sans-serif; + + min-width: 640px; + width: 80%; + margin: 0em auto; + padding: 2em 5em 5em 5em; + color: #333; +} + +h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,h7 { + font-family: Arial, Sans; + color: #00557D; + clear: both; +} + +h1 { + font-size: 2em; + text-align: left; + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; + margin: 2em 0em 0em 0em; +} + +h2.subtitle { + margin: 0.10em 0em 3.0em 0em; + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; 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+ text-align: right; + width: 740px; +} + +h3.author { + margin: 0em 0me 0em 0em; + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; + font-weight: normal; + font-size: 100%; + color: #333; + clear: both; +} + +.author tt.email { + font-size: 66%; +} + +.titlepage hr { + width: 0em; + clear: both; +} + +.revhistory { + padding-top: 2em; + clear: both; +} + +.toc, +.list-of-tables, +.list-of-examples, +.list-of-figures { + padding: 1.33em 0em 2.5em 0em; + color: #00557D; +} + +.toc p, +.list-of-tables p, +.list-of-figures p, +.list-of-examples p { + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; + padding: 0em 0em 0.3em; + margin: 1.5em 0em 0em 0em; +} + +.toc p b, +.list-of-tables p b, +.list-of-figures p b, +.list-of-examples p b{ + font-size: 100.0%; + font-weight: bold; +} + +.toc dl, +.list-of-tables dl, +.list-of-figures dl, +.list-of-examples dl { + margin: 0em 0em 0.5em 0em; + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; +} + +.toc dt { + margin: 0em 0em 0em 0em; + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; +} + +.toc dd { + margin: 0em 0em 0em 2.6em; + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; 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+ background-color: transparent; + color: #33a; +} + +div.navheader hr, +div.navfooter hr { + display: none; +} + + +.qandaset tr.question td p { + margin: 0em 0em 1em 0em; + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; +} + +.qandaset tr.answer td p { + margin: 0em 0em 1em 0em; + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; +} +.answer td { + padding-bottom: 1.5em; +} + +.emphasis { + font-weight: bold; +} + + + /************* / + / decorations / +/ *************/ + +.titlepage { +} + +.part .title { +} + +.subtitle { + border: none; +} + +/* +h1 { + border: none; +} + +h2 { + border-top: solid 0.2em; + border-bottom: solid 0.06em; +} + +h3 { + border-top: 0em; + border-bottom: solid 0.06em; +} + +h4 { + border: 0em; + border-bottom: solid 0.06em; +} + +h5 { + border: 0em; +} +*/ + +.programlisting { + border: solid 1px; +} + +div.figure, +div.table, +div.informalfigure, +div.informaltable, +div.informalexample, +div.example { + border: 1px solid; +} + + + +.tip, +.warning, +.caution, +.note { + border: 1px solid; +} + +.tip table th, +.warning table th, +.caution table th, +.note table th { + border-bottom: 1px solid; 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+ background-position: center; + background-repeat: repeat-x; +} +*/ + +div.preface .titlepage .title, +div.colophon .title, +div.chapter .titlepage .title, +div.article .titlepage .title +{ +} + +div.section div.section .titlepage .title, +div.sect2 .titlepage .title { + background: none; +} + + +h1.title { + background-color: transparent; + background-image: url("figures/yocto-project-bw.png"); + background-repeat: no-repeat; + height: 256px; + text-indent: -9000px; + overflow:hidden; +} + +h2.subtitle { + background-color: transparent; + text-indent: -9000px; + overflow:hidden; + width: 0px; + display: none; +} + + /*************************************** / + / pippin.gimp.org specific alterations / +/ ***************************************/ + +/* +div.heading, div.navheader { + color: #777; + font-size: 80%; + padding: 0; + margin: 0; + text-align: left; + position: absolute; + top: 0px; + left: 0px; + width: 100%; + height: 50px; + background: url('/gfx/heading_bg.png') transparent; + background-repeat: repeat-x; + background-attachment: fixed; + border: none; +} + +div.heading a { + color: #444; +} + +div.footing, div.navfooter { + border: none; + color: #ddd; + font-size: 80%; + text-align:right; + + width: 100%; + padding-top: 10px; + position: absolute; + bottom: 0px; + left: 0px; + + background: url('/gfx/footing_bg.png') transparent; +} +*/ + + + + /****************** / + / nasty ie tweaks / +/ ******************/ + +/* +div.heading, div.navheader { + width:expression(document.body.clientWidth + "px"); +} + +div.footing, div.navfooter { + width:expression(document.body.clientWidth + "px"); + margin-left:expression("-5em"); +} +body { + padding:expression("4em 5em 0em 5em"); +} +*/ + + /**************************************** / + / mozilla vendor specific css extensions / +/ ****************************************/ +/* +div.navfooter, div.footing{ + -moz-opacity: 0.8em; +} + +div.figure, +div.table, +div.informalfigure, +div.informaltable, +div.informalexample, +div.example, +.tip, +.warning, +.caution, +.note { + -moz-border-radius: 0.5em; +} + +b.keycap, +.keycap { + -moz-border-radius: 0.3em; +} +*/ + +table tr td table tr td { + display: none; +} + + +hr { + display: none; +} + +table { + border: 0em; +} + + .photo { + float: right; + margin-left: 1.5em; + margin-bottom: 1.5em; + margin-top: 0em; + max-width: 17em; + border: 1px solid gray; + padding: 3px; + background: white; +} + .seperator { + padding-top: 2em; + clear: both; + } + + #validators { + margin-top: 5em; + text-align: right; + color: #777; + } + @media print { + body { + font-size: 8pt; + } + .noprint { + display: none; + } + } + + +.tip, +.note { + background: #f0f0f2; + color: #333; + padding: 20px; + margin: 20px; +} + +.tip h3, +.note h3 { + padding: 0em; + margin: 0em; + font-size: 2em; + font-weight: bold; + color: #333; +} + +.tip a, +.note a { + color: #333; + text-decoration: underline; +} + +.footnote { + font-size: small; + color: #333; +} + +/* Changes the announcement text */ +.tip h3, +.warning h3, +.caution h3, +.note h3 { + font-size:large; + color: #00557D; +} diff --git a/documentation/profile-manual/profile-manual-usage.xml b/documentation/profile-manual/profile-manual-usage.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5577b1b --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/profile-manual/profile-manual-usage.xml @@ -0,0 +1,3685 @@ + %poky; ] > + + + +Basic Usage (with examples) for each of the Yocto Tracing Tools + + + This chapter presents basic usage examples for each of the tracing + tools. + + +
+ perf + + + The 'perf' tool is the profiling and tracing tool that comes + bundled with the Linux kernel. + + + + Don't let the fact that it's part of the kernel fool you into thinking + that it's only for tracing and profiling the kernel - you can indeed + use it to trace and profile just the kernel, but you can also use it + to profile specific applications separately (with or without kernel + context), and you can also use it to trace and profile the kernel + and all applications on the system simultaneously to gain a system-wide + view of what's going on. + + + + In many ways, perf aims to be a superset of all the tracing and profiling + tools available in Linux today, including all the other tools covered + in this HOWTO. The past couple of years have seen perf subsume a lot + of the functionality of those other tools and, at the same time, those + other tools have removed large portions of their previous functionality + and replaced it with calls to the equivalent functionality now + implemented by the perf subsystem. Extrapolation suggests that at + some point those other tools will simply become completely redundant + and go away; until then, we'll cover those other tools in these pages + and in many cases show how the same things can be accomplished in + perf and the other tools when it seems useful to do so. + + + + The coverage below details some of the most common ways you'll likely + want to apply the tool; full documentation can be found either within + the tool itself or in the man pages at + perf(1). + + +
+ Setup + + + For this section, we'll assume you've already performed the basic + setup outlined in the General Setup section. + + + + In particular, you'll get the most mileage out of perf if you + profile an image built with INHIBIT_PACKAGE_STRIP = "1" in your + local.conf. + + + + perf runs on the target system for the most part. You can archive + profile data and copy it to the host for analysis, but for the + rest of this document we assume you've ssh'ed to the host and + will be running the perf commands on the target. + +
+ +
+ Basic Usage + + + The perf tool is pretty much self-documenting. To remind yourself + of the available commands, simply type 'perf', which will show you + basic usage along with the available perf subcommands: + + root@crownbay:~# perf + + usage: perf [--version] [--help] COMMAND [ARGS] + + The most commonly used perf commands are: + annotate Read perf.data (created by perf record) and display annotated code + archive Create archive with object files with build-ids found in perf.data file + bench General framework for benchmark suites + buildid-cache Manage build-id cache. + buildid-list List the buildids in a perf.data file + diff Read two perf.data files and display the differential profile + evlist List the event names in a perf.data file + inject Filter to augment the events stream with additional information + kmem Tool to trace/measure kernel memory(slab) properties + kvm Tool to trace/measure kvm guest os + list List all symbolic event types + lock Analyze lock events + probe Define new dynamic tracepoints + record Run a command and record its profile into perf.data + report Read perf.data (created by perf record) and display the profile + sched Tool to trace/measure scheduler properties (latencies) + script Read perf.data (created by perf record) and display trace output + stat Run a command and gather performance counter statistics + test Runs sanity tests. + timechart Tool to visualize total system behavior during a workload + top System profiling tool. + + See 'perf help COMMAND' for more information on a specific command. + + + +
+ Using perf to do Basic Profiling + + + As a simple test case, we'll profile the 'wget' of a fairly large + file, which is a minimally interesting case because it has both + file and network I/O aspects, and at least in the case of standard + Yocto images, it's implemented as part of busybox, so the methods + we use to analyze it can be used in a very similar way to the whole + host of supported busybox applets in Yocto. + + root@crownbay:~# rm linux-2.6.19.2.tar.bz2; \ + wget http://downloads.yoctoproject.org/mirror/sources/linux-2.6.19.2.tar.bz2 + + The quickest and easiest way to get some basic overall data about + what's going on for a particular workload is to profile it using + 'perf stat'. 'perf stat' basically profiles using a few default + counters and displays the summed counts at the end of the run: + + root@crownbay:~# perf stat wget http://downloads.yoctoproject.org/mirror/sources/linux-2.6.19.2.tar.bz2 + Connecting to downloads.yoctoproject.org (140.211.169.59:80) + linux-2.6.19.2.tar.b 100% |***************************************************| 41727k 0:00:00 ETA + + Performance counter stats for 'wget http://downloads.yoctoproject.org/mirror/sources/linux-2.6.19.2.tar.bz2': + + 4597.223902 task-clock # 0.077 CPUs utilized + 23568 context-switches # 0.005 M/sec + 68 CPU-migrations # 0.015 K/sec + 241 page-faults # 0.052 K/sec + 3045817293 cycles # 0.663 GHz + <not supported> stalled-cycles-frontend + <not supported> stalled-cycles-backend + 858909167 instructions # 0.28 insns per cycle + 165441165 branches # 35.987 M/sec + 19550329 branch-misses # 11.82% of all branches + + 59.836627620 seconds time elapsed + + Many times such a simple-minded test doesn't yield much of + interest, but sometimes it does (see Real-world Yocto bug + (slow loop-mounted write speed)). + + + + Also, note that 'perf stat' isn't restricted to a fixed set of + counters - basically any event listed in the output of 'perf list' + can be tallied by 'perf stat'. For example, suppose we wanted to + see a summary of all the events related to kernel memory + allocation/freeing along with cache hits and misses: + + root@crownbay:~# perf stat -e kmem:* -e cache-references -e cache-misses wget http://downloads.yoctoproject.org/mirror/sources/linux-2.6.19.2.tar.bz2 + Connecting to downloads.yoctoproject.org (140.211.169.59:80) + linux-2.6.19.2.tar.b 100% |***************************************************| 41727k 0:00:00 ETA + + Performance counter stats for 'wget http://downloads.yoctoproject.org/mirror/sources/linux-2.6.19.2.tar.bz2': + + 5566 kmem:kmalloc + 125517 kmem:kmem_cache_alloc + 0 kmem:kmalloc_node + 0 kmem:kmem_cache_alloc_node + 34401 kmem:kfree + 69920 kmem:kmem_cache_free + 133 kmem:mm_page_free + 41 kmem:mm_page_free_batched + 11502 kmem:mm_page_alloc + 11375 kmem:mm_page_alloc_zone_locked + 0 kmem:mm_page_pcpu_drain + 0 kmem:mm_page_alloc_extfrag + 66848602 cache-references + 2917740 cache-misses # 4.365 % of all cache refs + + 44.831023415 seconds time elapsed + + So 'perf stat' gives us a nice easy way to get a quick overview of + what might be happening for a set of events, but normally we'd + need a little more detail in order to understand what's going on + in a way that we can act on in a useful way. + + + + To dive down into a next level of detail, we can use 'perf + record'/'perf report' which will collect profiling data and + present it to use using an interactive text-based UI (or + simply as text if we specify --stdio to 'perf report'). + + + + As our first attempt at profiling this workload, we'll simply + run 'perf record', handing it the workload we want to profile + (everything after 'perf record' and any perf options we hand + it - here none - will be executed in a new shell). perf collects + samples until the process exits and records them in a file named + 'perf.data' in the current working directory. + + root@crownbay:~# perf record wget http://downloads.yoctoproject.org/mirror/sources/linux-2.6.19.2.tar.bz2 + + Connecting to downloads.yoctoproject.org (140.211.169.59:80) + linux-2.6.19.2.tar.b 100% |************************************************| 41727k 0:00:00 ETA + [ perf record: Woken up 1 times to write data ] + [ perf record: Captured and wrote 0.176 MB perf.data (~7700 samples) ] + + To see the results in a 'text-based UI' (tui), simply run + 'perf report', which will read the perf.data file in the current + working directory and display the results in an interactive UI: + + root@crownbay:~# perf report + + + + + + + + + The above screenshot displays a 'flat' profile, one entry for + each 'bucket' corresponding to the functions that were profiled + during the profiling run, ordered from the most popular to the + least (perf has options to sort in various orders and keys as + well as display entries only above a certain threshold and so + on - see the perf documentation for details). Note that this + includes both userspace functions (entries containing a [.]) and + kernel functions accounted to the process (entries containing + a [k]). (perf has command-line modifiers that can be used to + restrict the profiling to kernel or userspace, among others). + + + + Notice also that the above report shows an entry for 'busybox', + which is the executable that implements 'wget' in Yocto, but that + instead of a useful function name in that entry, it displays + a not-so-friendly hex value instead. The steps below will show + how to fix that problem. + + + + Before we do that, however, let's try running a different profile, + one which shows something a little more interesting. The only + difference between the new profile and the previous one is that + we'll add the -g option, which will record not just the address + of a sampled function, but the entire callchain to the sampled + function as well: + + root@crownbay:~# perf record -g wget http://downloads.yoctoproject.org/mirror/sources/linux-2.6.19.2.tar.bz2 + Connecting to downloads.yoctoproject.org (140.211.169.59:80) + linux-2.6.19.2.tar.b 100% |************************************************| 41727k 0:00:00 ETA + [ perf record: Woken up 3 times to write data ] + [ perf record: Captured and wrote 0.652 MB perf.data (~28476 samples) ] + + + root@crownbay:~# perf report + + + + + + + + + Using the callgraph view, we can actually see not only which + functions took the most time, but we can also see a summary of + how those functions were called and learn something about how the + program interacts with the kernel in the process. + + + + Notice that each entry in the above screenshot now contains a '+' + on the left-hand side. This means that we can expand the entry and + drill down into the callchains that feed into that entry. + Pressing 'enter' on any one of them will expand the callchain + (you can also press 'E' to expand them all at the same time or 'C' + to collapse them all). + + + + In the screenshot above, we've toggled the __copy_to_user_ll() + entry and several subnodes all the way down. This lets us see + which callchains contributed to the profiled __copy_to_user_ll() + function which contributed 1.77% to the total profile. + + + + As a bit of background explanation for these callchains, think + about what happens at a high level when you run wget to get a file + out on the network. Basically what happens is that the data comes + into the kernel via the network connection (socket) and is passed + to the userspace program 'wget' (which is actually a part of + busybox, but that's not important for now), which takes the buffers + the kernel passes to it and writes it to a disk file to save it. + + + + The part of this process that we're looking at in the above call + stacks is the part where the kernel passes the data it's read from + the socket down to wget i.e. a copy-to-user. + + + + Notice also that here there's also a case where the hex value + is displayed in the callstack, here in the expanded + sys_clock_gettime() function. Later we'll see it resolve to a + userspace function call in busybox. + + + + + + + + The above screenshot shows the other half of the journey for the + data - from the wget program's userspace buffers to disk. To get + the buffers to disk, the wget program issues a write(2), which + does a copy-from-user to the kernel, which then takes care via + some circuitous path (probably also present somewhere in the + profile data), to get it safely to disk. + + + + Now that we've seen the basic layout of the profile data and the + basics of how to extract useful information out of it, let's get + back to the task at hand and see if we can get some basic idea + about where the time is spent in the program we're profiling, + wget. Remember that wget is actually implemented as an applet + in busybox, so while the process name is 'wget', the executable + we're actually interested in is busybox. So let's expand the + first entry containing busybox: + + + + + + + + Again, before we expanded we saw that the function was labeled + with a hex value instead of a symbol as with most of the kernel + entries. Expanding the busybox entry doesn't make it any better. + + + + The problem is that perf can't find the symbol information for the + busybox binary, which is actually stripped out by the Yocto build + system. + + + + One way around that is to put the following in your local.conf + when you build the image: + + INHIBIT_PACKAGE_STRIP = "1" + + However, we already have an image with the binaries stripped, + so what can we do to get perf to resolve the symbols? Basically + we need to install the debuginfo for the busybox package. + + + + To generate the debug info for the packages in the image, we can + add dbg-pkgs to EXTRA_IMAGE_FEATURES in local.conf. For example: + + EXTRA_IMAGE_FEATURES = "debug-tweaks tools-profile dbg-pkgs" + + Additionally, in order to generate the type of debuginfo that + perf understands, we also need to add the following to local.conf: + + PACKAGE_DEBUG_SPLIT_STYLE = 'debug-file-directory' + + Once we've done that, we can install the debuginfo for busybox. + The debug packages once built can be found in + build/tmp/deploy/rpm/* on the host system. Find the + busybox-dbg-...rpm file and copy it to the target. For example: + + [trz@empanada core2]$ scp /home/trz/yocto/crownbay-tracing-dbg/build/tmp/deploy/rpm/core2_32/busybox-dbg-1.20.2-r2.core2_32.rpm root@192.168.1.31: + root@192.168.1.31's password: + busybox-dbg-1.20.2-r2.core2_32.rpm 100% 1826KB 1.8MB/s 00:01 + + Now install the debug rpm on the target: + + root@crownbay:~# rpm -i busybox-dbg-1.20.2-r2.core2_32.rpm + + Now that the debuginfo is installed, we see that the busybox + entries now display their functions symbolically: + + + + + + + + If we expand one of the entries and press 'enter' on a leaf node, + we're presented with a menu of actions we can take to get more + information related to that entry: + + + + + + + + One of these actions allows us to show a view that displays a + busybox-centric view of the profiled functions (in this case we've + also expanded all the nodes using the 'E' key): + + + + + + + + Finally, we can see that now that the busybox debuginfo is + installed, the previously unresolved symbol in the + sys_clock_gettime() entry mentioned previously is now resolved, + and shows that the sys_clock_gettime system call that was the + source of 6.75% of the copy-to-user overhead was initiated by + the handle_input() busybox function: + + + + + + + + At the lowest level of detail, we can dive down to the assembly + level and see which instructions caused the most overhead in a + function. Pressing 'enter' on the 'udhcpc_main' function, we're + again presented with a menu: + + + + + + + + Selecting 'Annotate udhcpc_main', we get a detailed listing of + percentages by instruction for the udhcpc_main function. From the + display, we can see that over 50% of the time spent in this + function is taken up by a couple tests and the move of a + constant (1) to a register: + + + + + + + + As a segue into tracing, let's try another profile using a + different counter, something other than the default 'cycles'. + + + + The tracing and profiling infrastructure in Linux has become + unified in a way that allows us to use the same tool with a + completely different set of counters, not just the standard + hardware counters that traditional tools have had to restrict + themselves to (of course the traditional tools can also make use + of the expanded possibilities now available to them, and in some + cases have, as mentioned previously). + + + + We can get a list of the available events that can be used to + profile a workload via 'perf list': + + root@crownbay:~# perf list + + List of pre-defined events (to be used in -e): + cpu-cycles OR cycles [Hardware event] + stalled-cycles-frontend OR idle-cycles-frontend [Hardware event] + stalled-cycles-backend OR idle-cycles-backend [Hardware event] + instructions [Hardware event] + cache-references [Hardware event] + cache-misses [Hardware event] + branch-instructions OR branches [Hardware event] + branch-misses [Hardware event] + bus-cycles [Hardware event] + ref-cycles [Hardware event] + + cpu-clock [Software event] + task-clock [Software event] + page-faults OR faults [Software event] + minor-faults [Software event] + major-faults [Software event] + context-switches OR cs [Software event] + cpu-migrations OR migrations [Software event] + alignment-faults [Software event] + emulation-faults [Software event] + + L1-dcache-loads [Hardware cache event] + L1-dcache-load-misses [Hardware cache event] + L1-dcache-prefetch-misses [Hardware cache event] + L1-icache-loads [Hardware cache event] + L1-icache-load-misses [Hardware cache event] + . + . + . + rNNN [Raw hardware event descriptor] + cpu/t1=v1[,t2=v2,t3 ...]/modifier [Raw hardware event descriptor] + (see 'perf list --help' on how to encode it) + + mem:<addr>[:access] [Hardware breakpoint] + + sunrpc:rpc_call_status [Tracepoint event] + sunrpc:rpc_bind_status [Tracepoint event] + sunrpc:rpc_connect_status [Tracepoint event] + sunrpc:rpc_task_begin [Tracepoint event] + skb:kfree_skb [Tracepoint event] + skb:consume_skb [Tracepoint event] + skb:skb_copy_datagram_iovec [Tracepoint event] + net:net_dev_xmit [Tracepoint event] + net:net_dev_queue [Tracepoint event] + net:netif_receive_skb [Tracepoint event] + net:netif_rx [Tracepoint event] + napi:napi_poll [Tracepoint event] + sock:sock_rcvqueue_full [Tracepoint event] + sock:sock_exceed_buf_limit [Tracepoint event] + udp:udp_fail_queue_rcv_skb [Tracepoint event] + hda:hda_send_cmd [Tracepoint event] + hda:hda_get_response [Tracepoint event] + hda:hda_bus_reset [Tracepoint event] + scsi:scsi_dispatch_cmd_start [Tracepoint event] + scsi:scsi_dispatch_cmd_error [Tracepoint event] + scsi:scsi_eh_wakeup [Tracepoint event] + drm:drm_vblank_event [Tracepoint event] + drm:drm_vblank_event_queued [Tracepoint event] + drm:drm_vblank_event_delivered [Tracepoint event] + random:mix_pool_bytes [Tracepoint event] + random:mix_pool_bytes_nolock [Tracepoint event] + random:credit_entropy_bits [Tracepoint event] + gpio:gpio_direction [Tracepoint event] + gpio:gpio_value [Tracepoint event] + block:block_rq_abort [Tracepoint event] + block:block_rq_requeue [Tracepoint event] + block:block_rq_issue [Tracepoint event] + block:block_bio_bounce [Tracepoint event] + block:block_bio_complete [Tracepoint event] + block:block_bio_backmerge [Tracepoint event] + . + . + writeback:writeback_wake_thread [Tracepoint event] + writeback:writeback_wake_forker_thread [Tracepoint event] + writeback:writeback_bdi_register [Tracepoint event] + . + . + writeback:writeback_single_inode_requeue [Tracepoint event] + writeback:writeback_single_inode [Tracepoint event] + kmem:kmalloc [Tracepoint event] + kmem:kmem_cache_alloc [Tracepoint event] + kmem:mm_page_alloc [Tracepoint event] + kmem:mm_page_alloc_zone_locked [Tracepoint event] + kmem:mm_page_pcpu_drain [Tracepoint event] + kmem:mm_page_alloc_extfrag [Tracepoint event] + vmscan:mm_vmscan_kswapd_sleep [Tracepoint event] + vmscan:mm_vmscan_kswapd_wake [Tracepoint event] + vmscan:mm_vmscan_wakeup_kswapd [Tracepoint event] + vmscan:mm_vmscan_direct_reclaim_begin [Tracepoint event] + . + . + module:module_get [Tracepoint event] + module:module_put [Tracepoint event] + module:module_request [Tracepoint event] + sched:sched_kthread_stop [Tracepoint event] + sched:sched_wakeup [Tracepoint event] + sched:sched_wakeup_new [Tracepoint event] + sched:sched_process_fork [Tracepoint event] + sched:sched_process_exec [Tracepoint event] + sched:sched_stat_runtime [Tracepoint event] + rcu:rcu_utilization [Tracepoint event] + workqueue:workqueue_queue_work [Tracepoint event] + workqueue:workqueue_execute_end [Tracepoint event] + signal:signal_generate [Tracepoint event] + signal:signal_deliver [Tracepoint event] + timer:timer_init [Tracepoint event] + timer:timer_start [Tracepoint event] + timer:hrtimer_cancel [Tracepoint event] + timer:itimer_state [Tracepoint event] + timer:itimer_expire [Tracepoint event] + irq:irq_handler_entry [Tracepoint event] + irq:irq_handler_exit [Tracepoint event] + irq:softirq_entry [Tracepoint event] + irq:softirq_exit [Tracepoint event] + irq:softirq_raise [Tracepoint event] + printk:console [Tracepoint event] + task:task_newtask [Tracepoint event] + task:task_rename [Tracepoint event] + syscalls:sys_enter_socketcall [Tracepoint event] + syscalls:sys_exit_socketcall [Tracepoint event] + . + . + . + syscalls:sys_enter_unshare [Tracepoint event] + syscalls:sys_exit_unshare [Tracepoint event] + raw_syscalls:sys_enter [Tracepoint event] + raw_syscalls:sys_exit [Tracepoint event] + + + + + Tying it Together: These are exactly the same set of events defined + by the trace event subsystem and exposed by + ftrace/tracecmd/kernelshark as files in + /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events, by SystemTap as + kernel.trace("tracepoint_name") and (partially) accessed by LTTng. + + + + Only a subset of these would be of interest to us when looking at + this workload, so let's choose the most likely subsystems + (identified by the string before the colon in the Tracepoint events) + and do a 'perf stat' run using only those wildcarded subsystems: + + root@crownbay:~# perf stat -e skb:* -e net:* -e napi:* -e sched:* -e workqueue:* -e irq:* -e syscalls:* wget http://downloads.yoctoproject.org/mirror/sources/linux-2.6.19.2.tar.bz2 + Performance counter stats for 'wget http://downloads.yoctoproject.org/mirror/sources/linux-2.6.19.2.tar.bz2': + + 23323 skb:kfree_skb + 0 skb:consume_skb + 49897 skb:skb_copy_datagram_iovec + 6217 net:net_dev_xmit + 6217 net:net_dev_queue + 7962 net:netif_receive_skb + 2 net:netif_rx + 8340 napi:napi_poll + 0 sched:sched_kthread_stop + 0 sched:sched_kthread_stop_ret + 3749 sched:sched_wakeup + 0 sched:sched_wakeup_new + 0 sched:sched_switch + 29 sched:sched_migrate_task + 0 sched:sched_process_free + 1 sched:sched_process_exit + 0 sched:sched_wait_task + 0 sched:sched_process_wait + 0 sched:sched_process_fork + 1 sched:sched_process_exec + 0 sched:sched_stat_wait + 2106519415641 sched:sched_stat_sleep + 0 sched:sched_stat_iowait + 147453613 sched:sched_stat_blocked + 12903026955 sched:sched_stat_runtime + 0 sched:sched_pi_setprio + 3574 workqueue:workqueue_queue_work + 3574 workqueue:workqueue_activate_work + 0 workqueue:workqueue_execute_start + 0 workqueue:workqueue_execute_end + 16631 irq:irq_handler_entry + 16631 irq:irq_handler_exit + 28521 irq:softirq_entry + 28521 irq:softirq_exit + 28728 irq:softirq_raise + 1 syscalls:sys_enter_sendmmsg + 1 syscalls:sys_exit_sendmmsg + 0 syscalls:sys_enter_recvmmsg + 0 syscalls:sys_exit_recvmmsg + 14 syscalls:sys_enter_socketcall + 14 syscalls:sys_exit_socketcall + . + . + . + 16965 syscalls:sys_enter_read + 16965 syscalls:sys_exit_read + 12854 syscalls:sys_enter_write + 12854 syscalls:sys_exit_write + . + . + . + + 58.029710972 seconds time elapsed + + Let's pick one of these tracepoints and tell perf to do a profile + using it as the sampling event: + + root@crownbay:~# perf record -g -e sched:sched_wakeup wget http://downloads.yoctoproject.org/mirror/sources/linux-2.6.19.2.tar.bz2 + + + + + + + + + The screenshot above shows the results of running a profile using + sched:sched_switch tracepoint, which shows the relative costs of + various paths to sched_wakeup (note that sched_wakeup is the + name of the tracepoint - it's actually defined just inside + ttwu_do_wakeup(), which accounts for the function name actually + displayed in the profile: + + /* + * Mark the task runnable and perform wakeup-preemption. + */ + static void + ttwu_do_wakeup(struct rq *rq, struct task_struct *p, int wake_flags) + { + trace_sched_wakeup(p, true); + . + . + . + } + + A couple of the more interesting callchains are expanded and + displayed above, basically some network receive paths that + presumably end up waking up wget (busybox) when network data is + ready. + + + + Note that because tracepoints are normally used for tracing, + the default sampling period for tracepoints is 1 i.e. for + tracepoints perf will sample on every event occurrence (this + can be changed using the -c option). This is in contrast to + hardware counters such as for example the default 'cycles' + hardware counter used for normal profiling, where sampling + periods are much higher (in the thousands) because profiling should + have as low an overhead as possible and sampling on every cycle + would be prohibitively expensive. + +
+ +
+ Using perf to do Basic Tracing + + + Profiling is a great tool for solving many problems or for + getting a high-level view of what's going on with a workload or + across the system. It is however by definition an approximation, + as suggested by the most prominent word associated with it, + 'sampling'. On the one hand, it allows a representative picture of + what's going on in the system to be cheaply taken, but on the other + hand, that cheapness limits its utility when that data suggests a + need to 'dive down' more deeply to discover what's really going + on. In such cases, the only way to see what's really going on is + to be able to look at (or summarize more intelligently) the + individual steps that go into the higher-level behavior exposed + by the coarse-grained profiling data. + + + + As a concrete example, we can trace all the events we think might + be applicable to our workload: + + root@crownbay:~# perf record -g -e skb:* -e net:* -e napi:* -e sched:sched_switch -e sched:sched_wakeup -e irq:* + -e syscalls:sys_enter_read -e syscalls:sys_exit_read -e syscalls:sys_enter_write -e syscalls:sys_exit_write + wget http://downloads.yoctoproject.org/mirror/sources/linux-2.6.19.2.tar.bz2 + + We can look at the raw trace output using 'perf script' with no + arguments: + + root@crownbay:~# perf script + + perf 1262 [000] 11624.857082: sys_exit_read: 0x0 + perf 1262 [000] 11624.857193: sched_wakeup: comm=migration/0 pid=6 prio=0 success=1 target_cpu=000 + wget 1262 [001] 11624.858021: softirq_raise: vec=1 [action=TIMER] + wget 1262 [001] 11624.858074: softirq_entry: vec=1 [action=TIMER] + wget 1262 [001] 11624.858081: softirq_exit: vec=1 [action=TIMER] + wget 1262 [001] 11624.858166: sys_enter_read: fd: 0x0003, buf: 0xbf82c940, count: 0x0200 + wget 1262 [001] 11624.858177: sys_exit_read: 0x200 + wget 1262 [001] 11624.858878: kfree_skb: skbaddr=0xeb248d80 protocol=0 location=0xc15a5308 + wget 1262 [001] 11624.858945: kfree_skb: skbaddr=0xeb248000 protocol=0 location=0xc15a5308 + wget 1262 [001] 11624.859020: softirq_raise: vec=1 [action=TIMER] + wget 1262 [001] 11624.859076: softirq_entry: vec=1 [action=TIMER] + wget 1262 [001] 11624.859083: softirq_exit: vec=1 [action=TIMER] + wget 1262 [001] 11624.859167: sys_enter_read: fd: 0x0003, buf: 0xb7720000, count: 0x0400 + wget 1262 [001] 11624.859192: sys_exit_read: 0x1d7 + wget 1262 [001] 11624.859228: sys_enter_read: fd: 0x0003, buf: 0xb7720000, count: 0x0400 + wget 1262 [001] 11624.859233: sys_exit_read: 0x0 + wget 1262 [001] 11624.859573: sys_enter_read: fd: 0x0003, buf: 0xbf82c580, count: 0x0200 + wget 1262 [001] 11624.859584: sys_exit_read: 0x200 + wget 1262 [001] 11624.859864: sys_enter_read: fd: 0x0003, buf: 0xb7720000, count: 0x0400 + wget 1262 [001] 11624.859888: sys_exit_read: 0x400 + wget 1262 [001] 11624.859935: sys_enter_read: fd: 0x0003, buf: 0xb7720000, count: 0x0400 + wget 1262 [001] 11624.859944: sys_exit_read: 0x400 + + This gives us a detailed timestamped sequence of events that + occurred within the workload with respect to those events. + + + + In many ways, profiling can be viewed as a subset of tracing - + theoretically, if you have a set of trace events that's sufficient + to capture all the important aspects of a workload, you can derive + any of the results or views that a profiling run can. + + + + Another aspect of traditional profiling is that while powerful in + many ways, it's limited by the granularity of the underlying data. + Profiling tools offer various ways of sorting and presenting the + sample data, which make it much more useful and amenable to user + experimentation, but in the end it can't be used in an open-ended + way to extract data that just isn't present as a consequence of + the fact that conceptually, most of it has been thrown away. + + + + Full-blown detailed tracing data does however offer the opportunity + to manipulate and present the information collected during a + tracing run in an infinite variety of ways. + + + + Another way to look at it is that there are only so many ways that + the 'primitive' counters can be used on their own to generate + interesting output; to get anything more complicated than simple + counts requires some amount of additional logic, which is typically + very specific to the problem at hand. For example, if we wanted to + make use of a 'counter' that maps to the value of the time + difference between when a process was scheduled to run on a + processor and the time it actually ran, we wouldn't expect such + a counter to exist on its own, but we could derive one called say + 'wakeup_latency' and use it to extract a useful view of that metric + from trace data. Likewise, we really can't figure out from standard + profiling tools how much data every process on the system reads and + writes, along with how many of those reads and writes fail + completely. If we have sufficient trace data, however, we could + with the right tools easily extract and present that information, + but we'd need something other than pre-canned profiling tools to + do that. + + + + Luckily, there is a general-purpose way to handle such needs, + called 'programming languages'. Making programming languages + easily available to apply to such problems given the specific + format of data is called a 'programming language binding' for + that data and language. Perf supports two programming language + bindings, one for Python and one for Perl. + + + + Tying it Together: Language bindings for manipulating and + aggregating trace data are of course not a new + idea. One of the first projects to do this was IBM's DProbes + dpcc compiler, an ANSI C compiler which targeted a low-level + assembly language running on an in-kernel interpreter on the + target system. This is exactly analagous to what Sun's DTrace + did, except that DTrace invented its own language for the purpose. + Systemtap, heavily inspired by DTrace, also created its own + one-off language, but rather than running the product on an + in-kernel interpreter, created an elaborate compiler-based + machinery to translate its language into kernel modules written + in C. + + + + Now that we have the trace data in perf.data, we can use + 'perf script -g' to generate a skeleton script with handlers + for the read/write entry/exit events we recorded: + + root@crownbay:~# perf script -g python + generated Python script: perf-script.py + + The skeleton script simply creates a python function for each + event type in the perf.data file. The body of each function simply + prints the event name along with its parameters. For example: + + def net__netif_rx(event_name, context, common_cpu, + common_secs, common_nsecs, common_pid, common_comm, + skbaddr, len, name): + print_header(event_name, common_cpu, common_secs, common_nsecs, + common_pid, common_comm) + + print "skbaddr=%u, len=%u, name=%s\n" % (skbaddr, len, name), + + We can run that script directly to print all of the events + contained in the perf.data file: + + root@crownbay:~# perf script -s perf-script.py + + in trace_begin + syscalls__sys_exit_read 0 11624.857082795 1262 perf nr=3, ret=0 + sched__sched_wakeup 0 11624.857193498 1262 perf comm=migration/0, pid=6, prio=0, success=1, target_cpu=0 + irq__softirq_raise 1 11624.858021635 1262 wget vec=TIMER + irq__softirq_entry 1 11624.858074075 1262 wget vec=TIMER + irq__softirq_exit 1 11624.858081389 1262 wget vec=TIMER + syscalls__sys_enter_read 1 11624.858166434 1262 wget nr=3, fd=3, buf=3213019456, count=512 + syscalls__sys_exit_read 1 11624.858177924 1262 wget nr=3, ret=512 + skb__kfree_skb 1 11624.858878188 1262 wget skbaddr=3945041280, location=3243922184, protocol=0 + skb__kfree_skb 1 11624.858945608 1262 wget skbaddr=3945037824, location=3243922184, protocol=0 + irq__softirq_raise 1 11624.859020942 1262 wget vec=TIMER + irq__softirq_entry 1 11624.859076935 1262 wget vec=TIMER + irq__softirq_exit 1 11624.859083469 1262 wget vec=TIMER + syscalls__sys_enter_read 1 11624.859167565 1262 wget nr=3, fd=3, buf=3077701632, count=1024 + syscalls__sys_exit_read 1 11624.859192533 1262 wget nr=3, ret=471 + syscalls__sys_enter_read 1 11624.859228072 1262 wget nr=3, fd=3, buf=3077701632, count=1024 + syscalls__sys_exit_read 1 11624.859233707 1262 wget nr=3, ret=0 + syscalls__sys_enter_read 1 11624.859573008 1262 wget nr=3, fd=3, buf=3213018496, count=512 + syscalls__sys_exit_read 1 11624.859584818 1262 wget nr=3, ret=512 + syscalls__sys_enter_read 1 11624.859864562 1262 wget nr=3, fd=3, buf=3077701632, count=1024 + syscalls__sys_exit_read 1 11624.859888770 1262 wget nr=3, ret=1024 + syscalls__sys_enter_read 1 11624.859935140 1262 wget nr=3, fd=3, buf=3077701632, count=1024 + syscalls__sys_exit_read 1 11624.859944032 1262 wget nr=3, ret=1024 + + That in itself isn't very useful; after all, we can accomplish + pretty much the same thing by simply running 'perf script' + without arguments in the same directory as the perf.data file. + + + + We can however replace the print statements in the generated + function bodies with whatever we want, and thereby make it + infinitely more useful. + + + + As a simple example, let's just replace the print statements in + the function bodies with a simple function that does nothing but + increment a per-event count. When the program is run against a + perf.data file, each time a particular event is encountered, + a tally is incremented for that event. For example: + + def net__netif_rx(event_name, context, common_cpu, + common_secs, common_nsecs, common_pid, common_comm, + skbaddr, len, name): + inc_counts(event_name) + + Each event handler function in the generated code is modified + to do this. For convenience, we define a common function called + inc_counts() that each handler calls; inc_counts() simply tallies + a count for each event using the 'counts' hash, which is a + specialized hash function that does Perl-like autovivification, a + capability that's extremely useful for kinds of multi-level + aggregation commonly used in processing traces (see perf's + documentation on the Python language binding for details): + + counts = autodict() + + def inc_counts(event_name): + try: + counts[event_name] += 1 + except TypeError: + counts[event_name] = 1 + + Finally, at the end of the trace processing run, we want to + print the result of all the per-event tallies. For that, we + use the special 'trace_end()' function: + + def trace_end(): + for event_name, count in counts.iteritems(): + print "%-40s %10s\n" % (event_name, count) + + The end result is a summary of all the events recorded in the + trace: + + skb__skb_copy_datagram_iovec 13148 + irq__softirq_entry 4796 + irq__irq_handler_exit 3805 + irq__softirq_exit 4795 + syscalls__sys_enter_write 8990 + net__net_dev_xmit 652 + skb__kfree_skb 4047 + sched__sched_wakeup 1155 + irq__irq_handler_entry 3804 + irq__softirq_raise 4799 + net__net_dev_queue 652 + syscalls__sys_enter_read 17599 + net__netif_receive_skb 1743 + syscalls__sys_exit_read 17598 + net__netif_rx 2 + napi__napi_poll 1877 + syscalls__sys_exit_write 8990 + + Note that this is pretty much exactly the same information we get + from 'perf stat', which goes a little way to support the idea + mentioned previously that given the right kind of trace data, + higher-level profiling-type summaries can be derived from it. + + + + Documentation on using the + 'perf script' python binding. + +
+ +
+ System-Wide Tracing and Profiling + + + The examples so far have focused on tracing a particular program or + workload - in other words, every profiling run has specified the + program to profile in the command-line e.g. 'perf record wget ...'. + + + + It's also possible, and more interesting in many cases, to run a + system-wide profile or trace while running the workload in a + separate shell. + + + + To do system-wide profiling or tracing, you typically use + the -a flag to 'perf record'. + + + + To demonstrate this, open up one window and start the profile + using the -a flag (press Ctrl-C to stop tracing): + + root@crownbay:~# perf record -g -a + ^C[ perf record: Woken up 6 times to write data ] + [ perf record: Captured and wrote 1.400 MB perf.data (~61172 samples) ] + + In another window, run the wget test: + + root@crownbay:~# wget http://downloads.yoctoproject.org/mirror/sources/linux-2.6.19.2.tar.bz2 + Connecting to downloads.yoctoproject.org (140.211.169.59:80) + linux-2.6.19.2.tar.b 100% |*******************************| 41727k 0:00:00 ETA + + Here we see entries not only for our wget load, but for other + processes running on the system as well: + + + + + + + + In the snapshot above, we can see callchains that originate in + libc, and a callchain from Xorg that demonstrates that we're + using a proprietary X driver in userspace (notice the presence + of 'PVR' and some other unresolvable symbols in the expanded + Xorg callchain). + + + + Note also that we have both kernel and userspace entries in the + above snapshot. We can also tell perf to focus on userspace but + providing a modifier, in this case 'u', to the 'cycles' hardware + counter when we record a profile: + + root@crownbay:~# perf record -g -a -e cycles:u + ^C[ perf record: Woken up 2 times to write data ] + [ perf record: Captured and wrote 0.376 MB perf.data (~16443 samples) ] + + + + + + + + + Notice in the screenshot above, we see only userspace entries ([.]) + + + + Finally, we can press 'enter' on a leaf node and select the 'Zoom + into DSO' menu item to show only entries associated with a + specific DSO. In the screenshot below, we've zoomed into the + 'libc' DSO which shows all the entries associated with the + libc-xxx.so DSO. + + + + + + + + We can also use the system-wide -a switch to do system-wide + tracing. Here we'll trace a couple of scheduler events: + + root@crownbay:~# perf record -a -e sched:sched_switch -e sched:sched_wakeup + ^C[ perf record: Woken up 38 times to write data ] + [ perf record: Captured and wrote 9.780 MB perf.data (~427299 samples) ] + + We can look at the raw output using 'perf script' with no + arguments: + + root@crownbay:~# perf script + + perf 1383 [001] 6171.460045: sched_wakeup: comm=kworker/1:1 pid=21 prio=120 success=1 target_cpu=001 + perf 1383 [001] 6171.460066: sched_switch: prev_comm=perf prev_pid=1383 prev_prio=120 prev_state=R+ ==> next_comm=kworker/1:1 next_pid=21 next_prio=120 + kworker/1:1 21 [001] 6171.460093: sched_switch: prev_comm=kworker/1:1 prev_pid=21 prev_prio=120 prev_state=S ==> next_comm=perf next_pid=1383 next_prio=120 + swapper 0 [000] 6171.468063: sched_wakeup: comm=kworker/0:3 pid=1209 prio=120 success=1 target_cpu=000 + swapper 0 [000] 6171.468107: sched_switch: prev_comm=swapper/0 prev_pid=0 prev_prio=120 prev_state=R ==> next_comm=kworker/0:3 next_pid=1209 next_prio=120 + kworker/0:3 1209 [000] 6171.468143: sched_switch: prev_comm=kworker/0:3 prev_pid=1209 prev_prio=120 prev_state=S ==> next_comm=swapper/0 next_pid=0 next_prio=120 + perf 1383 [001] 6171.470039: sched_wakeup: comm=kworker/1:1 pid=21 prio=120 success=1 target_cpu=001 + perf 1383 [001] 6171.470058: sched_switch: prev_comm=perf prev_pid=1383 prev_prio=120 prev_state=R+ ==> next_comm=kworker/1:1 next_pid=21 next_prio=120 + kworker/1:1 21 [001] 6171.470082: sched_switch: prev_comm=kworker/1:1 prev_pid=21 prev_prio=120 prev_state=S ==> next_comm=perf next_pid=1383 next_prio=120 + perf 1383 [001] 6171.480035: sched_wakeup: comm=kworker/1:1 pid=21 prio=120 success=1 target_cpu=001 + + + +
+ Filtering + + + Notice that there are a lot of events that don't really have + anything to do with what we're interested in, namely events + that schedule 'perf' itself in and out or that wake perf up. + We can get rid of those by using the '--filter' option - + for each event we specify using -e, we can add a --filter + after that to filter out trace events that contain fields + with specific values: + + root@crownbay:~# perf record -a -e sched:sched_switch --filter 'next_comm != perf && prev_comm != perf' -e sched:sched_wakeup --filter 'comm != perf' + ^C[ perf record: Woken up 38 times to write data ] + [ perf record: Captured and wrote 9.688 MB perf.data (~423279 samples) ] + + + root@crownbay:~# perf script + + swapper 0 [000] 7932.162180: sched_switch: prev_comm=swapper/0 prev_pid=0 prev_prio=120 prev_state=R ==> next_comm=kworker/0:3 next_pid=1209 next_prio=120 + kworker/0:3 1209 [000] 7932.162236: sched_switch: prev_comm=kworker/0:3 prev_pid=1209 prev_prio=120 prev_state=S ==> next_comm=swapper/0 next_pid=0 next_prio=120 + perf 1407 [001] 7932.170048: sched_wakeup: comm=kworker/1:1 pid=21 prio=120 success=1 target_cpu=001 + perf 1407 [001] 7932.180044: sched_wakeup: comm=kworker/1:1 pid=21 prio=120 success=1 target_cpu=001 + perf 1407 [001] 7932.190038: sched_wakeup: comm=kworker/1:1 pid=21 prio=120 success=1 target_cpu=001 + perf 1407 [001] 7932.200044: sched_wakeup: comm=kworker/1:1 pid=21 prio=120 success=1 target_cpu=001 + perf 1407 [001] 7932.210044: sched_wakeup: comm=kworker/1:1 pid=21 prio=120 success=1 target_cpu=001 + perf 1407 [001] 7932.220044: sched_wakeup: comm=kworker/1:1 pid=21 prio=120 success=1 target_cpu=001 + swapper 0 [001] 7932.230111: sched_wakeup: comm=kworker/1:1 pid=21 prio=120 success=1 target_cpu=001 + swapper 0 [001] 7932.230146: sched_switch: prev_comm=swapper/1 prev_pid=0 prev_prio=120 prev_state=R ==> next_comm=kworker/1:1 next_pid=21 next_prio=120 + kworker/1:1 21 [001] 7932.230205: sched_switch: prev_comm=kworker/1:1 prev_pid=21 prev_prio=120 prev_state=S ==> next_comm=swapper/1 next_pid=0 next_prio=120 + swapper 0 [000] 7932.326109: sched_wakeup: comm=kworker/0:3 pid=1209 prio=120 success=1 target_cpu=000 + swapper 0 [000] 7932.326171: sched_switch: prev_comm=swapper/0 prev_pid=0 prev_prio=120 prev_state=R ==> next_comm=kworker/0:3 next_pid=1209 next_prio=120 + kworker/0:3 1209 [000] 7932.326214: sched_switch: prev_comm=kworker/0:3 prev_pid=1209 prev_prio=120 prev_state=S ==> next_comm=swapper/0 next_pid=0 next_prio=120 + + In this case, we've filtered out all events that have 'perf' + in their 'comm' or 'comm_prev' or 'comm_next' fields. Notice + that there are still events recorded for perf, but notice + that those events don't have values of 'perf' for the filtered + fields. To completely filter out anything from perf will + require a bit more work, but for the purpose of demonstrating + how to use filters, it's close enough. + + + + Tying it Together: These are exactly the same set of event + filters defined by the trace event subsystem. See the + ftrace/tracecmd/kernelshark section for more discussion about + these event filters. + + + + Tying it Together: These event filters are implemented by a + special-purpose pseudo-interpreter in the kernel and are an + integral and indispensable part of the perf design as it + relates to tracing. kernel-based event filters provide a + mechanism to precisely throttle the event stream that appears + in user space, where it makes sense to provide bindings to real + programming languages for postprocessing the event stream. + This architecture allows for the intelligent and flexible + partitioning of processing between the kernel and user space. + Contrast this with other tools such as SystemTap, which does + all of its processing in the kernel and as such requires a + special project-defined language in order to accommodate that + design, or LTTng, where everything is sent to userspace and + as such requires a super-efficient kernel-to-userspace + transport mechanism in order to function properly. While + perf certainly can benefit from for instance advances in + the design of the transport, it doesn't fundamentally depend + on them. Basically, if you find that your perf tracing + application is causing buffer I/O overruns, it probably + means that you aren't taking enough advantage of the + kernel filtering engine. + +
+
+ +
+ Using Dynamic Tracepoints + + + perf isn't restricted to the fixed set of static tracepoints + listed by 'perf list'. Users can also add their own 'dynamic' + tracepoints anywhere in the kernel. For instance, suppose we + want to define our own tracepoint on do_fork(). We can do that + using the 'perf probe' perf subcommand: + + root@crownbay:~# perf probe do_fork + Added new event: + probe:do_fork (on do_fork) + + You can now use it in all perf tools, such as: + + perf record -e probe:do_fork -aR sleep 1 + + Adding a new tracepoint via 'perf probe' results in an event + with all the expected files and format in + /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events, just the same as for static + tracepoints (as discussed in more detail in the trace events + subsystem section: + + root@crownbay:/sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/probe/do_fork# ls -al + drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Oct 28 11:42 . + drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 0 Oct 28 11:42 .. + -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Oct 28 11:42 enable + -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Oct 28 11:42 filter + -r--r--r-- 1 root root 0 Oct 28 11:42 format + -r--r--r-- 1 root root 0 Oct 28 11:42 id + + root@crownbay:/sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/probe/do_fork# cat format + name: do_fork + ID: 944 + format: + field:unsigned short common_type; offset:0; size:2; signed:0; + field:unsigned char common_flags; offset:2; size:1; signed:0; + field:unsigned char common_preempt_count; offset:3; size:1; signed:0; + field:int common_pid; offset:4; size:4; signed:1; + field:int common_padding; offset:8; size:4; signed:1; + + field:unsigned long __probe_ip; offset:12; size:4; signed:0; + + print fmt: "(%lx)", REC->__probe_ip + + We can list all dynamic tracepoints currently in existence: + + root@crownbay:~# perf probe -l + probe:do_fork (on do_fork) + probe:schedule (on schedule) + + Let's record system-wide ('sleep 30' is a trick for recording + system-wide but basically do nothing and then wake up after + 30 seconds): + + root@crownbay:~# perf record -g -a -e probe:do_fork sleep 30 + [ perf record: Woken up 1 times to write data ] + [ perf record: Captured and wrote 0.087 MB perf.data (~3812 samples) ] + + Using 'perf script' we can see each do_fork event that fired: + + root@crownbay:~# perf script + + # ======== + # captured on: Sun Oct 28 11:55:18 2012 + # hostname : crownbay + # os release : 3.4.11-yocto-standard + # perf version : 3.4.11 + # arch : i686 + # nrcpus online : 2 + # nrcpus avail : 2 + # cpudesc : Intel(R) Atom(TM) CPU E660 @ 1.30GHz + # cpuid : GenuineIntel,6,38,1 + # total memory : 1017184 kB + # cmdline : /usr/bin/perf record -g -a -e probe:do_fork sleep 30 + # event : name = probe:do_fork, type = 2, config = 0x3b0, config1 = 0x0, config2 = 0x0, excl_usr = 0, excl_kern + = 0, id = { 5, 6 } + # HEADER_CPU_TOPOLOGY info available, use -I to display + # ======== + # + matchbox-deskto 1197 [001] 34211.378318: do_fork: (c1028460) + matchbox-deskto 1295 [001] 34211.380388: do_fork: (c1028460) + pcmanfm 1296 [000] 34211.632350: do_fork: (c1028460) + pcmanfm 1296 [000] 34211.639917: do_fork: (c1028460) + matchbox-deskto 1197 [001] 34217.541603: do_fork: (c1028460) + matchbox-deskto 1299 [001] 34217.543584: do_fork: (c1028460) + gthumb 1300 [001] 34217.697451: do_fork: (c1028460) + gthumb 1300 [001] 34219.085734: do_fork: (c1028460) + gthumb 1300 [000] 34219.121351: do_fork: (c1028460) + gthumb 1300 [001] 34219.264551: do_fork: (c1028460) + pcmanfm 1296 [000] 34219.590380: do_fork: (c1028460) + matchbox-deskto 1197 [001] 34224.955965: do_fork: (c1028460) + matchbox-deskto 1306 [001] 34224.957972: do_fork: (c1028460) + matchbox-termin 1307 [000] 34225.038214: do_fork: (c1028460) + matchbox-termin 1307 [001] 34225.044218: do_fork: (c1028460) + matchbox-termin 1307 [000] 34225.046442: do_fork: (c1028460) + matchbox-deskto 1197 [001] 34237.112138: do_fork: (c1028460) + matchbox-deskto 1311 [001] 34237.114106: do_fork: (c1028460) + gaku 1312 [000] 34237.202388: do_fork: (c1028460) + + And using 'perf report' on the same file, we can see the + callgraphs from starting a few programs during those 30 seconds: + + + + + + + + Tying it Together: The trace events subsystem accomodate static + and dynamic tracepoints in exactly the same way - there's no + difference as far as the infrastructure is concerned. See the + ftrace section for more details on the trace event subsystem. + + + + Tying it Together: Dynamic tracepoints are implemented under the + covers by kprobes and uprobes. kprobes and uprobes are also used + by and in fact are the main focus of SystemTap. + +
+
+ +
+ Documentation + + + Online versions of the man pages for the commands discussed in this + section can be found here: + + The 'perf stat' manpage. + + The 'perf record' manpage. + + The 'perf report' manpage. + + The 'perf probe' manpage. + + The 'perf script' manpage. + + Documentation on using the + 'perf script' python binding. + + The top-level + perf(1) manpage. + + + + + + Normally, you should be able to invoke the man pages via perf + itself e.g. 'perf help' or 'perf help record'. + + + + However, by default Yocto doesn't install man pages, but perf + invokes the man pages for most help functionality. This is a bug + and is being addressed by a Yocto bug: + Bug 3388 - perf: enable man pages for basic 'help' functionality. + + + + The man pages in text form, along with some other files, such as + a set of examples, can be found in the 'perf' directory of the + kernel tree: + + tools/perf/Documentation + + There's also a nice perf tutorial on the perf wiki that goes + into more detail than we do here in certain areas: + Perf Tutorial + +
+
+ +
+ ftrace + + + 'ftrace' literally refers to the 'ftrace function tracer' but in + reality this encompasses a number of related tracers along with + the infrastructure that they all make use of. + + +
+ Setup + + + For this section, we'll assume you've already performed the basic + setup outlined in the General Setup section. + + + + ftrace, trace-cmd, and kernelshark run on the target system, + and are ready to go out-of-the-box - no additional setup is + necessary. For the rest of this section we assume you've ssh'ed + to the host and will be running ftrace on the target. kernelshark + is a GUI application and if you use the '-X' option to ssh you + can have the kernelshark GUI run on the target but display + remotely on the host if you want. + +
+ +
+ Basic ftrace usage + + + 'ftrace' essentially refers to everything included in + the /tracing directory of the mounted debugfs filesystem + (Yocto follows the standard convention and mounts it + at /sys/kernel/debug). Here's a listing of all the files + found in /sys/kernel/debug/tracing on a Yocto system: + + root@sugarbay:/sys/kernel/debug/tracing# ls + README kprobe_events trace + available_events kprobe_profile trace_clock + available_filter_functions options trace_marker + available_tracers per_cpu trace_options + buffer_size_kb printk_formats trace_pipe + buffer_total_size_kb saved_cmdlines tracing_cpumask + current_tracer set_event tracing_enabled + dyn_ftrace_total_info set_ftrace_filter tracing_on + enabled_functions set_ftrace_notrace tracing_thresh + events set_ftrace_pid + free_buffer set_graph_function + + The files listed above are used for various purposes - + some relate directly to the tracers themselves, others are + used to set tracing options, and yet others actually contain + the tracing output when a tracer is in effect. Some of the + functions can be guessed from their names, others need + explanation; in any case, we'll cover some of the files we + see here below but for an explanation of the others, please + see the ftrace documentation. + + + + We'll start by looking at some of the available built-in + tracers. + + + + cat'ing the 'available_tracers' file lists the set of + available tracers: + + root@sugarbay:/sys/kernel/debug/tracing# cat available_tracers + blk function_graph function nop + + The 'current_tracer' file contains the tracer currently in + effect: + + root@sugarbay:/sys/kernel/debug/tracing# cat current_tracer + nop + + The above listing of current_tracer shows that + the 'nop' tracer is in effect, which is just another + way of saying that there's actually no tracer + currently in effect. + + + + echo'ing one of the available_tracers into current_tracer + makes the specified tracer the current tracer: + + root@sugarbay:/sys/kernel/debug/tracing# echo function > current_tracer + root@sugarbay:/sys/kernel/debug/tracing# cat current_tracer + function + + The above sets the current tracer to be the + 'function tracer'. This tracer traces every function + call in the kernel and makes it available as the + contents of the 'trace' file. Reading the 'trace' file + lists the currently buffered function calls that have been + traced by the function tracer: + + root@sugarbay:/sys/kernel/debug/tracing# cat trace | less + + # tracer: function + # + # entries-in-buffer/entries-written: 310629/766471 #P:8 + # + # _-----=> irqs-off + # / _----=> need-resched + # | / _---=> hardirq/softirq + # || / _--=> preempt-depth + # ||| / delay + # TASK-PID CPU# |||| TIMESTAMP FUNCTION + # | | | |||| | | + <idle>-0 [004] d..1 470.867169: ktime_get_real <-intel_idle + <idle>-0 [004] d..1 470.867170: getnstimeofday <-ktime_get_real + <idle>-0 [004] d..1 470.867171: ns_to_timeval <-intel_idle + <idle>-0 [004] d..1 470.867171: ns_to_timespec <-ns_to_timeval + <idle>-0 [004] d..1 470.867172: smp_apic_timer_interrupt <-apic_timer_interrupt + <idle>-0 [004] d..1 470.867172: native_apic_mem_write <-smp_apic_timer_interrupt + <idle>-0 [004] d..1 470.867172: irq_enter <-smp_apic_timer_interrupt + <idle>-0 [004] d..1 470.867172: rcu_irq_enter <-irq_enter + <idle>-0 [004] d..1 470.867173: rcu_idle_exit_common.isra.33 <-rcu_irq_enter + <idle>-0 [004] d..1 470.867173: local_bh_disable <-irq_enter + <idle>-0 [004] d..1 470.867173: add_preempt_count <-local_bh_disable + <idle>-0 [004] d.s1 470.867174: tick_check_idle <-irq_enter + <idle>-0 [004] d.s1 470.867174: tick_check_oneshot_broadcast <-tick_check_idle + <idle>-0 [004] d.s1 470.867174: ktime_get <-tick_check_idle + <idle>-0 [004] d.s1 470.867174: tick_nohz_stop_idle <-tick_check_idle + <idle>-0 [004] d.s1 470.867175: update_ts_time_stats <-tick_nohz_stop_idle + <idle>-0 [004] d.s1 470.867175: nr_iowait_cpu <-update_ts_time_stats + <idle>-0 [004] d.s1 470.867175: tick_do_update_jiffies64 <-tick_check_idle + <idle>-0 [004] d.s1 470.867175: _raw_spin_lock <-tick_do_update_jiffies64 + <idle>-0 [004] d.s1 470.867176: add_preempt_count <-_raw_spin_lock + <idle>-0 [004] d.s2 470.867176: do_timer <-tick_do_update_jiffies64 + <idle>-0 [004] d.s2 470.867176: _raw_spin_lock <-do_timer + <idle>-0 [004] d.s2 470.867176: add_preempt_count <-_raw_spin_lock + <idle>-0 [004] d.s3 470.867177: ntp_tick_length <-do_timer + <idle>-0 [004] d.s3 470.867177: _raw_spin_lock_irqsave <-ntp_tick_length + . + . + . + + Each line in the trace above shows what was happening in + the kernel on a given cpu, to the level of detail of + function calls. Each entry shows the function called, + followed by its caller (after the arrow). + + + + The function tracer gives you an extremely detailed idea + of what the kernel was doing at the point in time the trace + was taken, and is a great way to learn about how the kernel + code works in a dynamic sense. + + + + Tying it Together: The ftrace function tracer is also + available from within perf, as the ftrace:function tracepoint. + + + + It is a little more difficult to follow the call chains than + it needs to be - luckily there's a variant of the function + tracer that displays the callchains explicitly, called the + 'function_graph' tracer: + + root@sugarbay:/sys/kernel/debug/tracing# echo function_graph > current_tracer + root@sugarbay:/sys/kernel/debug/tracing# cat trace | less + + tracer: function_graph + + CPU DURATION FUNCTION CALLS + | | | | | | | + 7) 0.046 us | pick_next_task_fair(); + 7) 0.043 us | pick_next_task_stop(); + 7) 0.042 us | pick_next_task_rt(); + 7) 0.032 us | pick_next_task_fair(); + 7) 0.030 us | pick_next_task_idle(); + 7) | _raw_spin_unlock_irq() { + 7) 0.033 us | sub_preempt_count(); + 7) 0.258 us | } + 7) 0.032 us | sub_preempt_count(); + 7) + 13.341 us | } /* __schedule */ + 7) 0.095 us | } /* sub_preempt_count */ + 7) | schedule() { + 7) | __schedule() { + 7) 0.060 us | add_preempt_count(); + 7) 0.044 us | rcu_note_context_switch(); + 7) | _raw_spin_lock_irq() { + 7) 0.033 us | add_preempt_count(); + 7) 0.247 us | } + 7) | idle_balance() { + 7) | _raw_spin_unlock() { + 7) 0.031 us | sub_preempt_count(); + 7) 0.246 us | } + 7) | update_shares() { + 7) 0.030 us | __rcu_read_lock(); + 7) 0.029 us | __rcu_read_unlock(); + 7) 0.484 us | } + 7) 0.030 us | __rcu_read_lock(); + 7) | load_balance() { + 7) | find_busiest_group() { + 7) 0.031 us | idle_cpu(); + 7) 0.029 us | idle_cpu(); + 7) 0.035 us | idle_cpu(); + 7) 0.906 us | } + 7) 1.141 us | } + 7) 0.022 us | msecs_to_jiffies(); + 7) | load_balance() { + 7) | find_busiest_group() { + 7) 0.031 us | idle_cpu(); + . + . + . + 4) 0.062 us | msecs_to_jiffies(); + 4) 0.062 us | __rcu_read_unlock(); + 4) | _raw_spin_lock() { + 4) 0.073 us | add_preempt_count(); + 4) 0.562 us | } + 4) + 17.452 us | } + 4) 0.108 us | put_prev_task_fair(); + 4) 0.102 us | pick_next_task_fair(); + 4) 0.084 us | pick_next_task_stop(); + 4) 0.075 us | pick_next_task_rt(); + 4) 0.062 us | pick_next_task_fair(); + 4) 0.066 us | pick_next_task_idle(); + ------------------------------------------ + 4) kworker-74 => <idle>-0 + ------------------------------------------ + + 4) | finish_task_switch() { + 4) | _raw_spin_unlock_irq() { + 4) 0.100 us | sub_preempt_count(); + 4) 0.582 us | } + 4) 1.105 us | } + 4) 0.088 us | sub_preempt_count(); + 4) ! 100.066 us | } + . + . + . + 3) | sys_ioctl() { + 3) 0.083 us | fget_light(); + 3) | security_file_ioctl() { + 3) 0.066 us | cap_file_ioctl(); + 3) 0.562 us | } + 3) | do_vfs_ioctl() { + 3) | drm_ioctl() { + 3) 0.075 us | drm_ut_debug_printk(); + 3) | i915_gem_pwrite_ioctl() { + 3) | i915_mutex_lock_interruptible() { + 3) 0.070 us | mutex_lock_interruptible(); + 3) 0.570 us | } + 3) | drm_gem_object_lookup() { + 3) | _raw_spin_lock() { + 3) 0.080 us | add_preempt_count(); + 3) 0.620 us | } + 3) | _raw_spin_unlock() { + 3) 0.085 us | sub_preempt_count(); + 3) 0.562 us | } + 3) 2.149 us | } + 3) 0.133 us | i915_gem_object_pin(); + 3) | i915_gem_object_set_to_gtt_domain() { + 3) 0.065 us | i915_gem_object_flush_gpu_write_domain(); + 3) 0.065 us | i915_gem_object_wait_rendering(); + 3) 0.062 us | i915_gem_object_flush_cpu_write_domain(); + 3) 1.612 us | } + 3) | i915_gem_object_put_fence() { + 3) 0.097 us | i915_gem_object_flush_fence.constprop.36(); + 3) 0.645 us | } + 3) 0.070 us | add_preempt_count(); + 3) 0.070 us | sub_preempt_count(); + 3) 0.073 us | i915_gem_object_unpin(); + 3) 0.068 us | mutex_unlock(); + 3) 9.924 us | } + 3) + 11.236 us | } + 3) + 11.770 us | } + 3) + 13.784 us | } + 3) | sys_ioctl() { + + As you can see, the function_graph display is much easier to + follow. Also note that in addition to the function calls and + associated braces, other events such as scheduler events + are displayed in context. In fact, you can freely include + any tracepoint available in the trace events subsystem described + in the next section by simply enabling those events, and they'll + appear in context in the function graph display. Quite a + powerful tool for understanding kernel dynamics. + + + + Also notice that there are various annotations on the left + hand side of the display. For example if the total time it + took for a given function to execute is above a certain + threshold, an exclamation point or plus sign appears on the + left hand side. Please see the ftrace documentation for + details on all these fields. + +
+ +
+ The 'trace events' Subsystem + + + One especially important directory contained within + the /sys/kernel/debug/tracing directory is the 'events' + subdirectory, which contains representations of every + tracepoint in the system. Listing out the contents of + the 'events' subdirectory, we see mainly another set of + subdirectories: + + root@sugarbay:/sys/kernel/debug/tracing# cd events + root@sugarbay:/sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events# ls -al + drwxr-xr-x 38 root root 0 Nov 14 23:19 . + drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 0 Nov 14 23:19 .. + drwxr-xr-x 19 root root 0 Nov 14 23:19 block + drwxr-xr-x 32 root root 0 Nov 14 23:19 btrfs + drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 0 Nov 14 23:19 drm + -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Nov 14 23:19 enable + drwxr-xr-x 40 root root 0 Nov 14 23:19 ext3 + drwxr-xr-x 79 root root 0 Nov 14 23:19 ext4 + drwxr-xr-x 14 root root 0 Nov 14 23:19 ftrace + drwxr-xr-x 8 root root 0 Nov 14 23:19 hda + -r--r--r-- 1 root root 0 Nov 14 23:19 header_event + -r--r--r-- 1 root root 0 Nov 14 23:19 header_page + drwxr-xr-x 25 root root 0 Nov 14 23:19 i915 + drwxr-xr-x 7 root root 0 Nov 14 23:19 irq + drwxr-xr-x 12 root root 0 Nov 14 23:19 jbd + drwxr-xr-x 14 root root 0 Nov 14 23:19 jbd2 + drwxr-xr-x 14 root root 0 Nov 14 23:19 kmem + drwxr-xr-x 7 root root 0 Nov 14 23:19 module + drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 0 Nov 14 23:19 napi + drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 0 Nov 14 23:19 net + drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 0 Nov 14 23:19 oom + drwxr-xr-x 12 root root 0 Nov 14 23:19 power + drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 0 Nov 14 23:19 printk + drwxr-xr-x 8 root root 0 Nov 14 23:19 random + drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 0 Nov 14 23:19 raw_syscalls + drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 0 Nov 14 23:19 rcu + drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 0 Nov 14 23:19 rpm + drwxr-xr-x 20 root root 0 Nov 14 23:19 sched + drwxr-xr-x 7 root root 0 Nov 14 23:19 scsi + drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 0 Nov 14 23:19 signal + drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 0 Nov 14 23:19 skb + drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 0 Nov 14 23:19 sock + drwxr-xr-x 10 root root 0 Nov 14 23:19 sunrpc + drwxr-xr-x 538 root root 0 Nov 14 23:19 syscalls + drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 0 Nov 14 23:19 task + drwxr-xr-x 14 root root 0 Nov 14 23:19 timer + drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 0 Nov 14 23:19 udp + drwxr-xr-x 21 root root 0 Nov 14 23:19 vmscan + drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 0 Nov 14 23:19 vsyscall + drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 0 Nov 14 23:19 workqueue + drwxr-xr-x 26 root root 0 Nov 14 23:19 writeback + + Each one of these subdirectories corresponds to a + 'subsystem' and contains yet again more subdirectories, + each one of those finally corresponding to a tracepoint. + For example, here are the contents of the 'kmem' subsystem: + + root@sugarbay:/sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events# cd kmem + root@sugarbay:/sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/kmem# ls -al + drwxr-xr-x 14 root root 0 Nov 14 23:19 . + drwxr-xr-x 38 root root 0 Nov 14 23:19 .. + -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Nov 14 23:19 enable + -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Nov 14 23:19 filter + drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Nov 14 23:19 kfree + drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Nov 14 23:19 kmalloc + drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Nov 14 23:19 kmalloc_node + drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Nov 14 23:19 kmem_cache_alloc + drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Nov 14 23:19 kmem_cache_alloc_node + drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Nov 14 23:19 kmem_cache_free + drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Nov 14 23:19 mm_page_alloc + drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Nov 14 23:19 mm_page_alloc_extfrag + drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Nov 14 23:19 mm_page_alloc_zone_locked + drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Nov 14 23:19 mm_page_free + drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Nov 14 23:19 mm_page_free_batched + drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Nov 14 23:19 mm_page_pcpu_drain + + Let's see what's inside the subdirectory for a specific + tracepoint, in this case the one for kmalloc: + + root@sugarbay:/sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/kmem# cd kmalloc + root@sugarbay:/sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/kmem/kmalloc# ls -al + drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Nov 14 23:19 . + drwxr-xr-x 14 root root 0 Nov 14 23:19 .. + -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Nov 14 23:19 enable + -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Nov 14 23:19 filter + -r--r--r-- 1 root root 0 Nov 14 23:19 format + -r--r--r-- 1 root root 0 Nov 14 23:19 id + + The 'format' file for the tracepoint describes the event + in memory, which is used by the various tracing tools + that now make use of these tracepoint to parse the event + and make sense of it, along with a 'print fmt' field that + allows tools like ftrace to display the event as text. + Here's what the format of the kmalloc event looks like: + + root@sugarbay:/sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/kmem/kmalloc# cat format + name: kmalloc + ID: 313 + format: + field:unsigned short common_type; offset:0; size:2; signed:0; + field:unsigned char common_flags; offset:2; size:1; signed:0; + field:unsigned char common_preempt_count; offset:3; size:1; signed:0; + field:int common_pid; offset:4; size:4; signed:1; + field:int common_padding; offset:8; size:4; signed:1; + + field:unsigned long call_site; offset:16; size:8; signed:0; + field:const void * ptr; offset:24; size:8; signed:0; + field:size_t bytes_req; offset:32; size:8; signed:0; + field:size_t bytes_alloc; offset:40; size:8; signed:0; + field:gfp_t gfp_flags; offset:48; size:4; signed:0; + + print fmt: "call_site=%lx ptr=%p bytes_req=%zu bytes_alloc=%zu gfp_flags=%s", REC->call_site, REC->ptr, REC->bytes_req, REC->bytes_alloc, + (REC->gfp_flags) ? __print_flags(REC->gfp_flags, "|", {(unsigned long)(((( gfp_t)0x10u) | (( gfp_t)0x40u) | (( gfp_t)0x80u) | (( + gfp_t)0x20000u) | (( gfp_t)0x02u) | (( gfp_t)0x08u)) | (( gfp_t)0x4000u) | (( gfp_t)0x10000u) | (( gfp_t)0x1000u) | (( gfp_t)0x200u) | (( + gfp_t)0x400000u)), "GFP_TRANSHUGE"}, {(unsigned long)((( gfp_t)0x10u) | (( gfp_t)0x40u) | (( gfp_t)0x80u) | (( gfp_t)0x20000u) | (( + gfp_t)0x02u) | (( gfp_t)0x08u)), "GFP_HIGHUSER_MOVABLE"}, {(unsigned long)((( gfp_t)0x10u) | (( gfp_t)0x40u) | (( gfp_t)0x80u) | (( + gfp_t)0x20000u) | (( gfp_t)0x02u)), "GFP_HIGHUSER"}, {(unsigned long)((( gfp_t)0x10u) | (( gfp_t)0x40u) | (( gfp_t)0x80u) | (( + gfp_t)0x20000u)), "GFP_USER"}, {(unsigned long)((( gfp_t)0x10u) | (( gfp_t)0x40u) | (( gfp_t)0x80u) | (( gfp_t)0x80000u)), GFP_TEMPORARY"}, + {(unsigned long)((( gfp_t)0x10u) | (( gfp_t)0x40u) | (( gfp_t)0x80u)), "GFP_KERNEL"}, {(unsigned long)((( gfp_t)0x10u) | (( gfp_t)0x40u)), + "GFP_NOFS"}, {(unsigned long)((( gfp_t)0x20u)), "GFP_ATOMIC"}, {(unsigned long)((( gfp_t)0x10u)), "GFP_NOIO"}, {(unsigned long)(( + gfp_t)0x20u), "GFP_HIGH"}, {(unsigned long)(( gfp_t)0x10u), "GFP_WAIT"}, {(unsigned long)(( gfp_t)0x40u), "GFP_IO"}, {(unsigned long)(( + gfp_t)0x100u), "GFP_COLD"}, {(unsigned long)(( gfp_t)0x200u), "GFP_NOWARN"}, {(unsigned long)(( gfp_t)0x400u), "GFP_REPEAT"}, {(unsigned + long)(( gfp_t)0x800u), "GFP_NOFAIL"}, {(unsigned long)(( gfp_t)0x1000u), "GFP_NORETRY"}, {(unsigned long)(( gfp_t)0x4000u), "GFP_COMP"}, + {(unsigned long)(( gfp_t)0x8000u), "GFP_ZERO"}, {(unsigned long)(( gfp_t)0x10000u), "GFP_NOMEMALLOC"}, {(unsigned long)(( gfp_t)0x20000u), + "GFP_HARDWALL"}, {(unsigned long)(( gfp_t)0x40000u), "GFP_THISNODE"}, {(unsigned long)(( gfp_t)0x80000u), "GFP_RECLAIMABLE"}, {(unsigned + long)(( gfp_t)0x08u), "GFP_MOVABLE"}, {(unsigned long)(( gfp_t)0), "GFP_NOTRACK"}, {(unsigned long)(( gfp_t)0x400000u), "GFP_NO_KSWAPD"}, + {(unsigned long)(( gfp_t)0x800000u), "GFP_OTHER_NODE"} ) : "GFP_NOWAIT" + + The 'enable' file in the tracepoint directory is what allows + the user (or tools such as trace-cmd) to actually turn the + tracepoint on and off. When enabled, the corresponding + tracepoint will start appearing in the ftrace 'trace' + file described previously. For example, this turns on the + kmalloc tracepoint: + + root@sugarbay:/sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/kmem/kmalloc# echo 1 > enable + + At the moment, we're not interested in the function tracer or + some other tracer that might be in effect, so we first turn + it off, but if we do that, we still need to turn tracing on in + order to see the events in the output buffer: + + root@sugarbay:/sys/kernel/debug/tracing# echo nop > current_tracer + root@sugarbay:/sys/kernel/debug/tracing# echo 1 > tracing_on + + Now, if we look at the the 'trace' file, we see nothing + but the kmalloc events we just turned on: + + root@sugarbay:/sys/kernel/debug/tracing# cat trace | less + # tracer: nop + # + # entries-in-buffer/entries-written: 1897/1897 #P:8 + # + # _-----=> irqs-off + # / _----=> need-resched + # | / _---=> hardirq/softirq + # || / _--=> preempt-depth + # ||| / delay + # TASK-PID CPU# |||| TIMESTAMP FUNCTION + # | | | |||| | | + dropbear-1465 [000] ...1 18154.620753: kmalloc: call_site=ffffffff816650d4 ptr=ffff8800729c3000 bytes_req=2048 bytes_alloc=2048 gfp_flags=GFP_KERNEL + <idle>-0 [000] ..s3 18154.621640: kmalloc: call_site=ffffffff81619b36 ptr=ffff88006d555800 bytes_req=512 bytes_alloc=512 gfp_flags=GFP_ATOMIC + <idle>-0 [000] ..s3 18154.621656: kmalloc: call_site=ffffffff81619b36 ptr=ffff88006d555800 bytes_req=512 bytes_alloc=512 gfp_flags=GFP_ATOMIC + matchbox-termin-1361 [001] ...1 18154.755472: kmalloc: call_site=ffffffff81614050 ptr=ffff88006d5f0e00 bytes_req=512 bytes_alloc=512 gfp_flags=GFP_KERNEL|GFP_REPEAT + Xorg-1264 [002] ...1 18154.755581: kmalloc: call_site=ffffffff8141abe8 ptr=ffff8800734f4cc0 bytes_req=168 bytes_alloc=192 gfp_flags=GFP_KERNEL|GFP_NOWARN|GFP_NORETRY + Xorg-1264 [002] ...1 18154.755583: kmalloc: call_site=ffffffff814192a3 ptr=ffff88001f822520 bytes_req=24 bytes_alloc=32 gfp_flags=GFP_KERNEL|GFP_ZERO + Xorg-1264 [002] ...1 18154.755589: kmalloc: call_site=ffffffff81419edb ptr=ffff8800721a2f00 bytes_req=64 bytes_alloc=64 gfp_flags=GFP_KERNEL|GFP_ZERO + matchbox-termin-1361 [001] ...1 18155.354594: kmalloc: call_site=ffffffff81614050 ptr=ffff88006db35400 bytes_req=576 bytes_alloc=1024 gfp_flags=GFP_KERNEL|GFP_REPEAT + Xorg-1264 [002] ...1 18155.354703: kmalloc: call_site=ffffffff8141abe8 ptr=ffff8800734f4cc0 bytes_req=168 bytes_alloc=192 gfp_flags=GFP_KERNEL|GFP_NOWARN|GFP_NORETRY + Xorg-1264 [002] ...1 18155.354705: kmalloc: call_site=ffffffff814192a3 ptr=ffff88001f822520 bytes_req=24 bytes_alloc=32 gfp_flags=GFP_KERNEL|GFP_ZERO + Xorg-1264 [002] ...1 18155.354711: kmalloc: call_site=ffffffff81419edb ptr=ffff8800721a2f00 bytes_req=64 bytes_alloc=64 gfp_flags=GFP_KERNEL|GFP_ZERO + <idle>-0 [000] ..s3 18155.673319: kmalloc: call_site=ffffffff81619b36 ptr=ffff88006d555800 bytes_req=512 bytes_alloc=512 gfp_flags=GFP_ATOMIC + dropbear-1465 [000] ...1 18155.673525: kmalloc: call_site=ffffffff816650d4 ptr=ffff8800729c3000 bytes_req=2048 bytes_alloc=2048 gfp_flags=GFP_KERNEL + <idle>-0 [000] ..s3 18155.674821: kmalloc: call_site=ffffffff81619b36 ptr=ffff88006d554800 bytes_req=512 bytes_alloc=512 gfp_flags=GFP_ATOMIC + <idle>-0 [000] ..s3 18155.793014: kmalloc: call_site=ffffffff81619b36 ptr=ffff88006d554800 bytes_req=512 bytes_alloc=512 gfp_flags=GFP_ATOMIC + dropbear-1465 [000] ...1 18155.793219: kmalloc: call_site=ffffffff816650d4 ptr=ffff8800729c3000 bytes_req=2048 bytes_alloc=2048 gfp_flags=GFP_KERNEL + <idle>-0 [000] ..s3 18155.794147: kmalloc: call_site=ffffffff81619b36 ptr=ffff88006d555800 bytes_req=512 bytes_alloc=512 gfp_flags=GFP_ATOMIC + <idle>-0 [000] ..s3 18155.936705: kmalloc: call_site=ffffffff81619b36 ptr=ffff88006d555800 bytes_req=512 bytes_alloc=512 gfp_flags=GFP_ATOMIC + dropbear-1465 [000] ...1 18155.936910: kmalloc: call_site=ffffffff816650d4 ptr=ffff8800729c3000 bytes_req=2048 bytes_alloc=2048 gfp_flags=GFP_KERNEL + <idle>-0 [000] ..s3 18155.937869: kmalloc: call_site=ffffffff81619b36 ptr=ffff88006d554800 bytes_req=512 bytes_alloc=512 gfp_flags=GFP_ATOMIC + matchbox-termin-1361 [001] ...1 18155.953667: kmalloc: call_site=ffffffff81614050 ptr=ffff88006d5f2000 bytes_req=512 bytes_alloc=512 gfp_flags=GFP_KERNEL|GFP_REPEAT + Xorg-1264 [002] ...1 18155.953775: kmalloc: call_site=ffffffff8141abe8 ptr=ffff8800734f4cc0 bytes_req=168 bytes_alloc=192 gfp_flags=GFP_KERNEL|GFP_NOWARN|GFP_NORETRY + Xorg-1264 [002] ...1 18155.953777: kmalloc: call_site=ffffffff814192a3 ptr=ffff88001f822520 bytes_req=24 bytes_alloc=32 gfp_flags=GFP_KERNEL|GFP_ZERO + Xorg-1264 [002] ...1 18155.953783: kmalloc: call_site=ffffffff81419edb ptr=ffff8800721a2f00 bytes_req=64 bytes_alloc=64 gfp_flags=GFP_KERNEL|GFP_ZERO + <idle>-0 [000] ..s3 18156.176053: kmalloc: call_site=ffffffff81619b36 ptr=ffff88006d554800 bytes_req=512 bytes_alloc=512 gfp_flags=GFP_ATOMIC + dropbear-1465 [000] ...1 18156.176257: kmalloc: call_site=ffffffff816650d4 ptr=ffff8800729c3000 bytes_req=2048 bytes_alloc=2048 gfp_flags=GFP_KERNEL + <idle>-0 [000] ..s3 18156.177717: kmalloc: call_site=ffffffff81619b36 ptr=ffff88006d555800 bytes_req=512 bytes_alloc=512 gfp_flags=GFP_ATOMIC + <idle>-0 [000] ..s3 18156.399229: kmalloc: call_site=ffffffff81619b36 ptr=ffff88006d555800 bytes_req=512 bytes_alloc=512 gfp_flags=GFP_ATOMIC + dropbear-1465 [000] ...1 18156.399434: kmalloc: call_site=ffffffff816650d4 ptr=ffff8800729c3000 bytes_http://rostedt.homelinux.com/kernelshark/req=2048 bytes_alloc=2048 gfp_flags=GFP_KERNEL + <idle>-0 [000] ..s3 18156.400660: kmalloc: call_site=ffffffff81619b36 ptr=ffff88006d554800 bytes_req=512 bytes_alloc=512 gfp_flags=GFP_ATOMIC + matchbox-termin-1361 [001] ...1 18156.552800: kmalloc: call_site=ffffffff81614050 ptr=ffff88006db34800 bytes_req=576 bytes_alloc=1024 gfp_flags=GFP_KERNEL|GFP_REPEAT + + To again disable the kmalloc event, we need to send 0 to the + enable file: + + root@sugarbay:/sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/kmem/kmalloc# echo 0 > enable + + You can enable any number of events or complete subsystems + (by using the 'enable' file in the subsystem directory) and + get an arbitrarily fine-grained idea of what's going on in the + system by enabling as many of the appropriate tracepoints + as applicable. + + + + A number of the tools described in this HOWTO do just that, + including trace-cmd and kernelshark in the next section. + + + + Tying it Together: These tracepoints and their representation + are used not only by ftrace, but by many of the other tools + covered in this document and they form a central point of + integration for the various tracers available in Linux. + They form a central part of the instrumentation for the + following tools: perf, lttng, ftrace, blktrace and SystemTap + + + + Tying it Together: Eventually all the special-purpose tracers + currently available in /sys/kernel/debug/tracing will be + removed and replaced with equivalent tracers based on the + 'trace events' subsystem. + +
+ +
+ trace-cmd/kernelshark + + + trace-cmd is essentially an extensive command-line 'wrapper' + interface that hides the details of all the individual files + in /sys/kernel/debug/tracing, allowing users to specify + specific particular events within the + /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/ subdirectory and to collect + traces and avoid having to deal with those details directly. + + + + As yet another layer on top of that, kernelshark provides a GUI + that allows users to start and stop traces and specify sets + of events using an intuitive interface, and view the + output as both trace events and as a per-CPU graphical + display. It directly uses 'trace-cmd' as the plumbing + that accomplishes all that underneath the covers (and + actually displays the trace-cmd command it uses, as we'll see). + + + + To start a trace using kernelshark, first start kernelshark: + + root@sugarbay:~# kernelshark + + Then bring up the 'Capture' dialog by choosing from the + kernelshark menu: + + Capture | Record + + That will display the following dialog, which allows you to + choose one or more events (or even one or more complete + subsystems) to trace: + + + + + + + + Note that these are exactly the same sets of events described + in the previous trace events subsystem section, and in fact + is where trace-cmd gets them for kernelshark. + + + + In the above screenshot, we've decided to explore the + graphics subsystem a bit and so have chosen to trace all + the tracepoints contained within the 'i915' and 'drm' + subsystems. + + + + After doing that, we can start and stop the trace using + the 'Run' and 'Stop' button on the lower right corner of + the dialog (the same button will turn into the 'Stop' + button after the trace has started): + + + + + + + + Notice that the right-hand pane shows the exact trace-cmd + command-line that's used to run the trace, along with the + results of the trace-cmd run. + + + + Once the 'Stop' button is pressed, the graphical view magically + fills up with a colorful per-cpu display of the trace data, + along with the detailed event listing below that: + + + + + + + + Here's another example, this time a display resulting + from tracing 'all events': + + + + + + + + The tool is pretty self-explanatory, but for more detailed + information on navigating through the data, see the + kernelshark website. + +
+ +
+ Documentation + + + The documentation for ftrace can be found in the kernel + Documentation directory: + + Documentation/trace/ftrace.txt + + The documentation for the trace event subsystem can also + be found in the kernel Documentation directory: + + Documentation/trace/events.txt + + There is a nice series of articles on using + ftrace and trace-cmd at LWN: + + Debugging the kernel using Ftrace - part 1 + + Debugging the kernel using Ftrace - part 2 + + Secrets of the Ftrace function tracer + + trace-cmd: A front-end for Ftrace + + + + + + There's more detailed documentation kernelshark usage here: + KernelShark + + + + An amusing yet useful README (a tracing mini-HOWTO) can be + found in /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/README. + +
+
+ +
+ systemtap + + + SystemTap is a system-wide script-based tracing and profiling tool. + + + + SystemTap scripts are C-like programs that are executed in the + kernel to gather/print/aggregate data extracted from the context + they end up being invoked under. + + + + For example, this probe from the + SystemTap tutorial + simply prints a line every time any process on the system open()s + a file. For each line, it prints the executable name of the + program that opened the file, along with its PID, and the name + of the file it opened (or tried to open), which it extracts + from the open syscall's argstr. + + probe syscall.open + { + printf ("%s(%d) open (%s)\n", execname(), pid(), argstr) + } + + probe timer.ms(4000) # after 4 seconds + { + exit () + } + + Normally, to execute this probe, you'd simply install + systemtap on the system you want to probe, and directly run + the probe on that system e.g. assuming the name of the file + containing the above text is trace_open.stp: + + # stap trace_open.stp + + What systemtap does under the covers to run this probe is 1) + parse and convert the probe to an equivalent 'C' form, 2) + compile the 'C' form into a kernel module, 3) insert the + module into the kernel, which arms it, and 4) collect the data + generated by the probe and display it to the user. + + + + In order to accomplish steps 1 and 2, the 'stap' program needs + access to the kernel build system that produced the kernel + that the probed system is running. In the case of a typical + embedded system (the 'target'), the kernel build system + unfortunately isn't typically part of the image running on + the target. It is normally available on the 'host' system + that produced the target image however; in such cases, + steps 1 and 2 are executed on the host system, and steps + 3 and 4 are executed on the target system, using only the + systemtap 'runtime'. + + + + The systemtap support in Yocto assumes that only steps + 3 and 4 are run on the target; it is possible to do + everything on the target, but this section assumes only + the typical embedded use-case. + + + + So basically what you need to do in order to run a systemtap + script on the target is to 1) on the host system, compile the + probe into a kernel module that makes sense to the target, 2) + copy the module onto the target system and 3) insert the + module into the target kernel, which arms it, and 4) collect + the data generated by the probe and display it to the user. + + +
+ Setup + + + Those are a lot of steps and a lot of details, but + fortunately Yocto includes a script called 'crosstap' + that will take care of those details, allowing you to + simply execute a systemtap script on the remote target, + with arguments if necessary. + + + + In order to do this from a remote host, however, you + need to have access to the build for the image you + booted. The 'crosstap' script provides details on how + to do this if you run the script on the host without having + done a build: + + SystemTap, which uses 'crosstap', assumes you can establish an + ssh connection to the remote target. + Please refer to the crosstap wiki page for details on verifying + ssh connections at + . + Also, the ability to ssh into the target system is not enabled + by default in *-minimal images. + + + $ crosstap root@192.168.1.88 trace_open.stp + + Error: No target kernel build found. + Did you forget to create a local build of your image? + + 'crosstap' requires a local sdk build of the target system + (or a build that includes 'tools-profile') in order to build + kernel modules that can probe the target system. + + Practically speaking, that means you need to do the following: + - If you're running a pre-built image, download the release + and/or BSP tarballs used to build the image. + - If you're working from git sources, just clone the metadata + and BSP layers needed to build the image you'll be booting. + - Make sure you're properly set up to build a new image (see + the BSP README and/or the widely available basic documentation + that discusses how to build images). + - Build an -sdk version of the image e.g.: + $ bitbake core-image-sato-sdk + OR + - Build a non-sdk image but include the profiling tools: + [ edit local.conf and add 'tools-profile' to the end of + the EXTRA_IMAGE_FEATURES variable ] + $ bitbake core-image-sato + + Once you've build the image on the host system, you're ready to + boot it (or the equivalent pre-built image) and use 'crosstap' + to probe it (you need to source the environment as usual first): + + $ source oe-init-build-env + $ cd ~/my/systemtap/scripts + $ crosstap root@192.168.1.xxx myscript.stp + + So essentially what you need to do is build an SDK image or + image with 'tools-profile' as detailed in the + "General Setup" + section of this manual, and boot the resulting target image. + + + + If you have a build directory containing multiple machines, + you need to have the MACHINE you're connecting to selected + in local.conf, and the kernel in that machine's build + directory must match the kernel on the booted system exactly, + or you'll get the above 'crosstap' message when you try to + invoke a script. + +
+ +
+ Running a Script on a Target + + + Once you've done that, you should be able to run a systemtap + script on the target: + + $ cd /path/to/yocto + $ source oe-init-build-env + + ### Shell environment set up for builds. ### + + You can now run 'bitbake <target>' + + Common targets are: + core-image-minimal + core-image-sato + meta-toolchain + adt-installer + meta-ide-support + + You can also run generated qemu images with a command like 'runqemu qemux86' + + Once you've done that, you can cd to whatever directory + contains your scripts and use 'crosstap' to run the script: + + $ cd /path/to/my/systemap/script + $ crosstap root@192.168.7.2 trace_open.stp + + If you get an error connecting to the target e.g.: + + $ crosstap root@192.168.7.2 trace_open.stp + error establishing ssh connection on remote 'root@192.168.7.2' + + Try ssh'ing to the target and see what happens: + + $ ssh root@192.168.7.2 + + A lot of the time, connection problems are due specifying a + wrong IP address or having a 'host key verification error'. + + + + If everything worked as planned, you should see something + like this (enter the password when prompted, or press enter + if it's set up to use no password): + + $ crosstap root@192.168.7.2 trace_open.stp + root@192.168.7.2's password: + matchbox-termin(1036) open ("/tmp/vte3FS2LW", O_RDWR|O_CREAT|O_EXCL|O_LARGEFILE, 0600) + matchbox-termin(1036) open ("/tmp/vteJMC7LW", O_RDWR|O_CREAT|O_EXCL|O_LARGEFILE, 0600) + + +
+ +
+ Documentation + + + The SystemTap language reference can be found here: + SystemTap Language Reference + + + + Links to other SystemTap documents, tutorials, and examples can be + found here: + SystemTap documentation page + +
+
+ +
+ oprofile + + + oprofile itself is a command-line application that runs on the + target system. + + +
+ Setup + + + For this section, we'll assume you've already performed the + basic setup outlined in the + "General Setup" + section. + + + + For the section that deals with running oprofile from the command-line, + we assume you've ssh'ed to the host and will be running + oprofile on the target. + + + + oprofileui (oprofile-viewer) is a GUI-based program that runs + on the host and interacts remotely with the target. + See the oprofileui section for the exact steps needed to + install oprofileui on the host. + +
+ +
+ Basic Usage + + + Oprofile as configured in Yocto is a system-wide profiler + (i.e. the version in Yocto doesn't yet make use of the + perf_events interface which would allow it to profile + specific processes and workloads). It relies on hardware + counter support in the hardware (but can fall back to a + timer-based mode), which means that it doesn't take + advantage of tracepoints or other event sources for example. + + + + It consists of a kernel module that collects samples and a + userspace daemon that writes the sample data to disk. + + + + The 'opcontrol' shell script is used for transparently + managing these components and starting and stopping + profiles, and the 'opreport' command is used to + display the results. + + + + The oprofile daemon should already be running, but before + you start profiling, you may need to change some settings + and some of these settings may require the daemon to not + be running. One of these settings is the path to the + vmlinux file, which you'll want to set using the --vmlinux + option if you want the kernel profiled: + + root@crownbay:~# opcontrol --vmlinux=/boot/vmlinux-`uname -r` + The profiling daemon is currently active, so changes to the configuration + will be used the next time you restart oprofile after a --shutdown or --deinit. + + You can check if vmlinux file: is set using opcontrol --status: + + root@crownbay:~# opcontrol --status + Daemon paused: pid 1334 + Separate options: library + vmlinux file: none + Image filter: none + Call-graph depth: 6 + + If it's not, you need to shutdown the daemon, add the setting + and restart the daemon: + + root@crownbay:~# opcontrol --shutdown + Killing daemon. + + root@crownbay:~# opcontrol --vmlinux=/boot/vmlinux-`uname -r` + root@crownbay:~# opcontrol --start-daemon + Using default event: CPU_CLK_UNHALTED:100000:0:1:1 + Using 2.6+ OProfile kernel interface. + Reading module info. + Using log file /var/lib/oprofile/samples/oprofiled.log + Daemon started. + + If we check the status again we now see our updated settings: + + root@crownbay:~# opcontrol --status + Daemon paused: pid 1649 + Separate options: library + vmlinux file: /boot/vmlinux-3.4.11-yocto-standard + Image filter: none + Call-graph depth: 6 + + We're now in a position to run a profile. For that we use + 'opcontrol --start': + + root@crownbay:~# opcontrol --start + Profiler running. + + In another window, run our wget workload: + + root@crownbay:~# rm linux-2.6.19.2.tar.bz2; wget http://downloads.yoctoproject.org/mirror/sources/linux-2.6.19.2.tar.bz2; sync + Connecting to downloads.yoctoproject.org (140.211.169.59:80) + linux-2.6.19.2.tar.b 100% |*******************************| 41727k 0:00:00 ETA + + To stop the profile we use 'opcontrol --shutdown', which not + only stops the profile but shuts down the daemon as well: + + root@crownbay:~# opcontrol --shutdown + Stopping profiling. + Killing daemon. + + Oprofile writes sample data to /var/lib/oprofile/samples, + which you can look at if you're interested in seeing how the + samples are structured. This is also interesting because + it's related to how you dive down to get further details + about specific executables in OProfile. + + + + To see the default display output for a profile, simply type + 'opreport', which will show the results using the data in + /var/lib/oprofile/samples: + + root@crownbay:~# opreport + + WARNING! The OProfile kernel driver reports sample buffer overflows. + Such overflows can result in incorrect sample attribution, invalid sample + files and other symptoms. See the oprofiled.log for details. + You should adjust your sampling frequency to eliminate (or at least minimize) + these overflows. + CPU: Intel Architectural Perfmon, speed 1.3e+06 MHz (estimated) + Counted CPU_CLK_UNHALTED events (Clock cycles when not halted) with a unit mask of 0x00 (No unit mask) count 100000 + CPU_CLK_UNHALT...| + samples| %| + ------------------ + 464365 79.8156 vmlinux-3.4.11-yocto-standard + 65108 11.1908 oprofiled + CPU_CLK_UNHALT...| + samples| %| + ------------------ + 64416 98.9372 oprofiled + 692 1.0628 libc-2.16.so + 36959 6.3526 no-vmlinux + 4378 0.7525 busybox + CPU_CLK_UNHALT...| + samples| %| + ------------------ + 2844 64.9612 libc-2.16.so + 1337 30.5391 busybox + 193 4.4084 ld-2.16.so + 2 0.0457 libnss_compat-2.16.so + 1 0.0228 libnsl-2.16.so + 1 0.0228 libnss_files-2.16.so + 4344 0.7467 bash + CPU_CLK_UNHALT...| + samples| %| + ------------------ + 2657 61.1648 bash + 1665 38.3287 libc-2.16.so + 18 0.4144 ld-2.16.so + 3 0.0691 libtinfo.so.5.9 + 1 0.0230 libdl-2.16.so + 3118 0.5359 nf_conntrack + 686 0.1179 matchbox-terminal + CPU_CLK_UNHALT...| + samples| %| + ------------------ + 214 31.1953 libglib-2.0.so.0.3200.4 + 114 16.6181 libc-2.16.so + 79 11.5160 libcairo.so.2.11200.2 + 78 11.3703 libgdk-x11-2.0.so.0.2400.8 + 51 7.4344 libpthread-2.16.so + 45 6.5598 libgobject-2.0.so.0.3200.4 + 29 4.2274 libvte.so.9.2800.2 + 25 3.6443 libX11.so.6.3.0 + 19 2.7697 libxcb.so.1.1.0 + 17 2.4781 libgtk-x11-2.0.so.0.2400.8 + 12 1.7493 librt-2.16.so + 3 0.4373 libXrender.so.1.3.0 + 671 0.1153 emgd + 411 0.0706 nf_conntrack_ipv4 + 391 0.0672 iptable_nat + 378 0.0650 nf_nat + 263 0.0452 Xorg + CPU_CLK_UNHALT...| + samples| %| + ------------------ + 106 40.3042 Xorg + 53 20.1521 libc-2.16.so + 31 11.7871 libpixman-1.so.0.27.2 + 26 9.8859 emgd_drv.so + 16 6.0837 libemgdsrv_um.so.1.5.15.3226 + 11 4.1825 libEMGD2d.so.1.5.15.3226 + 9 3.4221 libfb.so + 7 2.6616 libpthread-2.16.so + 1 0.3802 libudev.so.0.9.3 + 1 0.3802 libdrm.so.2.4.0 + 1 0.3802 libextmod.so + 1 0.3802 mouse_drv.so + . + . + . + 9 0.0015 connmand + CPU_CLK_UNHALT...| + samples| %| + ------------------ + 4 44.4444 libglib-2.0.so.0.3200.4 + 2 22.2222 libpthread-2.16.so + 1 11.1111 connmand + 1 11.1111 libc-2.16.so + 1 11.1111 librt-2.16.so + 6 0.0010 oprofile-server + CPU_CLK_UNHALT...| + samples| %| + ------------------ + 3 50.0000 libc-2.16.so + 1 16.6667 oprofile-server + 1 16.6667 libpthread-2.16.so + 1 16.6667 libglib-2.0.so.0.3200.4 + 5 8.6e-04 gconfd-2 + CPU_CLK_UNHALT...| + samples| %| + ------------------ + 2 40.0000 libdbus-1.so.3.7.2 + 2 40.0000 libglib-2.0.so.0.3200.4 + 1 20.0000 libc-2.16.so + + The output above shows the breakdown or samples by both + number of samples and percentage for each executable. + Within an executable, the sample counts are broken down + further into executable and shared libraries (DSOs) used + by the executable. + + + + To get even more detailed breakdowns by function, we need to + have the full paths to the DSOs, which we can get by + using -f with opreport: + + root@crownbay:~# opreport -f + + CPU: Intel Architectural Perfmon, speed 1.3e+06 MHz (estimated) + Counted CPU_CLK_UNHALTED events (Clock cycles when not halted) with a unit mask of 0x00 (No unit mask) count 100000 + CPU_CLK_UNHALT...| + samples| %| + + 464365 79.8156 /boot/vmlinux-3.4.11-yocto-standard + 65108 11.1908 /usr/bin/oprofiled + CPU_CLK_UNHALT...| + samples| %| + ------------------ + 64416 98.9372 /usr/bin/oprofiled + 692 1.0628 /lib/libc-2.16.so + 36959 6.3526 /no-vmlinux + 4378 0.7525 /bin/busybox + CPU_CLK_UNHALT...| + samples| %| + ------------------ + 2844 64.9612 /lib/libc-2.16.so + 1337 30.5391 /bin/busybox + 193 4.4084 /lib/ld-2.16.so + 2 0.0457 /lib/libnss_compat-2.16.so + 1 0.0228 /lib/libnsl-2.16.so + 1 0.0228 /lib/libnss_files-2.16.so + 4344 0.7467 /bin/bash + CPU_CLK_UNHALT...| + samples| %| + ------------------ + 2657 61.1648 /bin/bash + 1665 38.3287 /lib/libc-2.16.so + 18 0.4144 /lib/ld-2.16.so + 3 0.0691 /lib/libtinfo.so.5.9 + 1 0.0230 /lib/libdl-2.16.so + . + . + . + + Using the paths shown in the above output and the -l option to + opreport, we can see all the functions that have hits in the + profile and their sample counts and percentages. Here's a + portion of what we get for the kernel: + + root@crownbay:~# opreport -l /boot/vmlinux-3.4.11-yocto-standard + + CPU: Intel Architectural Perfmon, speed 1.3e+06 MHz (estimated) + Counted CPU_CLK_UNHALTED events (Clock cycles when not halted) with a unit mask of 0x00 (No unit mask) count 100000 + samples % symbol name + 233981 50.3873 intel_idle + 15437 3.3243 rb_get_reader_page + 14503 3.1232 ring_buffer_consume + 14092 3.0347 mutex_spin_on_owner + 13024 2.8047 read_hpet + 8039 1.7312 sub_preempt_count + 7096 1.5281 ioread32 + 6997 1.5068 add_preempt_count + 3985 0.8582 rb_advance_reader + 3488 0.7511 add_event_entry + 3303 0.7113 get_parent_ip + 3104 0.6684 rb_buffer_peek + 2960 0.6374 op_cpu_buffer_read_entry + 2614 0.5629 sync_buffer + 2545 0.5481 debug_smp_processor_id + 2456 0.5289 ohci_irq + 2397 0.5162 memset + 2349 0.5059 __copy_to_user_ll + 2185 0.4705 ring_buffer_event_length + 1918 0.4130 in_lock_functions + 1850 0.3984 __schedule + 1767 0.3805 __copy_from_user_ll_nozero + 1575 0.3392 rb_event_data_length + 1256 0.2705 memcpy + 1233 0.2655 system_call + 1213 0.2612 menu_select + + Notice that above we see an entry for the __copy_to_user_ll() + function that we've looked at with other profilers as well. + + + + Here's what we get when we do the same thing for the + busybox executable: + + CPU: Intel Architectural Perfmon, speed 1.3e+06 MHz (estimated) + Counted CPU_CLK_UNHALTED events (Clock cycles when not halted) with a unit mask of 0x00 (No unit mask) count 100000 + samples % image name symbol name + 349 8.4198 busybox retrieve_file_data + 308 7.4306 libc-2.16.so _IO_file_xsgetn + 283 6.8275 libc-2.16.so __read_nocancel + 235 5.6695 libc-2.16.so syscall + 233 5.6212 libc-2.16.so clearerr + 215 5.1870 libc-2.16.so fread + 181 4.3667 libc-2.16.so __write_nocancel + 158 3.8118 libc-2.16.so __underflow + 151 3.6429 libc-2.16.so _dl_addr + 150 3.6188 busybox progress_meter + 150 3.6188 libc-2.16.so __poll_nocancel + 148 3.5706 libc-2.16.so _IO_file_underflow@@GLIBC_2.1 + 137 3.3052 busybox safe_poll + 125 3.0157 busybox bb_progress_update + 122 2.9433 libc-2.16.so __x86.get_pc_thunk.bx + 95 2.2919 busybox full_write + 81 1.9542 busybox safe_write + 77 1.8577 busybox xwrite + 72 1.7370 libc-2.16.so _IO_file_read + 71 1.7129 libc-2.16.so _IO_sgetn + 67 1.6164 libc-2.16.so poll + 52 1.2545 libc-2.16.so _IO_switch_to_get_mode + 45 1.0856 libc-2.16.so read + 34 0.8203 libc-2.16.so write + 32 0.7720 busybox monotonic_sec + 25 0.6031 libc-2.16.so vfprintf + 22 0.5308 busybox get_mono + 14 0.3378 ld-2.16.so strcmp + 14 0.3378 libc-2.16.so __x86.get_pc_thunk.cx + . + . + . + + Since we recorded the profile with a callchain depth of 6, we + should be able to see our __copy_to_user_ll() callchains in + the output, and indeed we can if we search around a bit in + the 'opreport --callgraph' output: + + root@crownbay:~# opreport --callgraph /boot/vmlinux-3.4.11-yocto-standard + + 392 6.9639 vmlinux-3.4.11-yocto-standard sock_aio_read + 736 13.0751 vmlinux-3.4.11-yocto-standard __generic_file_aio_write + 3255 57.8255 vmlinux-3.4.11-yocto-standard inet_recvmsg + 785 0.1690 vmlinux-3.4.11-yocto-standard tcp_recvmsg + 1790 31.7940 vmlinux-3.4.11-yocto-standard local_bh_enable + 1238 21.9893 vmlinux-3.4.11-yocto-standard __kfree_skb + 992 17.6199 vmlinux-3.4.11-yocto-standard lock_sock_nested + 785 13.9432 vmlinux-3.4.11-yocto-standard tcp_recvmsg [self] + 525 9.3250 vmlinux-3.4.11-yocto-standard release_sock + 112 1.9893 vmlinux-3.4.11-yocto-standard tcp_cleanup_rbuf + 72 1.2789 vmlinux-3.4.11-yocto-standard skb_copy_datagram_iovec + + 170 0.0366 vmlinux-3.4.11-yocto-standard skb_copy_datagram_iovec + 1491 73.3038 vmlinux-3.4.11-yocto-standard memcpy_toiovec + 327 16.0767 vmlinux-3.4.11-yocto-standard skb_copy_datagram_iovec + 170 8.3579 vmlinux-3.4.11-yocto-standard skb_copy_datagram_iovec [self] + 20 0.9833 vmlinux-3.4.11-yocto-standard copy_to_user + + 2588 98.2909 vmlinux-3.4.11-yocto-standard copy_to_user + 2349 0.5059 vmlinux-3.4.11-yocto-standard __copy_to_user_ll + 2349 89.2138 vmlinux-3.4.11-yocto-standard __copy_to_user_ll [self] + 166 6.3046 vmlinux-3.4.11-yocto-standard do_page_fault + + Remember that by default OProfile sessions are cumulative + i.e. if you start and stop a profiling session, then start a + new one, the new one will not erase the previous run(s) but + will build on it. If you want to restart a profile from scratch, + you need to reset: + + root@crownbay:~# opcontrol --reset + + +
+ +
+ OProfileUI - A GUI for OProfile + + + Yocto also supports a graphical UI for controlling and viewing + OProfile traces, called OProfileUI. To use it, you first need + to clone the oprofileui git repo, then configure, build, and + install it: + + [trz@empanada tmp]$ git clone git://git.yoctoproject.org/oprofileui + [trz@empanada tmp]$ cd oprofileui + [trz@empanada oprofileui]$ ./autogen.sh + [trz@empanada oprofileui]$ sudo make install + + OprofileUI replaces the 'opreport' functionality with a GUI, + and normally doesn't require the user to use 'opcontrol' either. + If you want to profile the kernel, however, you need to either + use the UI to specify a vmlinux or use 'opcontrol' to specify + it on the target: + + + + First, on the target, check if vmlinux file: is set: + + root@crownbay:~# opcontrol --status + + If not: + + root@crownbay:~# opcontrol --shutdown + root@crownbay:~# opcontrol --vmlinux=/boot/vmlinux-`uname -r` + root@crownbay:~# opcontrol --start-daemon + + Now, start the oprofile UI on the host system: + + [trz@empanada oprofileui]$ oprofile-viewer + + To run a profile on the remote system, first connect to the + remote system by pressing the 'Connect' button and supplying + the IP address and port of the remote system (the default + port is 4224). + + + + The oprofile server should automatically be started already. + If not, the connection will fail and you either typed in the + wrong IP address and port (see below), or you need to start + the server yourself: + + root@crownbay:~# oprofile-server + + Or, to specify a specific port: + + root@crownbay:~# oprofile-server --port 8888 + + Once connected, press the 'Start' button and then run the + wget workload on the remote system: + + root@crownbay:~# rm linux-2.6.19.2.tar.bz2; wget http://downloads.yoctoproject.org/mirror/sources/linux-2.6.19.2.tar.bz2; sync + Connecting to downloads.yoctoproject.org (140.211.169.59:80) + linux-2.6.19.2.tar.b 100% |*******************************| 41727k 0:00:00 ETA + + Once the workload completes, press the 'Stop' button. At that + point the OProfile viewer will download the profile files it's + collected (this may take some time, especially if the kernel + was profiled). While it downloads the files, you should see + something like the following: + + + + + + + + Once the profile files have been retrieved, you should see a + list of the processes that were profiled: + + + + + + + + If you select one of them, you should see all the symbols that + were hit during the profile. Selecting one of them will show a + list of callers and callees of the chosen function in two + panes below the top pane. For example, here's what we see + when we select __copy_to_user_ll(): + + + + + + + + As another example, we can look at the busybox process and see + that the progress meter made a system call: + + + + + +
+ +
+ Documentation + + + Yocto already has some information on setting up and using + OProfile and oprofileui. As this document doesn't cover + everything in detail, it may be worth taking a look at the + "Profiling with OProfile" + section in the Yocto Project Development Manual + + + + The OProfile manual can be found here: + OProfile manual + + + + The OProfile website contains links to the above manual and + bunch of other items including an extensive set of examples: + About OProfile + +
+
+ +
+ Sysprof + + + Sysprof is a very easy to use system-wide profiler that consists + of a single window with three panes and a few buttons which allow + you to start, stop, and view the profile from one place. + + +
+ Setup + + + For this section, we'll assume you've already performed the + basic setup outlined in the General Setup section. + + + + Sysprof is a GUI-based application that runs on the target + system. For the rest of this document we assume you've + ssh'ed to the host and will be running Sysprof on the + target (you can use the '-X' option to ssh and have the + Sysprof GUI run on the target but display remotely on the + host if you want). + +
+ +
+ Basic Usage + + + To start profiling the system, you simply press the 'Start' + button. To stop profiling and to start viewing the profile data + in one easy step, press the 'Profile' button. + + + + Once you've pressed the profile button, the three panes will + fill up with profiling data: + + + + + + + + The left pane shows a list of functions and processes. + Selecting one of those expands that function in the right + pane, showing all its callees. Note that this caller-oriented + display is essentially the inverse of perf's default + callee-oriented callchain display. + + + + In the screenshot above, we're focusing on __copy_to_user_ll() + and looking up the callchain we can see that one of the callers + of __copy_to_user_ll is sys_read() and the complete callpath + between them. Notice that this is essentially a portion of the + same information we saw in the perf display shown in the perf + section of this page. + + + + + + + + Similarly, the above is a snapshot of the Sysprof display of a + copy-from-user callchain. + + + + Finally, looking at the third Sysprof pane in the lower left, + we can see a list of all the callers of a particular function + selected in the top left pane. In this case, the lower pane is + showing all the callers of __mark_inode_dirty: + + + + + + + + Double-clicking on one of those functions will in turn change the + focus to the selected function, and so on. + + + + Tying it Together: If you like sysprof's 'caller-oriented' + display, you may be able to approximate it in other tools as + well. For example, 'perf report' has the -g (--call-graph) + option that you can experiment with; one of the options is + 'caller' for an inverted caller-based callgraph display. + +
+ +
+ Documentation + + + There doesn't seem to be any documentation for Sysprof, but + maybe that's because it's pretty self-explanatory. + The Sysprof website, however, is here: + Sysprof, System-wide Performance Profiler for Linux + +
+
+ +
+ LTTng (Linux Trace Toolkit, next generation) + +
+ Setup + + + For this section, we'll assume you've already performed the + basic setup outlined in the General Setup section. + + + + LTTng is run on the target system by ssh'ing to it. + However, if you want to see the traces graphically, + install Eclipse as described in section + "Manually copying a trace to the host and viewing it in Eclipse (i.e. using Eclipse without network support)" + and follow the directions to manually copy traces to the host and + view them in Eclipse (i.e. using Eclipse without network support). + + + + Be sure to download and install/run the 'SR1' or later Juno release + of eclipse e.g.: + http://www.eclipse.org/downloads/download.php?file=/technology/epp/downloads/release/juno/SR1/eclipse-cpp-juno-SR1-linux-gtk-x86_64.tar.gz + +
+ +
+ Collecting and Viewing Traces + + + Once you've applied the above commits and built and booted your + image (you need to build the core-image-sato-sdk image or use one of the + other methods described in the General Setup section), you're + ready to start tracing. + + +
+ Collecting and viewing a trace on the target (inside a shell) + + + First, from the host, ssh to the target: + + $ ssh -l root 192.168.1.47 + The authenticity of host '192.168.1.47 (192.168.1.47)' can't be established. + RSA key fingerprint is 23:bd:c8:b1:a8:71:52:00:ee:00:4f:64:9e:10:b9:7e. + Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes + Warning: Permanently added '192.168.1.47' (RSA) to the list of known hosts. + root@192.168.1.47's password: + + Once on the target, use these steps to create a trace: + + root@crownbay:~# lttng create + Spawning a session daemon + Session auto-20121015-232120 created. + Traces will be written in /home/root/lttng-traces/auto-20121015-232120 + + Enable the events you want to trace (in this case all + kernel events): + + root@crownbay:~# lttng enable-event --kernel --all + All kernel events are enabled in channel channel0 + + Start the trace: + + root@crownbay:~# lttng start + Tracing started for session auto-20121015-232120 + + And then stop the trace after awhile or after running + a particular workload that you want to trace: + + root@crownbay:~# lttng stop + Tracing stopped for session auto-20121015-232120 + + You can now view the trace in text form on the target: + + root@crownbay:~# lttng view + [23:21:56.989270399] (+?.?????????) sys_geteuid: { 1 }, { } + [23:21:56.989278081] (+0.000007682) exit_syscall: { 1 }, { ret = 0 } + [23:21:56.989286043] (+0.000007962) sys_pipe: { 1 }, { fildes = 0xB77B9E8C } + [23:21:56.989321802] (+0.000035759) exit_syscall: { 1 }, { ret = 0 } + [23:21:56.989329345] (+0.000007543) sys_mmap_pgoff: { 1 }, { addr = 0x0, len = 10485760, prot = 3, flags = 131362, fd = 4294967295, pgoff = 0 } + [23:21:56.989351694] (+0.000022349) exit_syscall: { 1 }, { ret = -1247805440 } + [23:21:56.989432989] (+0.000081295) sys_clone: { 1 }, { clone_flags = 0x411, newsp = 0xB5EFFFE4, parent_tid = 0xFFFFFFFF, child_tid = 0x0 } + [23:21:56.989477129] (+0.000044140) sched_stat_runtime: { 1 }, { comm = "lttng-consumerd", tid = 1193, runtime = 681660, vruntime = 43367983388 } + [23:21:56.989486697] (+0.000009568) sched_migrate_task: { 1 }, { comm = "lttng-consumerd", tid = 1193, prio = 20, orig_cpu = 1, dest_cpu = 1 } + [23:21:56.989508418] (+0.000021721) hrtimer_init: { 1 }, { hrtimer = 3970832076, clockid = 1, mode = 1 } + [23:21:56.989770462] (+0.000262044) hrtimer_cancel: { 1 }, { hrtimer = 3993865440 } + [23:21:56.989771580] (+0.000001118) hrtimer_cancel: { 0 }, { hrtimer = 3993812192 } + [23:21:56.989776957] (+0.000005377) hrtimer_expire_entry: { 1 }, { hrtimer = 3993865440, now = 79815980007057, function = 3238465232 } + [23:21:56.989778145] (+0.000001188) hrtimer_expire_entry: { 0 }, { hrtimer = 3993812192, now = 79815980008174, function = 3238465232 } + [23:21:56.989791695] (+0.000013550) softirq_raise: { 1 }, { vec = 1 } + [23:21:56.989795396] (+0.000003701) softirq_raise: { 0 }, { vec = 1 } + [23:21:56.989800635] (+0.000005239) softirq_raise: { 0 }, { vec = 9 } + [23:21:56.989807130] (+0.000006495) sched_stat_runtime: { 1 }, { comm = "lttng-consumerd", tid = 1193, runtime = 330710, vruntime = 43368314098 } + [23:21:56.989809993] (+0.000002863) sched_stat_runtime: { 0 }, { comm = "lttng-sessiond", tid = 1181, runtime = 1015313, vruntime = 36976733240 } + [23:21:56.989818514] (+0.000008521) hrtimer_expire_exit: { 0 }, { hrtimer = 3993812192 } + [23:21:56.989819631] (+0.000001117) hrtimer_expire_exit: { 1 }, { hrtimer = 3993865440 } + [23:21:56.989821866] (+0.000002235) hrtimer_start: { 0 }, { hrtimer = 3993812192, function = 3238465232, expires = 79815981000000, softexpires = 79815981000000 } + [23:21:56.989822984] (+0.000001118) hrtimer_start: { 1 }, { hrtimer = 3993865440, function = 3238465232, expires = 79815981000000, softexpires = 79815981000000 } + [23:21:56.989832762] (+0.000009778) softirq_entry: { 1 }, { vec = 1 } + [23:21:56.989833879] (+0.000001117) softirq_entry: { 0 }, { vec = 1 } + [23:21:56.989838069] (+0.000004190) timer_cancel: { 1 }, { timer = 3993871956 } + [23:21:56.989839187] (+0.000001118) timer_cancel: { 0 }, { timer = 3993818708 } + [23:21:56.989841492] (+0.000002305) timer_expire_entry: { 1 }, { timer = 3993871956, now = 79515980, function = 3238277552 } + [23:21:56.989842819] (+0.000001327) timer_expire_entry: { 0 }, { timer = 3993818708, now = 79515980, function = 3238277552 } + [23:21:56.989854831] (+0.000012012) sched_stat_runtime: { 1 }, { comm = "lttng-consumerd", tid = 1193, runtime = 49237, vruntime = 43368363335 } + [23:21:56.989855949] (+0.000001118) sched_stat_runtime: { 0 }, { comm = "lttng-sessiond", tid = 1181, runtime = 45121, vruntime = 36976778361 } + [23:21:56.989861257] (+0.000005308) sched_stat_sleep: { 1 }, { comm = "kworker/1:1", tid = 21, delay = 9451318 } + [23:21:56.989862374] (+0.000001117) sched_stat_sleep: { 0 }, { comm = "kworker/0:0", tid = 4, delay = 9958820 } + [23:21:56.989868241] (+0.000005867) sched_wakeup: { 0 }, { comm = "kworker/0:0", tid = 4, prio = 120, success = 1, target_cpu = 0 } + [23:21:56.989869358] (+0.000001117) sched_wakeup: { 1 }, { comm = "kworker/1:1", tid = 21, prio = 120, success = 1, target_cpu = 1 } + [23:21:56.989877460] (+0.000008102) timer_expire_exit: { 1 }, { timer = 3993871956 } + [23:21:56.989878577] (+0.000001117) timer_expire_exit: { 0 }, { timer = 3993818708 } + . + . + . + + You can now safely destroy the trace session (note that + this doesn't delete the trace - it's still there + in ~/lttng-traces): + + root@crownbay:~# lttng destroy + Session auto-20121015-232120 destroyed at /home/root + + Note that the trace is saved in a directory of the same + name as returned by 'lttng create', under the ~/lttng-traces + directory (note that you can change this by supplying your + own name to 'lttng create'): + + root@crownbay:~# ls -al ~/lttng-traces + drwxrwx--- 3 root root 1024 Oct 15 23:21 . + drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 1024 Oct 15 23:57 .. + drwxrwx--- 3 root root 1024 Oct 15 23:21 auto-20121015-232120 + + +
+ +
+ Collecting and viewing a userspace trace on the target (inside a shell) + + + For LTTng userspace tracing, you need to have a properly + instrumented userspace program. For this example, we'll use + the 'hello' test program generated by the lttng-ust build. + + + + The 'hello' test program isn't installed on the rootfs by + the lttng-ust build, so we need to copy it over manually. + First cd into the build directory that contains the hello + executable: + + $ cd build/tmp/work/core2_32-poky-linux/lttng-ust/2.0.5-r0/git/tests/hello/.libs + + Copy that over to the target machine: + + $ scp hello root@192.168.1.20: + + You now have the instrumented lttng 'hello world' test + program on the target, ready to test. + + + + First, from the host, ssh to the target: + + $ ssh -l root 192.168.1.47 + The authenticity of host '192.168.1.47 (192.168.1.47)' can't be established. + RSA key fingerprint is 23:bd:c8:b1:a8:71:52:00:ee:00:4f:64:9e:10:b9:7e. + Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes + Warning: Permanently added '192.168.1.47' (RSA) to the list of known hosts. + root@192.168.1.47's password: + + Once on the target, use these steps to create a trace: + + root@crownbay:~# lttng create + Session auto-20190303-021943 created. + Traces will be written in /home/root/lttng-traces/auto-20190303-021943 + + Enable the events you want to trace (in this case all + userspace events): + + root@crownbay:~# lttng enable-event --userspace --all + All UST events are enabled in channel channel0 + + Start the trace: + + root@crownbay:~# lttng start + Tracing started for session auto-20190303-021943 + + Run the instrumented hello world program: + + root@crownbay:~# ./hello + Hello, World! + Tracing... done. + + And then stop the trace after awhile or after running a + particular workload that you want to trace: + + root@crownbay:~# lttng stop + Tracing stopped for session auto-20190303-021943 + + You can now view the trace in text form on the target: + + root@crownbay:~# lttng view + [02:31:14.906146544] (+?.?????????) hello:1424 ust_tests_hello:tptest: { cpu_id = 1 }, { intfield = 0, intfield2 = 0x0, longfield = 0, netintfield = 0, netintfieldhex = 0x0, arrfield1 = [ [0] = 1, [1] = 2, [2] = 3 ], arrfield2 = "test", _seqfield1_length = 4, seqfield1 = [ [0] = 116, [1] = 101, [2] = 115, [3] = 116 ], _seqfield2_length = 4, seqfield2 = "test", stringfield = "test", floatfield = 2222, doublefield = 2, boolfield = 1 } + [02:31:14.906170360] (+0.000023816) hello:1424 ust_tests_hello:tptest: { cpu_id = 1 }, { intfield = 1, intfield2 = 0x1, longfield = 1, netintfield = 1, netintfieldhex = 0x1, arrfield1 = [ [0] = 1, [1] = 2, [2] = 3 ], arrfield2 = "test", _seqfield1_length = 4, seqfield1 = [ [0] = 116, [1] = 101, [2] = 115, [3] = 116 ], _seqfield2_length = 4, seqfield2 = "test", stringfield = "test", floatfield = 2222, doublefield = 2, boolfield = 1 } + [02:31:14.906183140] (+0.000012780) hello:1424 ust_tests_hello:tptest: { cpu_id = 1 }, { intfield = 2, intfield2 = 0x2, longfield = 2, netintfield = 2, netintfieldhex = 0x2, arrfield1 = [ [0] = 1, [1] = 2, [2] = 3 ], arrfield2 = "test", _seqfield1_length = 4, seqfield1 = [ [0] = 116, [1] = 101, [2] = 115, [3] = 116 ], _seqfield2_length = 4, seqfield2 = "test", stringfield = "test", floatfield = 2222, doublefield = 2, boolfield = 1 } + [02:31:14.906194385] (+0.000011245) hello:1424 ust_tests_hello:tptest: { cpu_id = 1 }, { intfield = 3, intfield2 = 0x3, longfield = 3, netintfield = 3, netintfieldhex = 0x3, arrfield1 = [ [0] = 1, [1] = 2, [2] = 3 ], arrfield2 = "test", _seqfield1_length = 4, seqfield1 = [ [0] = 116, [1] = 101, [2] = 115, [3] = 116 ], _seqfield2_length = 4, seqfield2 = "test", stringfield = "test", floatfield = 2222, doublefield = 2, boolfield = 1 } + . + . + . + + You can now safely destroy the trace session (note that + this doesn't delete the trace - it's still + there in ~/lttng-traces): + + root@crownbay:~# lttng destroy + Session auto-20190303-021943 destroyed at /home/root + + +
+ +
+ Manually copying a trace to the host and viewing it in Eclipse (i.e. using Eclipse without network support) + + + If you already have an LTTng trace on a remote target and + would like to view it in Eclipse on the host, you can easily + copy it from the target to the host and import it into + Eclipse to view it using the LTTng Eclipse plug-in already + bundled in the Eclipse (Juno SR1 or greater). + + + + Using the trace we created in the previous section, archive + it and copy it to your host system: + + root@crownbay:~/lttng-traces# tar zcvf auto-20121015-232120.tar.gz auto-20121015-232120 + auto-20121015-232120/ + auto-20121015-232120/kernel/ + auto-20121015-232120/kernel/metadata + auto-20121015-232120/kernel/channel0_1 + auto-20121015-232120/kernel/channel0_0 + + $ scp root@192.168.1.47:lttng-traces/auto-20121015-232120.tar.gz . + root@192.168.1.47's password: + auto-20121015-232120.tar.gz 100% 1566KB 1.5MB/s 00:01 + + Unarchive it on the host: + + $ gunzip -c auto-20121015-232120.tar.gz | tar xvf - + auto-20121015-232120/ + auto-20121015-232120/kernel/ + auto-20121015-232120/kernel/metadata + auto-20121015-232120/kernel/channel0_1 + auto-20121015-232120/kernel/channel0_0 + + We can now import the trace into Eclipse and view it: + + First, start eclipse and open the + 'LTTng Kernel' perspective by selecting the following + menu item: + + Window | Open Perspective | Other... + + In the dialog box that opens, select + 'LTTng Kernel' from the list. + Back at the main menu, select the + following menu item: + + File | New | Project... + + In the dialog box that opens, select + the 'Tracing | Tracing Project' wizard and press + 'Next>'. + Give the project a name and press + 'Finish'. + In the 'Project Explorer' pane under + the project you created, right click on the + 'Traces' item. + Select 'Import..." and in the dialog + that's displayed: + Browse the filesystem and find the + select the 'kernel' directory containing the trace + you copied from the target + e.g. auto-20121015-232120/kernel + 'Checkmark' the directory in the tree + that's displayed for the trace + Below that, select 'Common Trace Format: + Kernel Trace' for the 'Trace Type' + Press 'Finish' to close the dialog + + Back in the 'Project Explorer' pane, + double-click on the 'kernel' item for the + trace you just imported under 'Traces' + + + You should now see your trace data displayed graphically + in several different views in Eclipse: + + + + + + + + You can access extensive help information on how to use + the LTTng plug-in to search and analyze captured traces via + the Eclipse help system: + + Help | Help Contents | LTTng Plug-in User Guide + + +
+ +
+ Collecting and viewing a trace in Eclipse + + + This section on collecting traces remotely doesn't currently + work because of Eclipse 'RSE' connectivity problems. Manually + tracing on the target, copying the trace files to the host, + and viewing the trace in Eclipse on the host as outlined in + previous steps does work however - please use the manual + steps outlined above to view traces in Eclipse. + + + + In order to trace a remote target, you also need to add + a 'tracing' group on the target and connect as a user + who's part of that group e.g: + + # adduser tomz + # groupadd -r tracing + # usermod -a -G tracing tomz + + + First, start eclipse and open the + 'LTTng Kernel' perspective by selecting the following + menu item: + + Window | Open Perspective | Other... + + In the dialog box that opens, select + 'LTTng Kernel' from the list. + Back at the main menu, select the + following menu item: + + File | New | Project... + + In the dialog box that opens, select + the 'Tracing | Tracing Project' wizard and + press 'Next>'. + Give the project a name and press + 'Finish'. That should result in an entry in the + 'Project' subwindow. + In the 'Control' subwindow just below + it, press 'New Connection'. + Add a new connection, giving it the + hostname or IP address of the target system. + + Provide the username and password + of a qualified user (a member of the 'tracing' group) + or root account on the target system. + + Provide appropriate answers to whatever + else is asked for e.g. 'secure storage password' + can be anything you want. + If you get an 'RSE Error' it may be due to proxies. + It may be possible to get around the problem by + changing the following setting: + + Window | Preferences | Network Connections + + Switch 'Active Provider' to 'Direct' + + + +
+
+ +
+ Documentation + + + There doesn't seem to be any current documentation covering + LTTng 2.0, but maybe that's because the project is in transition. + The LTTng 2.0 website, however, is here: + LTTng Project + + + + You can access extensive help information on how to use the + LTTng plug-in to search and analyze captured traces via the + Eclipse help system: + + Help | Help Contents | LTTng Plug-in User Guide + + +
+
+ +
+ blktrace + + + blktrace is a tool for tracing and reporting low-level disk I/O. + blktrace provides the tracing half of the equation; its output can + be piped into the blkparse program, which renders the data in a + human-readable form and does some basic analysis: + + +
+ Setup + + + For this section, we'll assume you've already performed the + basic setup outlined in the + "General Setup" + section. + + + + blktrace is an application that runs on the target system. + You can run the entire blktrace and blkparse pipeline on the + target, or you can run blktrace in 'listen' mode on the target + and have blktrace and blkparse collect and analyze the data on + the host (see the + "Using blktrace Remotely" + section below). + For the rest of this section we assume you've ssh'ed to the + host and will be running blkrace on the target. + +
+ +
+ Basic Usage + + + To record a trace, simply run the 'blktrace' command, giving it + the name of the block device you want to trace activity on: + + root@crownbay:~# blktrace /dev/sdc + + In another shell, execute a workload you want to trace. + + root@crownbay:/media/sdc# rm linux-2.6.19.2.tar.bz2; wget http://downloads.yoctoproject.org/mirror/sources/linux-2.6.19.2.tar.bz2; sync + Connecting to downloads.yoctoproject.org (140.211.169.59:80) + linux-2.6.19.2.tar.b 100% |*******************************| 41727k 0:00:00 ETA + + Press Ctrl-C in the blktrace shell to stop the trace. It will + display how many events were logged, along with the per-cpu file + sizes (blktrace records traces in per-cpu kernel buffers and + simply dumps them to userspace for blkparse to merge and sort + later). + + ^C=== sdc === + CPU 0: 7082 events, 332 KiB data + CPU 1: 1578 events, 74 KiB data + Total: 8660 events (dropped 0), 406 KiB data + + If you examine the files saved to disk, you see multiple files, + one per CPU and with the device name as the first part of the + filename: + + root@crownbay:~# ls -al + drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 1024 Oct 27 22:39 . + drwxr-sr-x 4 root root 1024 Oct 26 18:24 .. + -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 339938 Oct 27 22:40 sdc.blktrace.0 + -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 75753 Oct 27 22:40 sdc.blktrace.1 + + To view the trace events, simply invoke 'blkparse' in the + directory containing the trace files, giving it the device name + that forms the first part of the filenames: + + root@crownbay:~# blkparse sdc + + 8,32 1 1 0.000000000 1225 Q WS 3417048 + 8 [jbd2/sdc-8] + 8,32 1 2 0.000025213 1225 G WS 3417048 + 8 [jbd2/sdc-8] + 8,32 1 3 0.000033384 1225 P N [jbd2/sdc-8] + 8,32 1 4 0.000043301 1225 I WS 3417048 + 8 [jbd2/sdc-8] + 8,32 1 0 0.000057270 0 m N cfq1225 insert_request + 8,32 1 0 0.000064813 0 m N cfq1225 add_to_rr + 8,32 1 5 0.000076336 1225 U N [jbd2/sdc-8] 1 + 8,32 1 0 0.000088559 0 m N cfq workload slice:150 + 8,32 1 0 0.000097359 0 m N cfq1225 set_active wl_prio:0 wl_type:1 + 8,32 1 0 0.000104063 0 m N cfq1225 Not idling. st->count:1 + 8,32 1 0 0.000112584 0 m N cfq1225 fifo= (null) + 8,32 1 0 0.000118730 0 m N cfq1225 dispatch_insert + 8,32 1 0 0.000127390 0 m N cfq1225 dispatched a request + 8,32 1 0 0.000133536 0 m N cfq1225 activate rq, drv=1 + 8,32 1 6 0.000136889 1225 D WS 3417048 + 8 [jbd2/sdc-8] + 8,32 1 7 0.000360381 1225 Q WS 3417056 + 8 [jbd2/sdc-8] + 8,32 1 8 0.000377422 1225 G WS 3417056 + 8 [jbd2/sdc-8] + 8,32 1 9 0.000388876 1225 P N [jbd2/sdc-8] + 8,32 1 10 0.000397886 1225 Q WS 3417064 + 8 [jbd2/sdc-8] + 8,32 1 11 0.000404800 1225 M WS 3417064 + 8 [jbd2/sdc-8] + 8,32 1 12 0.000412343 1225 Q WS 3417072 + 8 [jbd2/sdc-8] + 8,32 1 13 0.000416533 1225 M WS 3417072 + 8 [jbd2/sdc-8] + 8,32 1 14 0.000422121 1225 Q WS 3417080 + 8 [jbd2/sdc-8] + 8,32 1 15 0.000425194 1225 M WS 3417080 + 8 [jbd2/sdc-8] + 8,32 1 16 0.000431968 1225 Q WS 3417088 + 8 [jbd2/sdc-8] + 8,32 1 17 0.000435251 1225 M WS 3417088 + 8 [jbd2/sdc-8] + 8,32 1 18 0.000440279 1225 Q WS 3417096 + 8 [jbd2/sdc-8] + 8,32 1 19 0.000443911 1225 M WS 3417096 + 8 [jbd2/sdc-8] + 8,32 1 20 0.000450336 1225 Q WS 3417104 + 8 [jbd2/sdc-8] + 8,32 1 21 0.000454038 1225 M WS 3417104 + 8 [jbd2/sdc-8] + 8,32 1 22 0.000462070 1225 Q WS 3417112 + 8 [jbd2/sdc-8] + 8,32 1 23 0.000465422 1225 M WS 3417112 + 8 [jbd2/sdc-8] + 8,32 1 24 0.000474222 1225 I WS 3417056 + 64 [jbd2/sdc-8] + 8,32 1 0 0.000483022 0 m N cfq1225 insert_request + 8,32 1 25 0.000489727 1225 U N [jbd2/sdc-8] 1 + 8,32 1 0 0.000498457 0 m N cfq1225 Not idling. st->count:1 + 8,32 1 0 0.000503765 0 m N cfq1225 dispatch_insert + 8,32 1 0 0.000512914 0 m N cfq1225 dispatched a request + 8,32 1 0 0.000518851 0 m N cfq1225 activate rq, drv=2 + . + . + . + 8,32 0 0 58.515006138 0 m N cfq3551 complete rqnoidle 1 + 8,32 0 2024 58.516603269 3 C WS 3156992 + 16 [0] + 8,32 0 0 58.516626736 0 m N cfq3551 complete rqnoidle 1 + 8,32 0 0 58.516634558 0 m N cfq3551 arm_idle: 8 group_idle: 0 + 8,32 0 0 58.516636933 0 m N cfq schedule dispatch + 8,32 1 0 58.516971613 0 m N cfq3551 slice expired t=0 + 8,32 1 0 58.516982089 0 m N cfq3551 sl_used=13 disp=6 charge=13 iops=0 sect=80 + 8,32 1 0 58.516985511 0 m N cfq3551 del_from_rr + 8,32 1 0 58.516990819 0 m N cfq3551 put_queue + + CPU0 (sdc): + Reads Queued: 0, 0KiB Writes Queued: 331, 26,284KiB + Read Dispatches: 0, 0KiB Write Dispatches: 485, 40,484KiB + Reads Requeued: 0 Writes Requeued: 0 + Reads Completed: 0, 0KiB Writes Completed: 511, 41,000KiB + Read Merges: 0, 0KiB Write Merges: 13, 160KiB + Read depth: 0 Write depth: 2 + IO unplugs: 23 Timer unplugs: 0 + CPU1 (sdc): + Reads Queued: 0, 0KiB Writes Queued: 249, 15,800KiB + Read Dispatches: 0, 0KiB Write Dispatches: 42, 1,600KiB + Reads Requeued: 0 Writes Requeued: 0 + Reads Completed: 0, 0KiB Writes Completed: 16, 1,084KiB + Read Merges: 0, 0KiB Write Merges: 40, 276KiB + Read depth: 0 Write depth: 2 + IO unplugs: 30 Timer unplugs: 1 + + Total (sdc): + Reads Queued: 0, 0KiB Writes Queued: 580, 42,084KiB + Read Dispatches: 0, 0KiB Write Dispatches: 527, 42,084KiB + Reads Requeued: 0 Writes Requeued: 0 + Reads Completed: 0, 0KiB Writes Completed: 527, 42,084KiB + Read Merges: 0, 0KiB Write Merges: 53, 436KiB + IO unplugs: 53 Timer unplugs: 1 + + Throughput (R/W): 0KiB/s / 719KiB/s + Events (sdc): 6,592 entries + Skips: 0 forward (0 - 0.0%) + Input file sdc.blktrace.0 added + Input file sdc.blktrace.1 added + + The report shows each event that was found in the blktrace data, + along with a summary of the overall block I/O traffic during + the run. You can look at the + blkparse + manpage to learn the + meaning of each field displayed in the trace listing. + + +
+ Live Mode + + + blktrace and blkparse are designed from the ground up to + be able to operate together in a 'pipe mode' where the + stdout of blktrace can be fed directly into the stdin of + blkparse: + + root@crownbay:~# blktrace /dev/sdc -o - | blkparse -i - + + This enables long-lived tracing sessions to run without + writing anything to disk, and allows the user to look for + certain conditions in the trace data in 'real-time' by + viewing the trace output as it scrolls by on the screen or + by passing it along to yet another program in the pipeline + such as grep which can be used to identify and capture + conditions of interest. + + + + There's actually another blktrace command that implements + the above pipeline as a single command, so the user doesn't + have to bother typing in the above command sequence: + + root@crownbay:~# btrace /dev/sdc + + +
+ +
+ Using blktrace Remotely + + + Because blktrace traces block I/O and at the same time + normally writes its trace data to a block device, and + in general because it's not really a great idea to make + the device being traced the same as the device the tracer + writes to, blktrace provides a way to trace without + perturbing the traced device at all by providing native + support for sending all trace data over the network. + + + + To have blktrace operate in this mode, start blktrace on + the target system being traced with the -l option, along with + the device to trace: + + root@crownbay:~# blktrace -l /dev/sdc + server: waiting for connections... + + On the host system, use the -h option to connect to the + target system, also passing it the device to trace: + + $ blktrace -d /dev/sdc -h 192.168.1.43 + blktrace: connecting to 192.168.1.43 + blktrace: connected! + + On the target system, you should see this: + + server: connection from 192.168.1.43 + + In another shell, execute a workload you want to trace. + + root@crownbay:/media/sdc# rm linux-2.6.19.2.tar.bz2; wget http://downloads.yoctoproject.org/mirror/sources/linux-2.6.19.2.tar.bz2; sync + Connecting to downloads.yoctoproject.org (140.211.169.59:80) + linux-2.6.19.2.tar.b 100% |*******************************| 41727k 0:00:00 ETA + + When it's done, do a Ctrl-C on the host system to + stop the trace: + + ^C=== sdc === + CPU 0: 7691 events, 361 KiB data + CPU 1: 4109 events, 193 KiB data + Total: 11800 events (dropped 0), 554 KiB data + + On the target system, you should also see a trace + summary for the trace just ended: + + server: end of run for 192.168.1.43:sdc + === sdc === + CPU 0: 7691 events, 361 KiB data + CPU 1: 4109 events, 193 KiB data + Total: 11800 events (dropped 0), 554 KiB data + + The blktrace instance on the host will save the target + output inside a hostname-timestamp directory: + + $ ls -al + drwxr-xr-x 10 root root 1024 Oct 28 02:40 . + drwxr-sr-x 4 root root 1024 Oct 26 18:24 .. + drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 1024 Oct 28 02:40 192.168.1.43-2012-10-28-02:40:56 + + cd into that directory to see the output files: + + $ ls -l + -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 369193 Oct 28 02:44 sdc.blktrace.0 + -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 197278 Oct 28 02:44 sdc.blktrace.1 + + And run blkparse on the host system using the device name: + + $ blkparse sdc + + 8,32 1 1 0.000000000 1263 Q RM 6016 + 8 [ls] + 8,32 1 0 0.000036038 0 m N cfq1263 alloced + 8,32 1 2 0.000039390 1263 G RM 6016 + 8 [ls] + 8,32 1 3 0.000049168 1263 I RM 6016 + 8 [ls] + 8,32 1 0 0.000056152 0 m N cfq1263 insert_request + 8,32 1 0 0.000061600 0 m N cfq1263 add_to_rr + 8,32 1 0 0.000075498 0 m N cfq workload slice:300 + . + . + . + 8,32 0 0 177.266385696 0 m N cfq1267 arm_idle: 8 group_idle: 0 + 8,32 0 0 177.266388140 0 m N cfq schedule dispatch + 8,32 1 0 177.266679239 0 m N cfq1267 slice expired t=0 + 8,32 1 0 177.266689297 0 m N cfq1267 sl_used=9 disp=6 charge=9 iops=0 sect=56 + 8,32 1 0 177.266692649 0 m N cfq1267 del_from_rr + 8,32 1 0 177.266696560 0 m N cfq1267 put_queue + + CPU0 (sdc): + Reads Queued: 0, 0KiB Writes Queued: 270, 21,708KiB + Read Dispatches: 59, 2,628KiB Write Dispatches: 495, 39,964KiB + Reads Requeued: 0 Writes Requeued: 0 + Reads Completed: 90, 2,752KiB Writes Completed: 543, 41,596KiB + Read Merges: 0, 0KiB Write Merges: 9, 344KiB + Read depth: 2 Write depth: 2 + IO unplugs: 20 Timer unplugs: 1 + CPU1 (sdc): + Reads Queued: 688, 2,752KiB Writes Queued: 381, 20,652KiB + Read Dispatches: 31, 124KiB Write Dispatches: 59, 2,396KiB + Reads Requeued: 0 Writes Requeued: 0 + Reads Completed: 0, 0KiB Writes Completed: 11, 764KiB + Read Merges: 598, 2,392KiB Write Merges: 88, 448KiB + Read depth: 2 Write depth: 2 + IO unplugs: 52 Timer unplugs: 0 + + Total (sdc): + Reads Queued: 688, 2,752KiB Writes Queued: 651, 42,360KiB + Read Dispatches: 90, 2,752KiB Write Dispatches: 554, 42,360KiB + Reads Requeued: 0 Writes Requeued: 0 + Reads Completed: 90, 2,752KiB Writes Completed: 554, 42,360KiB + Read Merges: 598, 2,392KiB Write Merges: 97, 792KiB + IO unplugs: 72 Timer unplugs: 1 + + Throughput (R/W): 15KiB/s / 238KiB/s + Events (sdc): 9,301 entries + Skips: 0 forward (0 - 0.0%) + + You should see the trace events and summary just as + you would have if you'd run the same command on the target. + +
+ +
+ Tracing Block I/O via 'ftrace' + + + It's also possible to trace block I/O using only + trace events subsystem, + which can be useful for casual tracing + if you don't want to bother dealing with the userspace tools. + + + + To enable tracing for a given device, use + /sys/block/xxx/trace/enable, where xxx is the device name. + This for example enables tracing for /dev/sdc: + + root@crownbay:/sys/kernel/debug/tracing# echo 1 > /sys/block/sdc/trace/enable + + Once you've selected the device(s) you want to trace, + selecting the 'blk' tracer will turn the blk tracer on: + + root@crownbay:/sys/kernel/debug/tracing# cat available_tracers + blk function_graph function nop + + root@crownbay:/sys/kernel/debug/tracing# echo blk > current_tracer + + Execute the workload you're interested in: + + root@crownbay:/sys/kernel/debug/tracing# cat /media/sdc/testfile.txt + + And look at the output (note here that we're using + 'trace_pipe' instead of trace to capture this trace - + this allows us to wait around on the pipe for data to + appear): + + root@crownbay:/sys/kernel/debug/tracing# cat trace_pipe + cat-3587 [001] d..1 3023.276361: 8,32 Q R 1699848 + 8 [cat] + cat-3587 [001] d..1 3023.276410: 8,32 m N cfq3587 alloced + cat-3587 [001] d..1 3023.276415: 8,32 G R 1699848 + 8 [cat] + cat-3587 [001] d..1 3023.276424: 8,32 P N [cat] + cat-3587 [001] d..2 3023.276432: 8,32 I R 1699848 + 8 [cat] + cat-3587 [001] d..1 3023.276439: 8,32 m N cfq3587 insert_request + cat-3587 [001] d..1 3023.276445: 8,32 m N cfq3587 add_to_rr + cat-3587 [001] d..2 3023.276454: 8,32 U N [cat] 1 + cat-3587 [001] d..1 3023.276464: 8,32 m N cfq workload slice:150 + cat-3587 [001] d..1 3023.276471: 8,32 m N cfq3587 set_active wl_prio:0 wl_type:2 + cat-3587 [001] d..1 3023.276478: 8,32 m N cfq3587 fifo= (null) + cat-3587 [001] d..1 3023.276483: 8,32 m N cfq3587 dispatch_insert + cat-3587 [001] d..1 3023.276490: 8,32 m N cfq3587 dispatched a request + cat-3587 [001] d..1 3023.276497: 8,32 m N cfq3587 activate rq, drv=1 + cat-3587 [001] d..2 3023.276500: 8,32 D R 1699848 + 8 [cat] + + And this turns off tracing for the specified device: + + root@crownbay:/sys/kernel/debug/tracing# echo 0 > /sys/block/sdc/trace/enable + + +
+
+ +
+ Documentation + + + Online versions of the man pages for the commands discussed + in this section can be found here: + + http://linux.die.net/man/8/blktrace + + http://linux.die.net/man/1/blkparse + + http://linux.die.net/man/8/btrace + + + + + + The above manpages, along with manpages for the other + blktrace utilities (btt, blkiomon, etc) can be found in the + /doc directory of the blktrace tools git repo: + + $ git clone git://git.kernel.dk/blktrace.git + + +
+
+ + diff --git a/documentation/profile-manual/profile-manual.xml b/documentation/profile-manual/profile-manual.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6066d43 --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/profile-manual/profile-manual.xml @@ -0,0 +1,95 @@ + %poky; ] > + + + + + + + + + + + + Yocto Project Profiling and Tracing Manual + + + + + Tom Zanussi + + Intel Corporation + + tom.zanussi@intel.com + + + + + + 1.4 + April 2013 + Released with the Yocto Project 1.4 Release. + + + 1.5 + October 2013 + Released with the Yocto Project 1.5 Release. + + + 1.5.1 + January 2014 + Released with the Yocto Project 1.5.1 Release. + + + 1.6 + April 2014 + Released with the Yocto Project 1.6 Release. + + + 1.6.1 + Sometime in 2014 + Released with the Yocto Project 1.6.1 Release. + + + + + ©RIGHT_YEAR; + Linux Foundation + + + + + Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under + the terms of the + Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales as published by + Creative Commons. + + + + For the latest version of this manual associated with this + Yocto Project release, see the + Yocto Project Profiling and Tracing Manual + from the Yocto Project website. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/documentation/ref-manual/TODO b/documentation/ref-manual/TODO new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ee0db97 --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/ref-manual/TODO @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +Handbook Todo List: + + * Document adding a new IMAGE_FEATURE to the customising images section + * Add instructions about using zaurus/openmoko emulation + * Add component overview/block diagrams + * Software Deevelopment intro should mention its software development for + intended target and could be a different arch etc and thus special case. + * Expand insane.bbclass documentation to cover tests + * Document remaining classes (see list in ref-classes) + * Document formfactor + diff --git a/documentation/ref-manual/closer-look.xml b/documentation/ref-manual/closer-look.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c223bbb --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/ref-manual/closer-look.xml @@ -0,0 +1,1270 @@ + %poky; ] > + + +A Closer Look at the Yocto Project Development Environment + + + This chapter takes a more detailed look at the Yocto Project + development environment. + The following diagram represents the development environment at a + high level. + The remainder of this chapter expands on the fundamental input, output, + process, and + Metadata) blocks + in the Yocto Project development environment. + + + + + + + + The generalized Yocto Project Development Environment consists of + several functional areas: + + User Configuration: + Metadata you can use to control the build process. + + Metadata Layers: + Various layers that provide software, machine, and + distro Metadata. + Source Files: + Upstream releases, local projects, and SCMs. + Build System: + Processes under the control of + BitBake. + This block expands on how BitBake fetches source, applies + patches, completes compilation, analyzes output for package + generation, creates and tests packages, generates images, and + generates cross-development tools. + Package Feeds: + Directories containing output packages (RPM, DEB or IPK), + which are subsequently used in the construction of an image or + SDK, produced by the build system. + These feeds can also be copied and shared using a web server or + other means to facilitate extending or updating existing + images on devices at runtime if runtime package management is + enabled. + Images: + Images produced by the development process. + + Application Development SDK: + Cross-development tools that are produced along with an image + or separately with BitBake. + + + +
+ User Configuration + + + User configuration helps define the build. + Through user configuration, you can tell BitBake the + target architecture for which you are building the image, + where to store downloaded source, and other build properties. + + + + The following figure shows an expanded representation of the + "User Configuration" box of the + general Yocto Project Development Environment figure: + + + + + + + + BitBake needs some basic configuration files in order to complete + a build. + These files are *.conf files. + The minimally necessary ones reside as example files in the + Source Directory. + For simplicity, this section refers to the Source Directory as + the "Poky Directory." + + + + When you clone the poky Git repository or you + download and unpack a Yocto Project release, you can set up the + Source Directory to be named anything you want. + For this discussion, the cloned repository uses the default + name poky. + + The Poky repository is primarily an aggregation of existing + repositories. + It is not a canonical upstream source. + + + + + The meta-yocto layer inside Poky contains + a conf directory that has example + configuration files. + These example files are used as a basis for creating actual + configuration files when you source the build environment + script + (i.e. + &OE_INIT_FILE; + or + oe-init-build-env-memres). + + + + Sourcing the build environment script creates a + Build Directory + if one does not already exist. + BitBake uses the Build Directory for all its work during builds. + The Build Directory has a conf directory that + contains default versions of your local.conf + and bblayers.conf configuration files. + These default configuration files are created only if versions + do not already exist in the Build Directory at the time you + source the build environment setup script. + + + + Because the Poky repository is fundamentally an aggregation of + existing repositories, some users might be familiar with running + the &OE_INIT_FILE; or + oe-init-build-env-memres script in the context + of separate OpenEmbedded-Core and BitBake repositories rather than a + single Poky repository. + This discussion assumes the script is executed from within a cloned + or unpacked version of Poky. + + + + Depending on where the script is sourced, different sub-scripts + are called to set up the Build Directory (Yocto or OpenEmbedded). + Specifically, the script + scripts/oe-setup-builddir inside the + poky directory sets up the Build Directory and seeds the directory + (if necessary) with configuration files appropriate for the + Yocto Project development environment. + + The scripts/oe-setup-builddir script + uses the $TEMPLATECONF variable to + determine which sample configuration files to locate. + + + + + The local.conf file provides many + basic variables that define a build environment. + Here is a list of a few. + To see the default configurations in a local.conf + file created by the build environment script, see the + local.conf.sample in the + meta-yocto layer: + + Parallelism Options: + Controlled by the + BB_NUMBER_THREADS + and + PARALLEL_MAKE + variables. + Target Machine Selection: + Controlled by the + MACHINE + variable. + Download Directory: + Controlled by the + DL_DIR + variable. + Shared State Directory: + Controlled by the + SSTATE_DIR + variable. + Build Output: + Controlled by the + TMPDIR + variable. + + + Configurations set in the conf/local.conf + file can also be set in the + conf/site.conf and + conf/auto.conf configuration files. + + + + + The bblayers.conf file tells BitBake what + layers you want considered during the build. + By default, the layers listed in this file include layers + minimally needed by the build system. + However, you must manually add any custom layers you have created. + You can find more information on working with the + bblayers.conf file in the + "Enabling Your Layer" + section in the Yocto Project Development Manual. + + + + The files site.conf and + auto.conf are not created by the environment + initialization script. + If you want these configuration files, you must create them + yourself: + + site.conf: + You can use the conf/site.conf + configuration file to configure multiple build directories. + For example, suppose you had several build environments and + they shared some common features. + You can set these default build properties here. + A good example is perhaps the level of parallelism you want + to use through the + BB_NUMBER_THREADS + and + PARALLEL_MAKE + variables. + One useful scenario for using the + conf/site.conf file is to extend your + BBPATH + variable to include the path to a + conf/site.conf. + Then, when BitBake looks for Metadata using + BBPATH, it finds the + conf/site.conf file and applies your + common configurations found in the file. + To override configurations in a particular build directory, + alter the similar configurations within that build + directory's conf/local.conf file. + + auto.conf: + This file is not hand-created. + Rather, the file is usually created and written to by + an autobuilder. + The settings put into the file are typically the same as + you would find in the conf/local.conf + or the conf/site.conf files. + + + + + + You can edit all configuration files to further define + any particular build environment. + This process is represented by the "User Configuration Edits" + box in the figure. + + + + When you launch your build with the + bitbake <target> command, BitBake + sorts out the configurations to ultimately define your build + environment. + +
+ +
+ Metadata, Machine Configuration, and Policy Configuration + + + The previous section described the user configurations that + define BitBake's global behavior. + This section takes a closer look at the layers the build system + uses to further control the build. + These layers provide Metadata for the software, machine, and + policy. + + + + In general, three types of layer input exist: + + Policy Configuration: + Distribution Layers provide top-level or general + policies for the image or SDK being built. + For example, this layer would dictate whether BitBake + produces RPM or IPK packages. + Machine Configuration: + Board Support Package (BSP) layers provide machine + configurations. + This type of information is specific to a particular + target architecture. + Metadata: + Software layers contain user-supplied recipe files, + patches, and append files. + + + + + + The following figure shows an expanded representation of the + Metadata, Machine Configuration, and Policy Configuration input + (layers) boxes of the + general Yocto Project Development Environment figure: + + + + + + + + In general, all layers have a similar structure. + They all contain a licensing file + (e.g. COPYING) if the layer is to be + distributed, a README file as good practice + and especially if the layer is to be distributed, a + configuration directory, and recipe directories. + + + + The Yocto Project has many layers that can be used. + You can see a web-interface listing of them on the + Source Repositories + page. + The layers are shown at the bottom categorized under + "Yocto Metadata Layers." + These layers are fundamentally a subset of the + OpenEmbedded Metadata Index, + which lists all layers provided by the OpenEmbedded community. + + Layers exist in the Yocto Project Source Repositories that + cannot be found in the OpenEmbedded Metadata Index. + These layers are either deprecated or experimental in nature. + + + + + BitBake uses the conf/bblayers.conf file, + which is part of the user configuration, to find what layers it + should be using as part of the build. + + + + For more information on layers, see the + "Understanding and Creating Layers" + section in the Yocto Project Development Manual. + + +
+ Distro Layer + + + The distribution layer provides policy configurations for your + distribution. + Best practices dictate that you isolate these types of + configurations into their own layer. + Settings you provide in + conf/distro/<distro>.conf override + similar + settings that BitBake finds in your + conf/local.conf file in the Build + Directory. + + + + The following list provides some explanation and references + for what you typically find in the distribution layer: + + classes: + Class files (.bbclass) hold + common functionality that can be shared among + recipes in the distribution. + When your recipes inherit a class, they take on the + settings and functions for that class. + You can read more about class files in the + "Classes" section. + + conf: + This area holds configuration files for the + layer (conf/layer.conf), + the distribution + (conf/distro/<distro>.conf), + and any distribution-wide include files. + + recipes-*: + Recipes and append files that affect common + functionality across the distribution. + This area could include recipes and append files + to add distribution-specific configuration, + initialization scripts, custom image recipes, + and so forth. + + +
+ +
+ BSP Layer + + + The BSP Layer provides machine configurations. + Everything in this layer is specific to the machine for which + you are building the image or the SDK. + A common structure or form is defined for BSP layers. + You can learn more about this structure in the + Yocto Project Board Support Package (BSP) Developer's Guide. + + In order for a BSP layer to be considered compliant with the + Yocto Project, it must meet some structural requirements. + + + + + The BSP Layer's configuration directory contains + configuration files for the machine + (conf/machine/<machine>.conf) and, + of course, the layer (conf/layer.conf). + + + + The remainder of the layer is dedicated to specific recipes + by function: recipes-bsp, + recipes-core, + recipes-graphics, and + recipes-kernel. + Metadata can exist for multiple formfactors, graphics + support systems, and so forth. + + While the figure shows several recipes-* + directories, not all these directories appear in all + BSP layers. + + +
+ +
+ Software Layer + + + The software layer provides the Metadata for additional + software packages used during the build. + This layer does not include Metadata that is specific to the + distribution or the machine, which are found in their + respective layers. + + + + This layer contains any new recipes that your project needs + in the form of recipe files. + +
+
+ +
+ Sources + + + In order for the OpenEmbedded build system to create an image or + any target, it must be able to access source files. + The + general Yocto Project Development Environment figure + represents source files using the "Upstream Project Releases", + "Local Projects", and "SCMs (optional)" boxes. + The figure represents mirrors, which also play a role in locating + source files, with the "Source Mirror(s)" box. + + + + The method by which source files are ultimately organized is + a function of the project. + For example, for released software, projects tend to use tarballs + or other archived files that can capture the state of a release + guaranteeing that it is statically represented. + On the other hand, for a project that is more dynamic or + experimental in nature, a project might keep source files in a + repository controlled by a Source Control Manager (SCM) such as + Git. + Pulling source from a repository allows you to control + the point in the repository (the revision) from which you want to + build software. + Finally, a combination of the two might exist, which would give the + consumer a choice when deciding where to get source files. + + + + BitBake uses the + SRC_URI + variable to point to source files regardless of their location. + Each recipe must have a SRC_URI variable + that points to the source. + + + + Another area that plays a significant role in where source files + come from is pointed to by the + DL_DIR + variable. + This area is a cache that can hold previously downloaded source. + You can also instruct the OpenEmbedded build system to create + tarballs from Git repositories, which is not the default behavior, + and store them in the DL_DIR by using the + BB_GENERATE_MIRROR_TARBALLS + variable. + + + + Judicious use of a DL_DIR directory can + save the build system a trip across the Internet when looking + for files. + A good method for using a download directory is to have + DL_DIR point to an area outside of your + Build Directory. + Doing so allows you to safely delete the Build Directory + if needed without fear of removing any downloaded source file. + + + + The remainder of this section provides a deeper look into the + source files and the mirrors. + Here is a more detailed look at the source file area of the + base figure: + + + +
+ Upstream Project Releases + + + Upstream project releases exist anywhere in the form of an + archived file (e.g. tarball or zip file). + These files correspond to individual recipes. + For example, the figure uses specific releases each for + BusyBox, Qt, and Dbus. + An archive file can be for any released product that can be + built using a recipe. + +
+ +
+ Local Projects + + + Local projects are custom bits of software the user provides. + These bits reside somewhere local to a project - perhaps + a directory into which the user checks in items (e.g. + a local directory containing a development source tree + used by the group). + + + + The canonical method through which to include a local project + is to use the + externalsrc + class to include that local project. + You use either the local.conf or a + recipe's append file to override or set the + recipe to point to the local directory on your disk to pull + in the whole source tree. + + + + For information on how to use the + externalsrc class, see the + "externalsrc.bbclass" + section. + +
+ +
+ Source Control Managers (Optional) + + + Another place the build system can get source files from is + through an SCM such as Git or Subversion. + In this case, a repository is cloned or checked out. + The do_fetch task inside BitBake uses + the SRC_URI + variable and the argument's prefix to determine the correct + fetcher module. + + + + For information on how to have the OpenEmbedded build system + generate tarballs for Git repositories and place them in the + DL_DIR + directory, see the + BB_GENERATE_MIRROR_TARBALLS + variable. + + + + When fetching a repository, BitBake uses the + SRCREV + variable to determine the specific revision from which to + build. + +
+ +
+ Source Mirror(s) + + + Two kinds of mirrors exist: pre-mirrors and regular mirrors. + The PREMIRRORS + and + MIRRORS + variables point to these, respectively. + BitBake checks pre-mirrors before looking upstream for any + source files. + Pre-mirrors are appropriate when you have a shared directory + that is not a directory defined by the + DL_DIR + variable. + A Pre-mirror typically points to a shared directory that is + local to your organization. + + + + Regular mirrors can be any site across the Internet that is + used as an alternative location for source code should the + primary site not be functioning for some reason or another. + +
+
+ +
+ Package Feeds + + + When the OpenEmbedded build system generates an image or an SDK, + it gets the packages from a package feed area located in the + Build Directory. + The + general Yocto Project Development Environment figure + shows this package feeds area in the upper-right corner. + + + + This section looks a little closer into the package feeds area used + by the build system. + Here is a more detailed look at the area: + + + + + Package feeds are an intermediary step in the build process. + BitBake generates packages whose types are defined by the + PACKAGE_CLASSES + variable. + Before placing the packages into package feeds, + the build process validates them with generated output quality + assurance checks through the + insane + class. + + + + The package feed area resides in + tmp/deploy of the Build Directory. + Folders are created that correspond to the package type + (IPK, DEB, or RPM) created. + Further organization is derived through the value of the + PACKAGE_ARCH + variable for each package. + For example, packages can exist for the i586 or qemux86 + architectures. + The package files themselves reside within the appropriate + architecture folder. + + + + BitBake uses the do_package_write_* task to + place generated packages into the package holding area (e.g. + do_package_write_ipk for IPK packages). + +
+ +
+ BitBake + + + The OpenEmbedded build system uses + BitBake + to produce images. + You can see from the + general Yocto Project Development Environment figure, + the BitBake area consists of several functional areas. + This section takes a closer look at each of those areas. + + + + Separate documentation exists for the BitBake tool. + See the + BitBake User Manual + for reference material on BitBake. + + +
+ Source Fetching + + + The first stages of building a recipe are to fetch and unpack + the source code: + + + + + The do_fetch and + do_unpack tasks fetch the source files + and unpack them into the work directory. + By default, everything is accomplished in the + Build Directory, + which has a defined structure. + For additional general information on the Build Directory, + see the + "build/" + section. + + + + Unpacked source files are pointed to by the + S variable. + Each recipe has an area in the Build Directory where the + unpacked source code resides. + The name of that directory for any given recipe is defined from + several different variables. + You can see the variables that define these directories + by looking at the figure: + + TMPDIR - + The base directory where the OpenEmbedded build system + performs all its work during the build. + + PACKAGE_ARCH - + The architecture of the built package or packages. + + TARGET_OS - + The operating system of the target device. + + PN - + The name of the built package. + + PV - + The version of the recipe used to build the package. + + PR - + The revision of the recipe used to build the package. + + WORKDIR - + The location within TMPDIR where + a specific package is built. + + S - + Contains the unpacked source files for a given recipe. + + + +
+ +
+ Patching + + + Once source code is fetched and unpacked, BitBake locates + patch files and applies them to the source files: + + + + + The do_patch task processes recipes by + using the + SRC_URI + variable to locate applicable patch files, which by default + are *.patch or + *.diff files, or any file if + "apply=yes" is specified for the file in + SRC_URI. + + + + BitBake finds and applies multiple patches for a single recipe + in the order in which it finds the patches. + Patches are applied to the recipe's source files located in the + S directory. + + + + For more information on how the source directories are + created, see the + "Source Fetching" + section. + +
+ +
+ Configuration and Compilation + + + After source code is patched, BitBake executes tasks that + configure and compile the source code: + + + + + This step in the build process consists of three tasks: + + do_configure: + This task configures the source by enabling and + disabling any build-time and configuration options for + the software being built. + Configurations can come from the recipe itself as well + as from an inherited class. + Additionally, the software itself might configure itself + depending on the target for which it is being built. + + + The configurations handled by the + do_configure task are specific + to source code configuration for the source code + being built by the recipe. + + If you are using the + autotools + class, + you can add additional configuration options by using + the EXTRA_OECONF + variable. + For information on how this variable works within + that class, see the + meta/classes/autotools.bbclass file. + + do_compile: + Once a configuration task has been satisfied, BitBake + compiles the source using the + do_compile task. + Compilation occurs in the directory pointed to by the + B + variable. + Realize that the B directory is, by + default, the same as the + S + directory. + do_install: + Once compilation is done, BitBake executes the + do_install task. + This task copies files from the B + directory and places them in a holding area pointed to + by the + D + variable. + + +
+ +
+ Package Splitting + + + After source code is configured and compiled, the + OpenEmbedded build system analyzes + the results and splits the output into packages: + + + + + The do_package and + do_packagedata tasks combine to analyze + the files found in the + D directory + and split them into subsets based on available packages and + files. + The analyzing process involves the following as well as other + items: splitting out debugging symbols, + looking at shared library dependencies between packages, + and looking at package relationships. + The do_packagedata task creates package + metadata based on the analysis such that the + OpenEmbedded build system can generate the final packages. + Working, staged, and intermediate results of the analysis + and package splitting process use these areas: + + PKGD - + The destination directory for packages before they are + split. + + PKGDATA_DIR - + A shared, global-state directory that holds data + generated during the packaging process. + + PKGDESTWORK - + A temporary work area used by the + do_package task. + + PKGDEST - + The parent directory for packages after they have + been split. + + + The FILES + variable defines the files that go into each package in + PACKAGES. + If you want details on how this is accomplished, you can + look at the + package + class. + + + + Depending on the type of packages being created (RPM, DEB, or + IPK), the do_package_write_* task + creates the actual packages and places them in the + Package Feed area, which is + ${TMPDIR}/deploy. + You can see the + "Package Feeds" + section for more detail on that part of the build process. + + Support for creating feeds directly from the + deploy/* directories does not exist. + Creating such feeds usually requires some kind of feed + maintenance mechanism that would upload the new packages + into an official package feed (e.g. the + Ångström distribution). + This functionality is highly distribution-specific + and thus is not provided out of the box. + + +
+ +
+ Image Generation + + + Once packages are split and stored in the Package Feeds area, + the OpenEmbedded build system uses BitBake to generate the + root filesystem image: + + + + + The image generation process consists of several stages and + depends on many variables. + The do_rootfs task uses these key variables + to help create the list of packages to actually install: + + IMAGE_INSTALL: + Lists out the base set of packages to install from + the Package Feeds area. + PACKAGE_EXCLUDE: + Specifies packages that should not be installed. + + IMAGE_FEATURES: + Specifies features to include in the image. + Most of these features map to additional packages for + installation. + PACKAGE_CLASSES: + Specifies the package backend to use and consequently + helps determine where to locate packages within the + Package Feeds area. + IMAGE_LINGUAS: + Determines the language(s) for which additional + language support packages are installed. + + + + + + Package installation is under control of the package manager + (e.g. smart/rpm, opkg, or apt/dpkg) regardless of whether or + not package management is enabled for the target. + At the end of the process, if package management is not + enabled for the target, the package manager's data files + are deleted from the root filesystem. + + + + During image generation, the build system attempts to run + all post-installation scripts. + Any that fail to run on the build host are run on the + target when the target system is first booted. + If you are using a + read-only root filesystem, + all the post installation scripts must succeed during the + package installation phase since the root filesystem is + read-only. + + + + During Optimization, optimizing processes are run across + the image. + These processes include mklibs and + prelink. + The mklibs process optimizes the size + of the libraries. + A prelink process optimizes the dynamic + linking of shared libraries to reduce start up time of + executables. + + + + Along with writing out the root filesystem image, the + do_rootfs task creates a manifest file + (.manifest) in the same directory as + the root filesystem image that lists out, line-by-line, the + installed packages. + This manifest file is useful for the + testimage + class, for example, to determine whether or not to run + specific tests. + See the + IMAGE_MANIFEST + variable for additional information. + + + + Part of the image generation process includes compressing the + root filesystem image. + Compression is accomplished through several optimization + routines designed to reduce the overall size of the image. + + + + After the root filesystem has been constructed, the image + generation process turns everything into an image file or + a set of image files. + The formats used for the root filesystem depend on the + IMAGE_FSTYPES + variable. + + + + The entire image generation process is run under Pseudo. + Running under Pseudo ensures that the files in the root + filesystem have correct ownership. + +
+ +
+ SDK Generation + + + The OpenEmbedded build system uses BitBake to generate the + Software Development Kit (SDK) installer script: + + + + + For more information on the cross-development toolchain + generation, see the + "Cross-Development Toolchain Generation" + section. + For information on advantages gained when building a + cross-development toolchain using the + do_populate_sdk task, see the + "Optionally Building a Toolchain Installer" + section in the Yocto Project Application Developer's Guide. + + + + Like image generation, the SDK script process consists of + several stages and depends on many variables. + The do_populate_sdk task uses these + key variables to help create the list of packages to actually + install. + For information on the variables listed in the figure, see the + "Application Development SDK" + section. + + + + The do_populate_sdk task handles two + parts: a target part and a host part. + The target part is the part built for the target hardware and + includes libraries and headers. + The host part is the part of the SDK that runs on the + SDKMACHINE. + + + + Once both parts are constructed, the + do_populate_sdk task performs some cleanup + on both parts. + After the cleanup, the task creates a cross-development + environment setup script and any configuration files that + might be needed. + + + + The final output of the task is the Cross-development + toolchain installation script (.sh file), + which includes the environment setup script. + +
+
+ +
+ Images + + + The images produced by the OpenEmbedded build system + are compressed forms of the + root filesystem that are ready to boot on a target device. + You can see from the + general Yocto Project Development Environment figure + that BitBake output, in part, consists of images. + This section is going to look more closely at this output: + + + + + For a list of example images that the Yocto Project provides, + see the + "Images" chapter. + + + + Images are written out to the + Build Directory + inside the tmp/deploy/images/<machine>/ + folder as shown in the figure. + This folder contains any files expected to be loaded on the + target device. + The + DEPLOY_DIR + variable points to the deploy directory, + while the + DEPLOY_DIR_IMAGE + variable points to the appropriate directory containing images for + the current configuration. + + <kernel-image>: + A kernel binary file. + The KERNEL_IMAGETYPE + variable setting determines the naming scheme for the + kernel image file. + Depending on that variable, the file could begin with + a variety of naming strings. + The deploy/images/<machine> + directory can contain multiple image files for the + machine. + <root-filesystem-image>: + Root filesystems for the target device (e.g. + *.ext3 or *.bz2 + files). + The IMAGE_FSTYPES + variable setting determines the root filesystem image + type. + The deploy/images/<machine> + directory can contain multiple root filesystems for the + machine. + <kernel-modules>: + Tarballs that contain all the modules built for the kernel. + Kernel module tarballs exist for legacy purposes and + can be suppressed by setting the + MODULE_TARBALL_DEPLOY + variable to "0". + The deploy/images/<machine> + directory can contain multiple kernel module tarballs + for the machine. + <bootloaders>: + Bootloaders supporting the image, if applicable to the + target machine. + The deploy/images/<machine> + directory can contain multiple bootloaders for the + machine. + <symlinks>: + The deploy/images/<machine> + folder contains + a symbolic link that points to the most recently built file + for each machine. + These links might be useful for external scripts that + need to obtain the latest version of each file. + + + +
+ +
+ Application Development SDK + + + In the + general Yocto Project Development Environment figure, + the output labeled "Application Development SDK" represents an + SDK. + This section is going to take a closer look at this output: + + + + + The specific form of this output is a self-extracting + SDK installer (*.sh) that, when run, + installs the SDK, which consists of a cross-development + toolchain, a set of libraries and headers, and an SDK + environment setup script. + Running this installer essentially sets up your + cross-development environment. + You can think of the cross-toolchain as the "host" + part because it runs on the SDK machine. + You can think of the libraries and headers as the "target" + part because they are built for the target hardware. + The setup script is added so that you can initialize the + environment before using the tools. + + + + + The Yocto Project supports several methods by which you can + set up this cross-development environment. + These methods include downloading pre-built SDK installers, + building and installing your own SDK installer, or running + an Application Development Toolkit (ADT) installer to + install not just cross-development toolchains + but also additional tools to help in this type of + development. + + + + For background information on cross-development toolchains + in the Yocto Project development environment, see the + "Cross-Development Toolchain Generation" + section. + For information on setting up a cross-development + environment, see the + "Installing the ADT and Toolchains" + section in the Yocto Project Application Developer's Guide. + + + + + Once built, the SDK installers are written out to the + deploy/sdk folder inside the + Build Directory + as shown in the figure at the beginning of this section. + Several variables exist that help configure these files: + + DEPLOY_DIR: + Points to the deploy + directory. + SDKMACHINE: + Specifies the architecture of the machine + on which the cross-development tools are run to + create packages for the target hardware. + + SDKIMAGE_FEATURES: + Lists the features to include in the "target" part + of the SDK. + + TOOLCHAIN_HOST_TASK: + Lists packages that make up the host + part of the SDK (i.e. the part that runs on + the SDKMACHINE). + When you use + bitbake -c populate_sdk <imagename> + to create the SDK, a set of default packages + apply. + This variable allows you to add more packages. + + TOOLCHAIN_TARGET_TASK: + Lists packages that make up the target part + of the SDK (i.e. the part built for the + target hardware). + + SDKPATH: + Defines the default SDK installation path offered by the + installation script. + + + +
+ + + diff --git a/documentation/ref-manual/examples/hello-autotools/hello_2.3.bb b/documentation/ref-manual/examples/hello-autotools/hello_2.3.bb new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5dfb0b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/ref-manual/examples/hello-autotools/hello_2.3.bb @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +DESCRIPTION = "GNU Helloworld application" +SECTION = "examples" +LICENSE = "GPLv3" +LIC_FILES_CHKSUM = "file://COPYING;md5=adefda309052235aa5d1e99ce7557010" + +SRC_URI = "${GNU_MIRROR}/hello/hello-${PV}.tar.bz2" + +inherit autotools diff --git a/documentation/ref-manual/examples/hello-single/files/helloworld.c b/documentation/ref-manual/examples/hello-single/files/helloworld.c new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fc7169b --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/ref-manual/examples/hello-single/files/helloworld.c @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +#include + +int main(void) +{ + printf("Hello world!\n"); + + return 0; +} diff --git a/documentation/ref-manual/examples/hello-single/hello.bb b/documentation/ref-manual/examples/hello-single/hello.bb new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0812743 --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/ref-manual/examples/hello-single/hello.bb @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +DESCRIPTION = "Simple helloworld application" +SECTION = "examples" +LICENSE = "MIT" +LIC_FILES_CHKSUM = "file://${COMMON_LICENSE_DIR}/MIT;md5=0835ade698e0bcf8506ecda2f7b4f302" + +SRC_URI = "file://helloworld.c" + +S = "${WORKDIR}" + +do_compile() { + ${CC} helloworld.c -o helloworld +} + +do_install() { + install -d ${D}${bindir} + install -m 0755 helloworld ${D}${bindir} +} diff --git a/documentation/ref-manual/examples/libxpm/libxpm_3.5.6.bb b/documentation/ref-manual/examples/libxpm/libxpm_3.5.6.bb new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b58d4d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/ref-manual/examples/libxpm/libxpm_3.5.6.bb @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +require xorg-lib-common.inc + +DESCRIPTION = "X11 Pixmap library" +LICENSE = "X-BSD" +LIC_FILES_CHKSUM = "file://COPYING;md5=3e07763d16963c3af12db271a31abaa5" +DEPENDS += "libxext" +PR = "r2" +PE = "1" + +XORG_PN = "libXpm" + +PACKAGES =+ "sxpm cxpm" +FILES_cxpm = "${bindir}/cxpm" +FILES_sxpm = "${bindir}/sxpm" diff --git a/documentation/ref-manual/examples/mtd-makefile/mtd-utils_1.0.0.bb b/documentation/ref-manual/examples/mtd-makefile/mtd-utils_1.0.0.bb new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5d05a43 --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/ref-manual/examples/mtd-makefile/mtd-utils_1.0.0.bb @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +DESCRIPTION = "Tools for managing memory technology devices." +SECTION = "base" +DEPENDS = "zlib" +HOMEPAGE = "http://www.linux-mtd.infradead.org/" +LICENSE = "GPLv2" +LIC_FILES_CHKSUM = "file://COPYING;md5=0636e73ff0215e8d672dc4c32c317bb3 \ + file://include/common.h;beginline=1;endline=17;md5=ba05b07912a44ea2bf81ce409380049c" + +SRC_URI = "ftp://ftp.infradead.org/pub/mtd-utils/mtd-utils-${PV}.tar.gz" + +CFLAGS_prepend = "-I ${S}/include " + +do_install() { + oe_runmake install DESTDIR=${D} +} diff --git a/documentation/ref-manual/faq.xml b/documentation/ref-manual/faq.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..035011f --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/ref-manual/faq.xml @@ -0,0 +1,685 @@ + %poky; ] > + + +FAQ + + + + + How does Poky differ from OpenEmbedded? + + + + + The term "Poky" + refers to the specific reference build system that + the Yocto Project provides. + Poky is based on OE-Core + and BitBake. + Thus, the generic term used here for the build system is + the "OpenEmbedded build system." + Development in the Yocto Project using Poky is closely tied to OpenEmbedded, with + changes always being merged to OE-Core or BitBake first before being pulled back + into Poky. + This practice benefits both projects immediately. + + + + + + + + My development system does not meet the + required Git, tar, and Python versions. + In particular, I do not have Python 2.7.3 or greater, or + I do have Python 3.x, which is specifically not supported by + the Yocto Project. + Can I still use the Yocto Project? + + + + + You can get the required tools on your host development + system a couple different ways (i.e. building a tarball or + downloading a tarball). + See the + "Required Git, tar, and Python Versions" + section for steps on how to update your build tools. + + + + + + + + How can you claim Poky / OpenEmbedded-Core is stable? + + + + + There are three areas that help with stability; + + The Yocto Project team keeps + OE-Core small + and focused, containing around 830 recipes as opposed to the thousands + available in other OpenEmbedded community layers. + Keeping it small makes it easy to test and maintain. + The Yocto Project team runs manual and automated tests + using a small, fixed set of reference hardware as well as emulated + targets. + The Yocto Project uses an autobuilder, + which provides continuous build and integration tests. + + + + + + + + + How do I get support for my board added to the Yocto Project? + + + + + Support for an additional board is added by creating a + Board Support Package (BSP) layer for it. + For more information on how to create a BSP layer, see the + "Understanding and Creating Layers" + section in the Yocto Project Development Manual and the + Yocto Project Board Support Package (BSP) Developer's Guide. + + + Usually, if the board is not completely exotic, adding support in + the Yocto Project is fairly straightforward. + + + + + + + + Are there any products built using the OpenEmbedded build system? + + + + + The software running on the Vernier LabQuest + is built using the OpenEmbedded build system. + See the Vernier LabQuest + website for more information. + There are a number of pre-production devices using the OpenEmbedded build system + and the Yocto Project team + announces them as soon as they are released. + + + + + + + + What does the OpenEmbedded build system produce as output? + + + + + Because you can use the same set of recipes to create output of + various formats, the output of an OpenEmbedded build depends on + how you start it. + Usually, the output is a flashable image ready for the target + device. + + + + + + + + How do I add my package to the Yocto Project? + + + + + To add a package, you need to create a BitBake recipe. + For information on how to create a BitBake recipe, see the + "Writing a New Recipe" + in the Yocto Project Development Manual. + + + + + + + + Do I have to reflash my entire board with a new Yocto Project image when recompiling + a package? + + + + + The OpenEmbedded build system can build packages in various + formats such as IPK for OPKG, Debian package + (.deb), or RPM. + You can then upgrade the packages using the package tools on + the device, much like on a desktop distribution such as + Ubuntu or Fedora. + However, package management on the target is entirely optional. + + + + + + + + What is GNOME Mobile and what is the difference between GNOME Mobile and GNOME? + + + + + GNOME Mobile is a subset of the GNOME + platform targeted at mobile and embedded devices. + The main difference between GNOME Mobile and standard GNOME is that + desktop-orientated libraries have been removed, along with deprecated libraries, + creating a much smaller footprint. + + + + + + + + I see the error 'chmod: XXXXX new permissions are r-xrwxrwx, not r-xr-xr-x'. + What is wrong? + + + + + You are probably running the build on an NTFS filesystem. + Use ext2, ext3, or ext4 instead. + + + + + + + + + + I see lots of 404 responses for files on + &YOCTO_HOME_URL;/sources/*. Is something wrong? + + + + + Nothing is wrong. + The OpenEmbedded build system checks any configured source mirrors before downloading + from the upstream sources. + The build system does this searching for both source archives and + pre-checked out versions of SCM-managed software. + These checks help in large installations because it can reduce load on the SCM servers + themselves. + The address above is one of the default mirrors configured into the + build system. + Consequently, if an upstream source disappears, the team + can place sources there so builds continue to work. + + + + + + + + I have machine-specific data in a package for one machine only but the package is + being marked as machine-specific in all cases, how do I prevent this? + + + + + Set SRC_URI_OVERRIDES_PACKAGE_ARCH + = "0" in the .bb file but make sure the package is + manually marked as + machine-specific for the case that needs it. + The code that handles + SRC_URI_OVERRIDES_PACKAGE_ARCH is in + the meta/classes/base.bbclass file. + + + + + + + + I'm behind a firewall and need to use a proxy server. How do I do that? + + + + + Most source fetching by the OpenEmbedded build system is done by wget + and you therefore need to specify the proxy settings in a + .wgetrc file in your home directory. + Here are some example settings: + + http_proxy = http://proxy.yoyodyne.com:18023/ + ftp_proxy = http://proxy.yoyodyne.com:18023/ + + The Yocto Project also includes a + site.conf.sample file that shows how to + configure CVS and Git proxy servers if needed. + + + + + + + + What’s the difference between foo and foo-native? + + + + + The *-native targets are designed to run on the system + being used for the build. + These are usually tools that are needed to assist the build in some way such as + quilt-native, which is used to apply patches. + The non-native version is the one that runs on the target device. + + + + + + + + I'm seeing random build failures. Help?! + + + + + If the same build is failing in totally different and random + ways, the most likely explanation is: + + The hardware you are running the build on + has some problem. + You are running the build under + virtualization, in which case the virtualization + probably has bugs. + + The OpenEmbedded build system processes a massive amount of + data that causes lots of network, disk and CPU activity and + is sensitive to even single-bit failures in any of these areas. + True random failures have always been traced back to hardware + or virtualization issues. + + + + + + + + What do we need to ship for license compliance? + + + + + This is a difficult question and you need to consult your lawyer + for the answer for your specific case. + It is worth bearing in mind that for GPL compliance, there needs + to be enough information shipped to allow someone else to + rebuild and produce the same end result you are shipping. + This means sharing the source code, any patches applied to it, + and also any configuration information about how that package + was configured and built. + + + + You can find more information on licensing in the + "Licensing" + and "Maintaining Open Source License Compliance During Your Product's Lifecycle" + sections, both of which are in the Yocto Project Development + Manual. + + + + + + + + How do I disable the cursor on my touchscreen device? + + + + + You need to create a form factor file as described in the + "Miscellaneous BSP-Specific Recipe Files" + section in the Yocto Project Board Support Packages (BSP) + Developer's Guide. + Set the HAVE_TOUCHSCREEN variable equal to + one as follows: + + HAVE_TOUCHSCREEN=1 + + + + + + + + + How do I make sure connected network interfaces are brought up by default? + + + + + The default interfaces file provided by the netbase recipe does not + automatically bring up network interfaces. + Therefore, you will need to add a BSP-specific netbase that includes an interfaces + file. + See the "Miscellaneous BSP-Specific Recipe Files" + section in the Yocto Project Board Support Packages (BSP) + Developer's Guide for information on creating these types of + miscellaneous recipe files. + + + For example, add the following files to your layer: + + meta-MACHINE/recipes-bsp/netbase/netbase/MACHINE/interfaces + meta-MACHINE/recipes-bsp/netbase/netbase_5.0.bbappend + + + + + + + + + How do I create images with more free space? + + + + + By default, the OpenEmbedded build system creates images + that are 1.3 times the size of the populated root filesystem. + To affect the image size, you need to set various + configurations: + + Image Size: + The OpenEmbedded build system uses the + IMAGE_ROOTFS_SIZE + variable to define the size of the image in Kbytes. + The build system determines the size by taking into + account the initial root filesystem size before any + modifications such as requested size for the image and + any requested additional free disk space to be + added to the image. + Overhead: + Use the + IMAGE_OVERHEAD_FACTOR + variable to define the multiplier that the build system + applies to the initial image size, which is 1.3 by + default. + Additional Free Space: + Use the + IMAGE_ROOTFS_EXTRA_SPACE + variable to add additional free space to the image. + The build system adds this space to the image after + it determines its + IMAGE_ROOTFS_SIZE. + + + + + + + + + + Why don't you support directories with spaces in the pathnames? + + + + + The Yocto Project team has tried to do this before but too + many of the tools the OpenEmbedded build system depends on, + such as autoconf, break when they find + spaces in pathnames. + Until that situation changes, the team will not support spaces + in pathnames. + + + + + + + + How do I use an external toolchain? + + + + + The toolchain configuration is very flexible and customizable. + It is primarily controlled with the + TCMODE + variable. + This variable controls which tcmode-*.inc + file to include from the + meta/conf/distro/include directory within + the + Source Directory. + + + + The default value of TCMODE is "default", + which tells the OpenEmbedded build system to use its internally + built toolchain (i.e. tcmode-default.inc). + However, other patterns are accepted. + In particular, "external-*" refers to external toolchains. + One example is the Sourcery G++ Toolchain. + The support for this toolchain resides in the separate + meta-sourcery layer at + . + + + + In addition to the toolchain configuration, you also need a + corresponding toolchain recipe file. + This recipe file needs to package up any pre-built objects in + the toolchain such as libgcc, + libstdcc++, any locales, and + libc. + + + + + + + + How does the OpenEmbedded build system obtain source code and + will it work behind my firewall or proxy server? + + + + + The way the build system obtains source code is highly + configurable. + You can setup the build system to get source code in most + environments if HTTP transport is available. + + + When the build system searches for source code, it first + tries the local download directory. + If that location fails, Poky tries + PREMIRRORS, + the upstream source, and then + MIRRORS + in that order. + + + Assuming your distribution is "poky", the OpenEmbedded build + system uses the Yocto Project source + PREMIRRORS by default for SCM-based + sources, upstreams for normal tarballs, and then falls back + to a number of other mirrors including the Yocto Project + source mirror if those fail. + + + As an example, you could add a specific server for the + build system to attempt before any others by adding something + like the following to the local.conf + configuration file: + + PREMIRRORS_prepend = "\ + git://.*/.* http://www.yoctoproject.org/sources/ \n \ + ftp://.*/.* http://www.yoctoproject.org/sources/ \n \ + http://.*/.* http://www.yoctoproject.org/sources/ \n \ + https://.*/.* http://www.yoctoproject.org/sources/ \n" + + + + These changes cause the build system to intercept Git, FTP, + HTTP, and HTTPS requests and direct them to the + http:// sources mirror. + You can use file:// URLs to point to + local directories or network shares as well. + + + Aside from the previous technique, these options also exist: + + BB_NO_NETWORK = "1" + + This statement tells BitBake to issue an error instead of + trying to access the Internet. + This technique is useful if you want to ensure code builds + only from local sources. + + + Here is another technique: + + BB_FETCH_PREMIRRORONLY = "1" + + This statement limits the build system to pulling source + from the PREMIRRORS only. + Again, this technique is useful for reproducing builds. + + + Here is another technique: + + BB_GENERATE_MIRROR_TARBALLS = "1" + + This statement tells the build system to generate mirror + tarballs. + This technique is useful if you want to create a mirror server. + If not, however, the technique can simply waste time during + the build. + + + Finally, consider an example where you are behind an + HTTP-only firewall. + You could make the following changes to the + local.conf configuration file as long as + the PREMIRRORS server is current: + + PREMIRRORS_prepend = "\ + ftp://.*/.* http://www.yoctoproject.org/sources/ \n \ + http://.*/.* http://www.yoctoproject.org/sources/ \n \ + https://.*/.* http://www.yoctoproject.org/sources/ \n" + BB_FETCH_PREMIRRORONLY = "1" + + These changes would cause the build system to successfully + fetch source over HTTP and any network accesses to anything + other than the PREMIRRORS would fail. + + + The build system also honors the standard shell environment + variables http_proxy, + ftp_proxy, + https_proxy, and + all_proxy to redirect requests through + proxy servers. + + + + + + + + Can I get rid of build output so I can start over? + + + + + Yes - you can easily do this. + When you use BitBake to build an image, all the build output + goes into the directory created when you run the + build environment setup script (i.e. + &OE_INIT_FILE; + or + oe-init-build-env-memres). + By default, this Build Directory + is named build but can be named + anything you want. + + + + Within the Build Directory, is the tmp + directory. + To remove all the build output yet preserve any source code or + downloaded files from previous builds, simply remove the + tmp directory. + + + + + + + + diff --git a/documentation/ref-manual/figures/analysis-for-package-splitting.png b/documentation/ref-manual/figures/analysis-for-package-splitting.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..04f2794 Binary files /dev/null and b/documentation/ref-manual/figures/analysis-for-package-splitting.png differ diff --git a/documentation/ref-manual/figures/buildhistory-web.png b/documentation/ref-manual/figures/buildhistory-web.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f6db86c Binary files /dev/null and b/documentation/ref-manual/figures/buildhistory-web.png differ diff --git a/documentation/ref-manual/figures/buildhistory.png 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+++ b/documentation/ref-manual/introduction.xml @@ -0,0 +1,556 @@ + %poky; ] > + + +Introduction + +
+ Introduction + + + This manual provides reference information for the current release of the Yocto Project. + The Yocto Project is an open-source collaboration project focused on embedded Linux + developers. + Amongst other things, the Yocto Project uses the OpenEmbedded build system, which + is based on the Poky project, to construct complete Linux images. + You can find complete introductory and getting started information on the Yocto Project + by reading the + Yocto Project Quick Start. + For task-based information using the Yocto Project, see the + Yocto Project Development Manual + and the Yocto Project Linux Kernel Development Manual. + For Board Support Package (BSP) structure information, see the + Yocto Project Board Support Package (BSP) Developer's Guide. + You can find information on tracing and profiling in the + Yocto Project Profiling and Tracing Manual. + For information on BitBake, which is the task execution tool the + OpenEmbedded build system is based on, see the + BitBake User Manual. + Finally, you can also find lots of Yocto Project information on the + Yocto Project website. + +
+ +
+ Documentation Overview + + This reference manual consists of the following: + + + Using the Yocto Project: + Provides an overview of the components that make up the Yocto Project + followed by information about debugging images created in the Yocto Project. + + + A Closer Look at the Yocto Project Development Environment: + Provides a more detailed look at the Yocto Project development + environment within the context of development. + + + Technical Details: + Describes fundamental Yocto Project components as well as an explanation + behind how the Yocto Project uses shared state (sstate) cache to speed build time. + + + Migrating to a Newer Yocto Project Release: + Describes release-specific information that helps you move from + one Yocto Project Release to another. + + + Directory Structure: + Describes the + Source Directory created + either by unpacking a released Yocto Project tarball on your host development system, + or by cloning the upstream + Poky Git repository. + + + Classes: + Describes the classes used in the Yocto Project. + + Images: + Describes the standard images that the Yocto Project supports. + + + Features: + Describes mechanisms for creating distribution, machine, and image + features during the build process using the OpenEmbedded build system. + + Variables Glossary: + Presents most variables used by the OpenEmbedded build system, which + uses BitBake. + Entries describe the function of the variable and how to apply them. + + + Variable Context: + Provides variable locality or context. + + FAQ: + Provides answers for commonly asked questions in the Yocto Project + development environment. + + Contributing to the Yocto Project: + Provides guidance on how you can contribute back to the Yocto + Project. + + +
+ + +
+System Requirements + + For general Yocto Project system requirements, see the + "What You Need and How You Get It" section + in the Yocto Project Quick Start. + The remainder of this section provides details on system requirements + not covered in the Yocto Project Quick Start. + + +
+ Supported Linux Distributions + + + Currently, the Yocto Project is supported on the following + distributions: + + + Yocto Project releases are tested against the stable Linux + distributions in the following list. + The Yocto Project should work on other distributions but + validation is not performed against them. + + + + In particular, the Yocto Project does not support + and currently has no plans to support + rolling-releases or development distributions due to their + constantly changing nature. + We welcome patches and bug reports, but keep in mind that + our priority is on the supported platforms listed below. + + + + If you encounter problems, please go to + Yocto Project Bugzilla + and submit a bug. + We are interested in hearing about your experience. + + + + + Ubuntu 12.04 (LTS) + Ubuntu 13.10 + Ubuntu 14.04 (LTS) + + Fedora release 19 (Schrödinger's Cat) + Fedora release 20 (Heisenbug) + + CentOS release 6.4 + CentOS release 6.5 + + Debian GNU/Linux 7.0 (Wheezy) + Debian GNU/Linux 7.1 (Wheezy) + Debian GNU/Linux 7.2 (Wheezy) + Debian GNU/Linux 7.3 (Wheezy) + Debian GNU/Linux 7.4 (Wheezy) + + openSUSE 12.2 + openSUSE 12.3 + openSUSE 13.1 + + + + + While the Yocto Project Team attempts to ensure all Yocto Project + releases are one hundred percent compatible with each officially + supported Linux distribution, instances might exist where you + encounter a problem while using the Yocto Project on a specific + distribution. + For example, the CentOS 6.4 distribution does not include the + Gtk+ 2.20.0 and PyGtk 2.21.0 (or higher) packages, which are + required to run + Hob. + +
+ +
+ Required Packages for the Host Development System + + + The list of packages you need on the host development system can + be large when covering all build scenarios using the Yocto Project. + This section provides required packages according to + Linux distribution and function. + + +
+ Ubuntu and Debian + + + The following list shows the required packages by function + given a supported Ubuntu or Debian Linux distribution: + + Essentials: + Packages needed to build an image on a headless + system: + + $ sudo apt-get install &UBUNTU_HOST_PACKAGES_ESSENTIAL; + + Graphical and Eclipse Plug-In Extras: + Packages recommended if the host system has graphics + support or if you are going to use the Eclipse + IDE: + + $ sudo apt-get install libsdl1.2-dev xterm + + Documentation: + Packages needed if you are going to build out the + Yocto Project documentation manuals: + + $ sudo apt-get install make xsltproc docbook-utils fop dblatex xmlto + + ADT Installer Extras: + Packages needed if you are going to be using the + Application Development Toolkit (ADT) Installer: + + $ sudo apt-get install autoconf automake libtool libglib2.0-dev + + + +
+ +
+ Fedora Packages + + + The following list shows the required packages by function + given a supported Fedora Linux distribution: + + Essentials: + Packages needed to build an image for a headless + system: + + $ sudo yum install &FEDORA_HOST_PACKAGES_ESSENTIAL; + + Graphical and Eclipse Plug-In Extras: + Packages recommended if the host system has graphics + support or if you are going to use the Eclipse + IDE: + + $ sudo yum install SDL-devel xterm perl-Thread-Queue + + Documentation: + Packages needed if you are going to build out the + Yocto Project documentation manuals: + + $ sudo yum install make docbook-style-dsssl docbook-style-xsl \ + docbook-dtds docbook-utils fop libxslt dblatex xmlto + + ADT Installer Extras: + Packages needed if you are going to be using the + Application Development Toolkit (ADT) Installer: + + $ sudo yum install autoconf automake libtool glib2-devel + + + +
+ +
+ openSUSE Packages + + + The following list shows the required packages by function + given a supported openSUSE Linux distribution: + + Essentials: + Packages needed to build an image for a headless + system: + + $ sudo zypper install &OPENSUSE_HOST_PACKAGES_ESSENTIAL; + + Graphical and Eclipse Plug-In Extras: + Packages recommended if the host system has graphics + support or if you are going to use the Eclipse + IDE: + + $ sudo zypper install libSDL-devel xterm + + Documentation: + Packages needed if you are going to build out the + Yocto Project documentation manuals: + + $ sudo zypper install make fop xsltproc dblatex xmlto + + ADT Installer Extras: + Packages needed if you are going to be using the + Application Development Toolkit (ADT) Installer: + + $ sudo zypper install autoconf automake libtool glib2-devel + + + +
+ +
+ CentOS Packages + + + The following list shows the required packages by function + given a supported CentOS Linux distribution: + Depending on the CentOS version you are using, other requirements + and dependencies might exist. + For details, you should look at the CentOS sections on the + Poky/GettingStarted/Dependencies + wiki page. + + + Essentials: + Packages needed to build an image for a headless + system: + + $ sudo yum install &CENTOS_HOST_PACKAGES_ESSENTIAL; + + Graphical and Eclipse Plug-In Extras: + Packages recommended if the host system has graphics + support or if you are going to use the Eclipse + IDE: + + $ sudo yum install SDL-devel xterm + + Documentation: + Packages needed if you are going to build out the + Yocto Project documentation manuals: + + $ sudo yum install make docbook-style-dsssl docbook-style-xsl \ + docbook-dtds docbook-utils fop libxslt dblatex xmlto + + ADT Installer Extras: + Packages needed if you are going to be using the + Application Development Toolkit (ADT) Installer: + + $ sudo yum install autoconf automake libtool glib2-devel + + + +
+
+ +
+ Required Git, tar, and Python Versions + + + In order to use the build system, your host development system + must meet the following version requirements for Git, tar, and + Python: + + Git 1.7.5 or greater + tar 1.24 or greater + Python 2.7.3 or greater not including + Python 3.x, which is not supported. + + + + + If your host development system does not meet all these requirements, + you can resolve this by installing a buildtools + tarball that contains these tools. + You can get the tarball one of two ways: download a pre-built + tarball or use BitBake to build the tarball. + + +
+ Downloading a Pre-Built <filename>buildtools</filename> Tarball + + + Downloading and running a pre-built buildtools installer is + the easiest of the two methods by which you can get these tools: + + + Locate and download the *.sh at + . + + + Execute the installation script. + Here is an example: + + $ sh poky-eglibc-x86_64-buildtools-tarball-x86_64-buildtools-nativesdk-standalone-&DISTRO;.sh + + During execution, a prompt appears that allows you to + choose the installation directory. + For example, you could choose the following: + + /home/your-username/buildtools + + + + Source the tools environment setup script by using a + command like the following: + + $ source /home/your-username/buildtools/environment-setup-i586-poky-linux + + Of course, you need to supply your installation directory and be + sure to use the right file (i.e. i585 or x86-64). + + + After you have sourced the setup script, + the tools are added to PATH + and any other environment variables required to run the + tools are initialized. + The results are working versions versions of Git, tar, + Python and chrpath. + + + +
+ +
+ Building Your Own <filename>buildtools</filename> Tarball + + + Building and running your own buildtools installer applies + only when you have a build host that can already run BitBake. + In this case, you use that machine to build the + .sh file and then + take steps to transfer and run it on a + machine that does not meet the minimal Git, tar, and Python + requirements. + + + + Here are the steps to take to build and run your own + buildtools installer: + + + On the machine that is able to run BitBake, + be sure you have set up your build environment with + the setup script + (&OE_INIT_FILE; + or + oe-init-build-env-memres). + + + Run the BitBake command to build the tarball: + + $ bitbake buildtools-tarball + + + The + SDKMACHINE + variable in your local.conf file + determines whether you build tools for a 32-bit + or 64-bit system. + + Once the build completes, you can find the + .sh file that installs + the tools in the tmp/deploy/sdk + subdirectory of the + Build Directory. + The installer file has the string "buildtools" + in the name. + + + Transfer the .sh file from the + build host to the machine that does not meet the + Git, tar, or Python requirements. + + + On the machine that does not meet the requirements, + run the .sh file + to install the tools. + Here is an example: + + $ sh poky-eglibc-x86_64-buildtools-tarball-x86_64-buildtools-nativesdk-standalone-&DISTRO;.sh + + During execution, a prompt appears that allows you to + choose the installation directory. + For example, you could choose the following: + + /home/your-username/buildtools + + + + Source the tools environment setup script by using a + command like the following: + + $ source /home/your-username/buildtools/environment-setup-i586-poky-linux + + Of course, you need to supply your installation directory and be + sure to use the right file (i.e. i585 or x86-64). + + + After you have sourced the setup script, + the tools are added to PATH + and any other environment variables required to run the + tools are initialized. + The results are working versions versions of Git, tar, + Python and chrpath. + + + +
+
+
+ +
+ Obtaining the Yocto Project + + The Yocto Project development team makes the Yocto Project available through a number + of methods: + + Source Repositories: + Working from a copy of the upstream + poky repository is the + preferred method for obtaining and using a Yocto Project + release. + You can view the Yocto Project Source Repositories at + . + In particular, you can find the + poky repository at + . + + Releases: Stable, tested + releases are available as tarballs through + . + Nightly Builds: These + tarball releases are available at + . + These builds include Yocto Project releases, meta-toolchain + tarball installation scripts, and experimental builds. + + Yocto Project Website: You can + find tarball releases of the Yocto Project and supported BSPs + at the + Yocto Project website. + Along with these downloads, you can find lots of other + information at this site. + + + +
+ +
+ Development Checkouts + + Development using the Yocto Project requires a local + Source Directory. + You can set up the Source Directory by cloning a copy of the upstream + poky Git repository. + For information on how to do this, see the + "Getting Set Up" + section in the Yocto Project Development Manual. + +
+ + + diff --git a/documentation/ref-manual/migration.xml b/documentation/ref-manual/migration.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7cefa5e --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/ref-manual/migration.xml @@ -0,0 +1,1616 @@ + %poky; ] > + + +Migrating to a Newer Yocto Project Release + + + This chapter provides information you can use to migrate work to a + newer Yocto Project release. You can find the same information in the + release notes for a given release. + + +
+ Moving to the Yocto Project 1.3 Release + + + This section provides migration information for moving to the + Yocto Project 1.3 Release from the prior release. + + +
+ Local Configuration + + + Differences include changes for + SSTATE_MIRRORS + and bblayers.conf. + + +
+ SSTATE_MIRRORS + + + The shared state cache (sstate-cache), as pointed to by + SSTATE_DIR, by default + now has two-character subdirectories to prevent issues arising + from too many files in the same directory. + Also, native sstate-cache packages will go into a subdirectory named using + the distro ID string. + If you copy the newly structured sstate-cache to a mirror location + (either local or remote) and then point to it in + SSTATE_MIRRORS, + you need to append "PATH" to the end of the mirror URL so that + the path used by BitBake before the mirror substitution is + appended to the path used to access the mirror. + Here is an example: + + SSTATE_MIRRORS = "file://.* http://someserver.tld/share/sstate/PATH" + + +
+ +
+ bblayers.conf + + + The meta-yocto layer consists of two parts + that correspond to the Poky reference distribution and the + reference hardware Board Support Packages (BSPs), respectively: + meta-yocto and + meta-yocto-bsp. + When running BitBake or Hob for the first time after upgrading, + your conf/bblayers.conf file will be + updated to handle this change and you will be asked to + re-run or restart for the changes to take effect. + +
+
+ +
+ Recipes + + + Differences include changes for the following: + + Python function whitespace + proto= in SRC_URI + nativesdk + Task recipes + IMAGE_FEATURES + Removed recipes + + + +
+ Python Function Whitespace + + + All Python functions must now use four spaces for indentation. + Previously, an inconsistent mix of spaces and tabs existed, + which made extending these functions using + _append or _prepend + complicated given that Python treats whitespace as + syntactically significant. + If you are defining or extending any Python functions (e.g. + populate_packages, do_unpack, + do_patch and so forth) in custom recipes + or classes, you need to ensure you are using consistent + four-space indentation. + +
+ +
+ proto= in SRC_URI + + + Any use of proto= in + SRC_URI + needs to be changed to protocol=. + In particular, this applies to the following URIs: + + svn:// + bzr:// + hg:// + osc:// + + Other URIs were already using protocol=. + This change improves consistency. + +
+ +
+ nativesdk + + + The suffix nativesdk is now implemented + as a prefix, which simplifies a lot of the packaging code for + nativesdk recipes. + All custom nativesdk recipes and any + references need to be updated to use + nativesdk-* instead of + *-nativesdk. + +
+ +
+ Task Recipes + + + "Task" recipes are now known as "Package groups" and have + been renamed from task-*.bb to + packagegroup-*.bb. + Existing references to the previous task-* + names should work in most cases as there is an automatic + upgrade path for most packages. + However, you should update references in your own recipes and + configurations as they could be removed in future releases. + You should also rename any custom task-* + recipes to packagegroup-*, and change + them to inherit packagegroup instead of + task, as well as taking the opportunity + to remove anything now handled by + packagegroup.bbclass, such as providing + -dev and -dbg + packages, setting + LIC_FILES_CHKSUM, + and so forth. + See the + "packagegroup.bbclass" + section for further details. + +
+ +
+ IMAGE_FEATURES + + + Image recipes that previously included "apps-console-core" + in IMAGE_FEATURES + should now include "splash" instead to enable the boot-up + splash screen. + Retaining "apps-console-core" will still include the splash + screen but generates a warning. + The "apps-x11-core" and "apps-x11-games" + IMAGE_FEATURES features have been removed. + +
+ +
+ Removed Recipes + + + The following recipes have been removed. + For most of them, it is unlikely that you would have any + references to them in your own + Metadata. + However, you should check your metadata against this list to be sure: + + libx11-trim: + Replaced by libx11, which has a negligible + size difference with modern Xorg. + xserver-xorg-lite: + Use xserver-xorg, which has a negligible + size difference when DRI and GLX modules are not installed. + xserver-kdrive: + Effectively unmaintained for many years. + mesa-xlib: + No longer serves any purpose. + galago: + Replaced by telepathy. + gail: + Functionality was integrated into GTK+ 2.13. + eggdbus: + No longer needed. + gcc-*-intermediate: + The build has been restructured to avoid the need for + this step. + libgsmd: + Unmaintained for many years. + Functionality now provided by + ofono instead. + contacts, dates, tasks, eds-tools: + Largely unmaintained PIM application suite. + It has been moved to meta-gnome + in meta-openembedded. + + In addition to the previously listed changes, the + meta-demoapps directory has also been removed + because the recipes in it were not being maintained and many + had become obsolete or broken. + Additionally, these recipes were not parsed in the default configuration. + Many of these recipes are already provided in an updated and + maintained form within the OpenEmbedded community layers such as + meta-oe and meta-gnome. + For the remainder, you can now find them in the + meta-extras repository, which is in the + Yocto Project + Source Repositories. + +
+
+ +
+ Linux Kernel Naming + + + The naming scheme for kernel output binaries has been changed to + now include + PE as part of the + filename: + + KERNEL_IMAGE_BASE_NAME ?= "${KERNEL_IMAGETYPE}-${PE}-${PV}-${PR}-${MACHINE}-${DATETIME}" + + + + + Because the PE variable is not set by default, + these binary files could result with names that include two dash + characters. + Here is an example: + + bzImage--3.10.9+git0+cd502a8814_7144bcc4b8-r0-qemux86-64-20130830085431.bin + + +
+
+ +
+ Moving to the Yocto Project 1.4 Release + + + This section provides migration information for moving to the + Yocto Project 1.4 Release from the prior release. + + +
+ BitBake + + + Differences include the following: + + Comment Continuation: + If a comment ends with a line continuation (\) character, + then the next line must also be a comment. + Any instance where this is not the case, now triggers + a warning. + You must either remove the continuation character, or be + sure the next line is a comment. + + Package Name Overrides: + The runtime package specific variables + RDEPENDS, + RRECOMMENDS, + RSUGGESTS, + RPROVIDES, + RCONFLICTS, + RREPLACES, + FILES, + ALLOW_EMPTY, + and the pre, post, install, and uninstall script functions + pkg_preinst, + pkg_postinst, + pkg_prerm, and + pkg_postrm should always have a + package name override. + For example, use RDEPENDS_${PN} for + the main package instead of RDEPENDS. + BitBake uses more strict checks when it parses recipes. + + + +
+ +
+ Build Behavior + + + Differences include the following: + + Shared State Code: + The shared state code has been optimized to avoid running + unnecessary tasks. + For example, + bitbake -c rootfs some-image from + shared state no longer populates the target sysroot + since that is not necessary. + Instead, the system just needs to extract the output + package contents, re-create the packages, and construct + the root filesystem. + This change is unlikely to cause any problems unless + you have missing declared dependencies. + + Scanning Directory Names: + When scanning for files in + SRC_URI, + the build system now uses + FILESOVERRIDES + instead of OVERRIDES + for the directory names. + In general, the values previously in + OVERRIDES are now in + FILESOVERRIDES as well. + However, if you relied upon an additional value + you previously added to OVERRIDES, + you might now need to add it to + FILESOVERRIDES unless you are already + adding it through the + MACHINEOVERRIDES + or DISTROOVERRIDES + variables, as appropriate. + For more related changes, see the + "Variables" + section. + + + +
+ + +
+ Proxies and Fetching Source + + + A new oe-git-proxy script has been added to + replace previous methods of handling proxies and fetching source + from Git. + See the meta-yocto/conf/site.conf.sample file + for information on how to use this script. + +
+ +
+ Custom Interfaces File (netbase change) + + + If you have created your own custom + etc/network/interfaces file by creating + an append file for the netbase recipe, + you now need to create an append file for the + init-ifupdown recipe instead, which you can + find in the + Source Directory + at meta/recipes-core/init-ifupdown. + For information on how to use append files, see the + "Using .bbappend Files" + in the Yocto Project Development Manual. + +
+ +
+ Remote Debugging + + + Support for remote debugging with the Eclipse IDE is now + separated into an image feature + (eclipse-debug) that corresponds to the + packagegroup-core-eclipse-debug package group. + Previously, the debugging feature was included through the + tools-debug image feature, which corresponds + to the packagegroup-core-tools-debug + package group. + +
+ +
+ Variables + + + The following variables have changed: + + SANITY_TESTED_DISTROS: + This variable now uses a distribution ID, which is composed + of the host distributor ID followed by the release. + Previously, + SANITY_TESTED_DISTROS + was composed of the description field. + For example, "Ubuntu 12.10" becomes "Ubuntu-12.10". + You do not need to worry about this change if you are not + specifically setting this variable, or if you are + specifically setting it to "". + + SRC_URI: + The ${PN}, + ${PF}, + ${P}, + and FILE_DIRNAME directories have been + dropped from the default value of the + FILESPATH + variable, which is used as the search path for finding files + referred to in + SRC_URI. + If you have a recipe that relied upon these directories, + which would be unusual, then you will need to add the + appropriate paths within the recipe or, alternatively, + rearrange the files. + The most common locations are still covered by + ${BP}, ${BPN}, + and "files", which all remain in the default value of + FILESPATH. + + + +
+ +
+ Target Package Management with RPM + + + If runtime package management is enabled and the RPM backend + is selected, Smart is now installed for package download, dependency + resolution, and upgrades instead of Zypper. + For more information on how to use Smart, run the following command + on the target: + + smart --help + + +
+ +
+ Recipes Moved + + + The following recipes were moved from their previous locations + because they are no longer used by anything in + the OpenEmbedded-Core: + + clutter-box2d: + Now resides in the meta-oe layer. + + evolution-data-server: + Now resides in the meta-gnome layer. + + gthumb: + Now resides in the meta-gnome layer. + + gtkhtml2: + Now resides in the meta-oe layer. + + gupnp: + Now resides in the meta-multimedia layer. + + gypsy: + Now resides in the meta-oe layer. + + libcanberra: + Now resides in the meta-gnome layer. + + libgdata: + Now resides in the meta-gnome layer. + + libmusicbrainz: + Now resides in the meta-multimedia layer. + + metacity: + Now resides in the meta-gnome layer. + + polkit: + Now resides in the meta-oe layer. + + zeroconf: + Now resides in the meta-networking layer. + + + +
+ +
+ Removals and Renames + + + The following list shows what has been removed or renamed: + + evieext: + Removed because it has been removed from + xserver since 2008. + + Gtk+ DirectFB: + Removed support because upstream Gtk+ no longer supports it + as of version 2.18. + + libxfontcache / xfontcacheproto: + Removed because they were removed from the Xorg server in 2008. + + libxp / libxprintapputil / libxprintutil / printproto: + Removed because the XPrint server was removed from + Xorg in 2008. + + libxtrap / xtrapproto: + Removed because their functionality was broken upstream. + + linux-yocto 3.0 kernel: + Removed with linux-yocto 3.8 kernel being added. + The linux-yocto 3.2 and linux-yocto 3.4 kernels remain + as part of the release. + + lsbsetup: + Removed with functionality now provided by + lsbtest. + + matchbox-stroke: + Removed because it was never more than a proof-of-concept. + + matchbox-wm-2 / matchbox-theme-sato-2: + Removed because they are not maintained. + However, matchbox-wm and + matchbox-theme-sato are still + provided. + + mesa-dri: + Renamed to mesa. + + mesa-xlib: + Removed because it was no longer useful. + + mutter: + Removed because nothing ever uses it and the recipe is + very old. + + orinoco-conf: + Removed because it has become obsolete. + + update-modules: + Removed because it is no longer used. + The kernel module postinstall and + postrm scripts can now do the same + task without the use of this script. + + web: + Removed because it is not maintained. Superseded by + web-webkit. + + xf86bigfontproto: + Removed because upstream it has been disabled by default + since 2007. + Nothing uses xf86bigfontproto. + + xf86rushproto: + Removed because its dependency in + xserver was spurious and it was + removed in 2005. + + zypper / libzypp / sat-solver: + Removed and been functionally replaced with Smart + (python-smartpm) when RPM packaging + is used and package management is enabled on the target. + + + +
+
+ +
+ Moving to the Yocto Project 1.5 Release + + + This section provides migration information for moving to the + Yocto Project 1.5 Release from the prior release. + + +
+ Host Dependency Changes + + + The OpenEmbedded build system now has some additional requirements + on the host system: + + Python 2.7.3+ + Tar 1.24+ + Git 1.7.5+ + Patched version of Make if you are using + 3.82. + Most distributions that provide Make 3.82 use the patched + version. + + If the Linux distribution you are using on your build host + does not provide packages for these, you can install and use + the Buildtools tarball, which provides an SDK-like environment + containing them. + + + + For more information on this requirement, see the + "Required Git, tar, and Python Versions" + section. + +
+ +
+ <filename>atom-pc</filename> Board Support Package (BSP) + + + The atom-pc hardware reference BSP has been + replaced by a genericx86 BSP. + This BSP is not necessarily guaranteed to work on all x86 + hardware, but it will run on a wider range of systems than the + atom-pc did. + + Additionally, a genericx86-64 BSP has been + added for 64-bit systems. + + +
+ +
+ BitBake + + + The following changes have been made that relate to BitBake: + + + BitBake now supports a _remove + operator. + The addition of this operator means you will have to + rename any items in recipe space (functions, variables) + whose names currently contain + _remove_ or end with + _remove to avoid unexpected behavior. + + + BitBake's global method pool has been removed. + This method is not particularly useful and led to clashes + between recipes containing functions that had the + same name. + + The "none" server backend has been removed. + The "process" server backend has been serving well as the + default for a long time now. + + The bitbake-runtask script has been + removed. + + ${P} + and + ${PF} + are no longer added to + PROVIDES + by default in bitbake.conf. + These version-specific PROVIDES + items were seldom used. + Attempting to use them could result in two versions being + built simultaneously rather than just one version due to + the way BitBake resolves dependencies. + + +
+ +
+ QA Warnings + + + The following changes have been made to the package QA checks: + + + If you have customized + ERROR_QA + or WARN_QA + values in your configuration, check that they contain all of + the issues that you wish to be reported. + Previous Yocto Project versions contained a bug that meant + that any item not mentioned in ERROR_QA + or WARN_QA would be treated as a + warning. + Consequently, several important items were not already in + the default value of WARN_QA. + All of the possible QA checks are now documented in the + "insane.bbclass" + section. + + An additional QA check has been added to check if + /usr/share/info/dir is being installed. + Your recipe should delete this file within + do_install if "make install" is + installing it. + + If you are using the buildhistory class, the check for the + package version going backwards is now controlled using a + standard QA check. + Thus, if you have customized your + ERROR_QA or + WARN_QA values and still wish to have + this check performed, you should add + "version-going-backwards" to your value for one or the + other variables depending on how you wish it to be handled. + See the documented QA checks in the + "insane.bbclass" + section. + + + +
+ +
+ Directory Layout Changes + + + The following directory changes exist: + + + Output SDK installer files are now named to include the + image name and tuning architecture through the + SDK_NAME + variable. + + Images and related files are now installed into a directory + that is specific to the machine, instead of a parent + directory containing output files for multiple machines. + The + DEPLOY_DIR_IMAGE + variable continues to point to the directory containing + images for the current + MACHINE + and should be used anywhere there is a need to refer to + this directory. + The runqemu script now uses this + variable to find images and kernel binaries and will use + BitBake to determine the directory. + Alternatively, you can set the + DEPLOY_DIR_IMAGE variable in the + external environment. + + When buildhistory is enabled, its output is now written + under the + Build Directory + rather than + TMPDIR. + Doing so makes it easier to delete + TMPDIR and preserve the build history. + Additionally, data for produced SDKs is now split by + IMAGE_NAME. + + + The pkgdata directory produced as + part of the packaging process has been collapsed into a + single machine-specific directory. + This directory is located under + sysroots and uses a machine-specific + name (i.e. + tmp/sysroots/<machine>/pkgdata). + + + +
+ +
+ Shortened Git <filename>SRCREV</filename> Values + + + BitBake will now shorten revisions from Git repositories from the + normal 40 characters down to 10 characters within + SRCPV + for improved usability in path and file names. + This change should be safe within contexts where these revisions + are used because the chances of spatially close collisions + is very low. + Distant collisions are not a major issue in the way + the values are used. + +
+ +
+ <filename>IMAGE_FEATURES</filename> + + + The following changes have been made that relate to + IMAGE_FEATURES: + + + The value of + IMAGE_FEATURES + is now validated to ensure invalid feature items are not + added. + Some users mistakenly add package names to this variable + instead of using + IMAGE_INSTALL + in order to have the package added to the image, which does + not work. + This change is intended to catch those kinds of situations. + Valid IMAGE_FEATURES are drawn from + PACKAGE_GROUP + definitions, + COMPLEMENTARY_GLOB + and a new "validitems" varflag on + IMAGE_FEATURES. + The "validitems" varflag change allows additional features + to be added if they are not provided using the previous + two mechanisms. + + + The previously deprecated "apps-console-core" + IMAGE_FEATURES item is no longer + supported. + Add "splash" to IMAGE_FEATURES if you + wish to have the splash screen enabled, since this is + all that apps-console-core was doing. + + +
+ +
+ <filename>/run</filename> + + + The /run directory from the Filesystem + Hierarchy Standard 3.0 has been introduced. + You can find some of the implications for this change + here. + The change also means that recipes that install files to + /var/run must be changed. + You can find a guide on how to make these changes + here. + +
+ +
+ Removal of Package Manager Database Within Image Recipes + + + The image core-image-minimal no longer adds + remove_packaging_data_files to + ROOTFS_POSTPROCESS_COMMAND. + This addition is now handled automatically when "package-management" + is not in + IMAGE_FEATURES. + If you have custom image recipes that make this addition, + you should remove the lines, as they are not needed and might + interfere with correct operation of postinstall scripts. + +
+ +
+ Images Now Rebuild Only on Changes Instead of Every Time + + + The do_rootfs and other related image + construction tasks are no longer marked as "nostamp". + Consequently, they will only be re-executed when their inputs have + changed. + Previous versions of the OpenEmbedded build system always rebuilt + the image when requested rather when necessary. + +
+ +
+ Task Recipes + + + The previously deprecated task.bbclass has + now been dropped. + For recipes that previously inherited from this class, you should + rename them from task-* to + packagegroup-* and inherit packagegroup + instead. + + + + For more information, see the + "packagegroup.bbclass" + section. + +
+ +
+ BusyBox + + + By default, we now split BusyBox into two binaries: + one that is suid root for those components that need it, and + another for the rest of the components. + Splitting BusyBox allows for optimization that eliminates the + tinylogin recipe as recommended by upstream. + You can disable this split by setting + BUSYBOX_SPLIT_SUID + to "0". + +
+ +
+ Automated Image Testing + + + A new automated image testing framework has been added + through the + testimage*.bbclass + class. + This framework replaces the older + imagetest-qemu framework. + + + + You can learn more about performing automated image tests in the + "Performing Automated Runtime Testing" + section. + +
+ +
+ Build History + + + Following are changes to Build History: + + + Installed package sizes: + installed-package-sizes.txt for an + image now records the size of the files installed by each + package instead of the size of each compressed package + archive file. + + The dependency graphs (depends*.dot) + now use the actual package names instead of replacing + dashes, dots and plus signs with underscores. + + + The buildhistory-diff and + buildhistory-collect-srcrevs + utilities have improved command-line handling. + Use the ‐‐help option for + each utility for more information on the new syntax. + + + For more information on Build History, see the + "Maintaining Build Output Quality" + section. + +
+ +
+ <filename>udev</filename> + + + Following are changes to udev: + + + udev no longer brings in + udev-extraconf automatically + through + RRECOMMENDS, + since this was originally intended to be optional. + If you need the extra rules, then add + udev-extraconf to your image. + + + udev no longer brings in + pciutils-ids or + usbutils-ids through + RRECOMMENDS. + These are not needed by udev itself + and removing them saves around 350KB. + + + +
+ +
+ Removed and Renamed Recipes + + + + The linux-yocto 3.2 kernel has been + removed. + + libtool-nativesdk has been renamed to + nativesdk-libtool. + + tinylogin has been removed. + It has been replaced by a suid portion of Busybox. + See the + "BusyBox" section + for more information. + + external-python-tarball has been renamed + to buildtools-tarball. + + + web-webkit has been removed. + It has been functionally replaced by + midori. + + imake has been removed. + It is no longer needed by any other recipe. + + + transfig-native has been removed. + It is no longer needed by any other recipe. + + + anjuta-remote-run has been removed. + Anjuta IDE integration has not been officially supported for + several releases. + +
+ +
+ Other Changes + + + Following is a list of short entries describing other changes: + + + run-postinsts: Make this generic. + + + base-files: Remove the unnecessary + media/xxx directories. + + + alsa-state: Provide an empty + asound.conf by default. + + + classes/image: Ensure + BAD_RECOMMENDATIONS + supports pre-renamed package names. + + classes/rootfs_rpm: Implement + BAD_RECOMMENDATIONS + for RPM. + + systemd: Remove + systemd_unitdir if + systemd is not in + DISTRO_FEATURES. + + + systemd: Remove + init.d dir if + systemd unit file is present and + sysvinit is not a distro feature. + + + libpam: Deny all services for the + OTHER entries. + + + image.bbclass: Move + runtime_mapping_rename to avoid + conflict with multilib. + See + YOCTO #4993 + in Bugzilla for more information. + + + linux-dtb: Use kernel build system + to generate the dtb files. + + + kern-tools: Switch from guilt to + new kgit-s2q tool. + + + +
+
+ +
+ Moving to the Yocto Project 1.6 Release + + + This section provides migration information for moving to the + Yocto Project 1.6 Release from the prior release. + + + +
+ <filename>archiver</filename> Class + + + The + archiver + class has been rewritten and its configuration has been simplified. + For more details on the source archiver, see the + "Maintaining Open Source License Compliance During Your Product's Lifecycle" + section in the Yocto Project Development Manual. + +
+ +
+ Packaging Changes + + + The following packaging changes have been made: + + + The binutils recipe no longer produces + a binutils-symlinks package. + update-alternatives is now used to + handle the preferred binutils + variant on the target instead. + + + The tc (traffic control) utilities have been split out of + the main iproute2 package and put + into the iproute2-tc package. + + + The gtk-engines schemas have been + moved to a dedicated + gtk-engines-schemas package. + + + The armv7a with thumb package + architecture suffix has changed. + The suffix for these packages with the thumb + optimization enabled is "t2" as it should be. + Use of this suffix was not the case in the 1.5 release. + Architecture names will change within package feeds as a + result. + + + +
+ +
+ BitBake + + + The following changes have been made to + BitBake. + + +
+ Matching Branch Requirement for Git Fetching + + + When fetching source from a Git repository using + SRC_URI, + BitBake will now validate the + SRCREV + value against the branch. + You can specify the branch using the following form: + + SRC_URI = "git://server.name/repository;branch=<branchname>" + + If you do not specify a branch, BitBake looks + in the default "master" branch. + + + + Alternatively, if you need to bypass this check (e.g. + if you are fetching a revision corresponding to a tag that + is not on any branch), you can add ";nobranch=1" to + the end of the URL within SRC_URI. + +
+ +
+ Python Definition substitutions + + + BitBake had some previously deprecated Python definitions + within its bb module removed. + You should use their sub-module counterparts instead: + + bb.MalformedUrl: + Use bb.fetch.MalformedUrl. + + bb.fetch.encodeurl: + Use bb.fetch.encodeurl. + + bb.decodeurl: + Use bb.fetch.decodeurl + + bb.mkdirhier: + Use bb.utils.mkdirhier. + + bb.movefile: + Use bb.utils.movefile. + + bb.copyfile: + Use bb.utils.copyfile. + + bb.which: + Use bb.utils.which. + + bb.vercmp_string: + Use bb.utils.vercmp_string. + + bb.vercmp: + Use bb.utils.vercmp. + + + +
+ +
+ SVK Fetcher + + + The SVK fetcher has been removed from BitBake. + +
+ +
+ Console Output Error Redirection + + + The BitBake console UI will now output errors to + stderr instead of + stdout. + Consequently, if you are piping or redirecting the output of + bitbake to somewhere else, and you wish + to retain the errors, you will need to add + 2>&1 (or something similar) to the + end of your bitbake command line. + +
+ +
+ <filename>task-<taskname></filename> Overrides + + + task-<taskname> overrides have been + adjusted so that tasks whose names contain underscores have the + underscores replaced by hyphens for the override so that they + now function properly. + For example, the task override for + do_populate_sdk is + task-populate-sdk. + +
+
+ +
+ Changes to Variables + + + The following variables have changed. + For information on the OpenEmbedded build system variables, see the + "Variables Glossary" Chapter. + + +
+ <filename>TMPDIR</filename> + + + TMPDIR + can no longer be on an NFS mount. + NFS does not offer full POSIX locking and inode consistency + and can cause unexpected issues if used to store + TMPDIR. + + + + The check for this occurs on startup. + If TMPDIR is detected on an NFS mount, + an error occurs. + +
+ +
+ <filename>PRINC</filename> + + + The + PRINC + variable has been deprecated and triggers a warning if + detected during a build. + For + PR + increments on changes, use the PR service instead. + You can find out more about this service in the + "Working With a PR Service" + section in the Yocto Project Development Manual. + +
+ +
+ <filename>IMAGE_TYPES</filename> + + + The "sum.jffs2" option for + IMAGE_TYPES + has been replaced by the "jffs2.sum" option, which fits the + processing order. + +
+ +
+ <filename>COPY_LIC_MANIFEST</filename> + + + The + COPY_LIC_MANIFEST + variable must + now be set to "1" rather than any value in order to enable + it. + +
+ +
+ <filename>COPY_LIC_DIRS</filename> + + + The + COPY_LIC_DIRS + variable must + now be set to "1" rather than any value in order to enable + it. + +
+ +
+ <filename>PACKAGE_GROUP</filename> + + + The + PACKAGE_GROUP + variable has been renamed to + FEATURE_PACKAGES + to more accurately reflect its purpose. + You can still use PACKAGE_GROUP but + the OpenEmbedded build system produces a warning message when + it encounters the variable. + +
+
+ +
+ Directory Layout Changes + + + The meta-hob layer has been removed from + the top-level of the + Source Directory. + The contents of this layer are no longer needed by the Hob + user interface for building images and toolchains. + +
+ +
+ Build Changes + + + Separate build and source directories have been enabled + by default for selected recipes where it is known to work + (a whitelist) and for all recipes that inherit the + cmake + class. + In future releases the + autotools + class will enable a separate build directory by default as + well. + Recipes building Autotools-based + software that fails to build with a separate build directory + should be changed to inherit from the + autotools-brokensep + class instead of the autotools class. + +
+ +
+ <filename>qemu-native</filename> + + + qemu-native now builds without + SDL-based graphical output support by default. + The following additional lines are needed in your + local.conf to enable it: + + PACKAGECONFIG_pn-qemu-native = "sdl" + ASSUME_PROVIDED += "libsdl-native" + + + The default local.conf + contains these statements. + Consequently, if you are building a headless system and using + a default local.conf file, you will need + comment these two lines out. + + +
+ +
+ <filename>core-image-basic</filename> + + + core-image-basic has been renamed to + core-image-full-cmdline. + + + + In addition to core-image-basic being renamed, + packagegroup-core-basic has been renamed to + packagegroup-core-full-cmdline to match. + +
+ +
+ Licensing + + + The top-level LICENSE file has been changed + to better describe the license of the various components of + OE-Core. + However, the licensing itself remains unchanged. + + + + Normally, this change would not cause any side-effects. + However, some recipes point to this file within + LIC_FILES_CHKSUM + (as ${COREBASE}/LICENSE) and thus the + accompanying checksum must be changed from + 3f40d7994397109285ec7b81fdeb3b58 to + 4d92cd373abda3937c2bc47fbc49d690. + A better alternative is to have + LIC_FILES_CHKSUM point to a file + describing the license that is distributed with the source + that the recipe is building, if possible, rather than pointing + to ${COREBASE}/LICENSE. + +
+ +
+ <filename>CFLAGS</filename> Options + + + The "-fpermissive" option has been removed from the default + CFLAGS + value. + You need to take action on individual recipes that fail when + building with this option. + You need to either patch the recipes to fix the issues reported by + the compiler, or you need to add "-fpermissive" to + CFLAGS in the recipes. + +
+ +
+ Custom Image Output Types + + + Custom image output types, as selected using + IMAGE_FSTYPES, + must declare their dependencies on other image types (if any) using + a new + IMAGE_TYPEDEP + variable. + +
+ +
+ Tasks + + + The do_package_write task has been removed. + The task is no longer needed. + +
+ +
+ <filename>update-alternative</filename> Provider + + + The default update-alternatives provider has + been changed from opkg to + opkg-utils. + This change resolves some troublesome circular dependencies. + The runtime package has also been renamed from + update-alternatives-cworth + to update-alternatives-opkg. + +
+ +
+ <filename>virtclass</filename> Overrides + + + The virtclass overrides are now deprecated. + Use the equivalent class overrides instead (e.g. + virtclass-native becomes + class-native.) + +
+ +
+ Removed and Renamed Recipes + + + The following recipes have been removed: + + packagegroup-toolset-native - + This recipe is largely unused. + + linux-yocto-3.8 - + Support for the Linux yocto 3.8 kernel has been dropped. + Support for the 3.10 and 3.14 kernels have been added + with the linux-yocto-3.10 and + linux-yocto-3.14 recipes. + + ocf-linux - + This recipe has been functionally replaced using + cryptodev-linux. + + genext2fs - + genext2fs is no longer used by the + build system and is unmaintained upstream. + + js - + This provided an ancient version of Mozilla's javascript + engine that is no longer needed. + + zaurusd - + The recipe has been moved to the + meta-handheld layer. + + eglibc 2.17 - + Replaced by the eglibc 2.19 + recipe. + + gcc 4.7.2 - + Replaced by the now stable + gcc 4.8.2. + + external-sourcery-toolchain - + this recipe is now maintained in the + meta-sourcery layer. + + linux-libc-headers-yocto 3.4+git - + Now using version 3.10 of the + linux-libc-headers by default. + + meta-toolchain-gmae - + This recipe is obsolete. + + packagegroup-core-sdk-gmae - + This recipe is obsolete. + + packagegroup-core-standalone-gmae-sdk-target - + This recipe is obsolete. + + + +
+ +
+ Removed Classes + + + The following classes have become obsolete and have been removed: + + module_strip + + pkg_metainfo + + pkg_distribute + + image-empty + + + +
+ +
+ Reference Board Support Packages (BSPs) + + + The following reference BSPs changes occurred: + + The BeagleBoard + (beagleboard) ARM reference hardware + has been replaced by the BeagleBone + (beaglebone) hardware. + + The RouterStation Pro + (routerstationpro) MIPS reference + hardware has been replaced by the EdgeRouter Lite + (edgerouter) hardware. + + + The previous reference BSPs for the + beagleboard and + routerstationpro machines are still available + in a new meta-yocto-bsp-old layer in the + Source Repositories + at + http://git.yoctoproject.org/cgit/cgit.cgi/meta-yocto-bsp-old/. + +
+
+ + diff --git a/documentation/ref-manual/ref-bitbake.xml b/documentation/ref-manual/ref-bitbake.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..28496de --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/ref-manual/ref-bitbake.xml @@ -0,0 +1,472 @@ + %poky; ] > + + + + BitBake + + + BitBake is a program written in Python that interprets the + Metadata used by + the OpenEmbedded build system. + At some point, developers wonder what actually happens when you enter: + + $ bitbake core-image-sato + + + + + This chapter provides an overview of what happens behind the scenes from BitBake's perspective. + + + + BitBake strives to be a generic "task" executor that is capable of handling complex dependency relationships. + As such, it has no real knowledge of what the tasks being executed actually do. + BitBake just considers a list of tasks with dependencies and handles + Metadata + consisting of variables in a certain format that get passed to the tasks. + + +
+ Parsing + + + BitBake parses configuration files, classes, and .bb files. + + + + The first thing BitBake does is look for the bitbake.conf file. + This file resides in the + Source Directory + within the meta/conf/ directory. + BitBake finds it by examining its + BBPATH environment + variable and looking for the meta/conf/ + directory. + + + + The bitbake.conf file lists other configuration + files to include from a conf/ + directory below the directories listed in BBPATH. + In general, the most important configuration file from a user's perspective + is local.conf, which contains a user's customized + settings for the OpenEmbedded build environment. + Other notable configuration files are the distribution + configuration file (set by the + DISTRO variable) + and the machine configuration file + (set by the + MACHINE variable). + The DISTRO and MACHINE BitBake environment + variables are both usually set in + the local.conf file. + Valid distribution + configuration files are available in the meta/conf/distro/ directory + and valid machine configuration + files in the meta/conf/machine/ directory. + Within the meta/conf/machine/include/ + directory are various tune-*.inc configuration files that provide common + "tuning" settings specific to and shared between particular architectures and machines. + + + + After the parsing of the configuration files, some standard classes are included. + The base.bbclass file is always included. + Other classes that are specified in the configuration using the + INHERIT + variable are also included. + Class files are searched for in a classes subdirectory + under the paths in BBPATH in the same way as + configuration files. + + + + After classes are included, the variable + BBFILES + is set, usually in + local.conf, and defines the list of places to search for + .bb files. + By default, the BBFILES variable specifies the + meta/recipes-*/ directory within Poky. + Adding extra content to BBFILES is best achieved through the use of + BitBake layers as described in the + "Understanding and + Creating Layers" section of the Yocto Project Development Manual. + + + + BitBake parses each .bb file in BBFILES and + stores the values of various variables. + In summary, for each .bb + file the configuration plus the base class of variables are set, followed + by the data in the .bb file + itself, followed by any inherit commands that + .bb file might contain. + + + + Because parsing .bb files is a time + consuming process, a cache is kept to speed up subsequent parsing. + This cache is invalid if the timestamp of the .bb + file itself changes, or if the timestamps of any of the include, + configuration files or class files on which the + .bb file depends change. + + + + + You need to be aware of how BitBake parses curly braces. + If a recipe uses a closing curly brace within the function and + the character has no leading spaces, BitBake produces a parsing + error. + If you use a pair of curly brace in a shell function, the + closing curly brace must not be located at the start of the line + without leading spaces. + + + + Here is an example that causes BitBake to produce a parsing + error: + + fakeroot create_shar() { + cat << "EOF" > ${SDK_DEPLOY}/${TOOLCHAIN_OUTPUTNAME}.sh + usage() + { + echo "test" + ###### The following "}" at the start of the line causes a parsing error ###### + } + EOF + } + + Writing the recipe this way avoids the error: + + fakeroot create_shar() { + cat << "EOF" > ${SDK_DEPLOY}/${TOOLCHAIN_OUTPUTNAME}.sh + usage() + { + echo "test" + ######The following "}" with a leading space at the start of the line avoids the error ###### + } + EOF + } + + + +
+ +
+ Preferences and Providers + + + Once all the .bb files have been + parsed, BitBake starts to build the target (core-image-sato + in the previous section's example) and looks for providers of that target. + Once a provider is selected, BitBake resolves all the dependencies for + the target. + In the case of core-image-sato, it would lead to + packagegroup-core-x11-sato, + which in turn leads to recipes like matchbox-terminal, + pcmanfm and gthumb. + These recipes in turn depend on eglibc and the toolchain. + + + + Sometimes a target might have multiple providers. + A common example is "virtual/kernel", which is provided by each kernel package. + Each machine often selects the best kernel provider by using a line similar to the + following in the machine configuration file: + + + + PREFERRED_PROVIDER_virtual/kernel = "linux-yocto" + + + + The default PREFERRED_PROVIDER + is the provider with the same name as the target. + + + + Understanding how providers are chosen is made complicated by the fact + that multiple versions might exist. + BitBake defaults to the highest version of a provider. + Version comparisons are made using the same method as Debian. + You can use the + PREFERRED_VERSION + variable to specify a particular version (usually in the distro configuration). + You can influence the order by using the + DEFAULT_PREFERENCE + variable. + By default, files have a preference of "0". + Setting the DEFAULT_PREFERENCE to "-1" makes the + package unlikely to be used unless it is explicitly referenced. + Setting the DEFAULT_PREFERENCE to "1" makes it likely the package is used. + PREFERRED_VERSION overrides any DEFAULT_PREFERENCE setting. + DEFAULT_PREFERENCE is often used to mark newer and more experimental package + versions until they have undergone sufficient testing to be considered stable. + + + + In summary, BitBake has created a list of providers, which is prioritized, for each target. + +
+ +
+ Dependencies + + + Each target BitBake builds consists of multiple tasks such as + fetch, unpack, + patch, configure, + and compile. + For best performance on multi-core systems, BitBake considers each task as an independent + entity with its own set of dependencies. + + + + Dependencies are defined through several variables. + You can find information about variables BitBake uses in the BitBake documentation, + which is found in the bitbake/doc/manual directory within the + Source Directory. + At a basic level, it is sufficient to know that BitBake uses the + DEPENDS and + RDEPENDS variables when + calculating dependencies. + +
+ +
+ The Task List + + + Based on the generated list of providers and the dependency information, + BitBake can now calculate exactly what tasks it needs to run and in what + order it needs to run them. + The build now starts with BitBake forking off threads up to the limit set in the + BB_NUMBER_THREADS variable. + BitBake continues to fork threads as long as there are tasks ready to run, + those tasks have all their dependencies met, and the thread threshold has not been + exceeded. + + + + It is worth noting that you can greatly speed up the build time by properly setting + the BB_NUMBER_THREADS variable. + See the + "Building an Image" + section in the Yocto Project Quick Start for more information. + + + + As each task completes, a timestamp is written to the directory specified by the + STAMP variable. + On subsequent runs, BitBake looks within the build/tmp/stamps + directory and does not rerun + tasks that are already completed unless a timestamp is found to be invalid. + Currently, invalid timestamps are only considered on a per + .bb file basis. + So, for example, if the configure stamp has a timestamp greater than the + compile timestamp for a given target, then the compile task would rerun. + Running the compile task again, however, has no effect on other providers + that depend on that target. + This behavior could change or become configurable in future versions of BitBake. + + + + Some tasks are marked as "nostamp" tasks. + No timestamp file is created when these tasks are run. + Consequently, "nostamp" tasks are always rerun. + +
+ +
+ Running a Task + + + Tasks can either be a shell task or a Python task. + For shell tasks, BitBake writes a shell script to + ${WORKDIR}/temp/run.do_taskname.pid and then executes the script. + The generated shell script contains all the exported variables, and the shell functions + with all variables expanded. + Output from the shell script goes to the file ${WORKDIR}/temp/log.do_taskname.pid. + Looking at the expanded shell functions in the run file and the output in the log files + is a useful debugging technique. + + + + For Python tasks, BitBake executes the task internally and logs information to the + controlling terminal. + Future versions of BitBake will write the functions to files similar to the way + shell tasks are handled. + Logging will be handled in a way similar to shell tasks as well. + + + + Once all the tasks have been completed BitBake exits. + + + + When running a task, BitBake tightly controls the execution environment + of the build tasks to make sure unwanted contamination from the build machine + cannot influence the build. + Consequently, if you do want something to get passed into the build + task's environment, you must take a few steps: + + Tell BitBake to load what you want from the environment + into the data store. + You can do so through the BB_ENV_EXTRAWHITE + variable. + For example, assume you want to prevent the build system from + accessing your $HOME/.ccache directory. + The following command tells BitBake to load + CCACHE_DIR from the environment into the data + store: + + export BB_ENV_EXTRAWHITE="$BB_ENV_EXTRAWHITE CCACHE_DIR" + + Tell BitBake to export what you have loaded into the + environment store to the task environment of every running task. + Loading something from the environment into the data store + (previous step) only makes it available in the datastore. + To export it to the task environment of every running task, + use a command similar to the following in your + local.conf or distro configuration file: + + export CCACHE_DIR + + + + + + A side effect of the previous steps is that BitBake records the variable + as a dependency of the build process in things like the shared state + checksums. + If doing so results in unnecessary rebuilds of tasks, you can whitelist the + variable so that the shared state code ignores the dependency when it creates + checksums. + For information on this process, see the BB_HASHBASE_WHITELIST + example in the "Checksums (Signatures)" section. + +
+ +
+ BitBake Command Line + + + Following is the BitBake help output: + + + +$ bitbake --help +Usage: bitbake [options] [recipename/target ...] + + Executes the specified task (default is 'build') for a given set of target recipes (.bb files). + It is assumed there is a conf/bblayers.conf available in cwd or in BBPATH which + will provide the layer, BBFILES and other configuration information. + +Options: + --version show program's version number and exit + -h, --help show this help message and exit + -b BUILDFILE, --buildfile=BUILDFILE + Execute tasks from a specific .bb recipe directly. + WARNING: Does not handle any dependencies from other + recipes. + -k, --continue Continue as much as possible after an error. While the + target that failed and anything depending on it cannot + be built, as much as possible will be built before + stopping. + -a, --tryaltconfigs Continue with builds by trying to use alternative + providers where possible. + -f, --force Force the specified targets/task to run (invalidating + any existing stamp file). + -c CMD, --cmd=CMD Specify the task to execute. The exact options + available depend on the metadata. Some examples might + be 'compile' or 'populate_sysroot' or 'listtasks' may + give a list of the tasks available. + -C INVALIDATE_STAMP, --clear-stamp=INVALIDATE_STAMP + Invalidate the stamp for the specified task such as + 'compile' and then run the default task for the + specified target(s). + -r PREFILE, --read=PREFILE + Read the specified file before bitbake.conf. + -R POSTFILE, --postread=POSTFILE + Read the specified file after bitbake.conf. + -v, --verbose Output more log message data to the terminal. + -D, --debug Increase the debug level. You can specify this more + than once. + -n, --dry-run Don't execute, just go through the motions. + -S, --dump-signatures + Don't execute, just dump out the signature + construction information. + -p, --parse-only Quit after parsing the BB recipes. + -s, --show-versions Show current and preferred versions of all recipes. + -e, --environment Show the global or per-package environment complete + with information about where variables were + set/changed. + -g, --graphviz Save dependency tree information for the specified + targets in the dot syntax. + -I EXTRA_ASSUME_PROVIDED, --ignore-deps=EXTRA_ASSUME_PROVIDED + Assume these dependencies don't exist and are already + provided (equivalent to ASSUME_PROVIDED). Useful to + make dependency graphs more appealing + -l DEBUG_DOMAINS, --log-domains=DEBUG_DOMAINS + Show debug logging for the specified logging domains + -P, --profile Profile the command and save reports. + -u UI, --ui=UI The user interface to use (e.g. knotty, hob, depexp). + -t SERVERTYPE, --servertype=SERVERTYPE + Choose which server to use, process or xmlrpc. + --revisions-changed Set the exit code depending on whether upstream + floating revisions have changed or not. + --server-only Run bitbake without a UI, only starting a server + (cooker) process. + -B BIND, --bind=BIND The name/address for the bitbake server to bind to. + --no-setscene Do not run any setscene tasks. sstate will be ignored + and everything needed, built. + --remote-server=REMOTE_SERVER + Connect to the specified server. + -m, --kill-server Terminate the remote server. + --observe-only Connect to a server as an observing-only client. + +
+ +
+ Fetchers + + + BitBake also contains a set of "fetcher" modules that allow + retrieval of source code from various types of sources. + For example, BitBake can get source code from a disk with the metadata, from websites, + from remote shell accounts, or from Source Code Management (SCM) systems + like cvs/subversion/git. + + + + Fetchers are usually triggered by entries in + SRC_URI. + You can find information about the options and formats of entries for specific + fetchers in the BitBake manual located in the + bitbake/doc/manual directory of the + Source Directory. + + + + One useful feature for certain Source Code Manager (SCM) fetchers is the ability to + "auto-update" when the upstream SCM changes version. + Since this ability requires certain functionality from the SCM, not all + systems support it. + Currently Subversion, Bazaar and to a limited extent, Git support the ability to "auto-update". + This feature works using the SRCREV + variable. + See the + "Using an External SCM" section + in the Yocto Project Development Manual for more information. + + +
+ + + diff --git a/documentation/ref-manual/ref-classes.xml b/documentation/ref-manual/ref-classes.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..da54608 --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/ref-manual/ref-classes.xml @@ -0,0 +1,3255 @@ + %poky; ] > + + +Classes + + + Class files are used to abstract common functionality and share it amongst + multiple recipe (.bb) files. + To use a class file, you simply make sure the recipe inherits the class. + In most cases, when a recipe inherits a class it is enough to enable its + features. + There are cases, however, where in the recipe you might need to set + variables or override some default behavior. + + + + Any Metadata usually + found in a recipe can also be placed in a class file. + Class files are identified by the extension .bbclass + and are usually placed in a classes/ directory beneath + the meta*/ directory found in the + Source Directory. + Class files can also be pointed to by + BUILDDIR + (e.g. build/) in the same way as + .conf files in the conf directory. + Class files are searched for in + BBPATH + using the same method by which .conf files are + searched. + + + + This chapter discusses only the most useful and important classes. + Other classes do exist within the meta/classes + directory in the + Source Directory. + You can reference the .bbclass files directly + for more information. + + +
+ <filename>allarch.bbclass</filename> + + + The allarch class is inherited + by recipes that do not produce architecture-specific output. + The class disables functionality that is normally needed for recipes + that produce executable binaries (such as building the cross-compiler + and a C library as pre-requisites, and splitting out of debug symbols + during packaging). + + + + By default, all recipes inherit the + base and + package + classes, which enable functionality + needed for recipes that produce executable output. + If your recipe, for example, only produces packages that contain + configuration files, media files, or scripts (e.g. Python and Perl), + then it should inherit the allarch class. + +
+ +
+ <filename>archiver.bbclass</filename> + + + The archiver class supports releasing + source code and other materials with the binaries. + + + + For more details on the source archiver, see the + "Maintaining Open Source License Compliance During Your Product's Lifecycle" + section in the Yocto Project Development Manual. + +
+ +
+ <filename>autotools.bbclass</filename> + + + The autotools class supports Autotooled + packages. + + + + The autoconf, automake, + and libtool bring standardization. + This class defines a set of tasks (configure, compile etc.) that + work for all Autotooled packages. + It should usually be enough to define a few standard variables + and then simply inherit autotools. + This class can also work with software that emulates Autotools. + For more information, see the + "Autotooled Package" + section in the Yocto Project Development Manual. + + + + It's useful to have some idea of how the tasks defined by this class work + and what they do behind the scenes. + + do_configure ‐ Regenerates the + configure script (using autoreconf) and then launches it + with a standard set of arguments used during cross-compilation. + You can pass additional parameters to configure through the + EXTRA_OECONF variable. + + do_compile ‐ Runs make with + arguments that specify the compiler and linker. + You can pass additional arguments through + the EXTRA_OEMAKE variable. + + do_install ‐ Runs make install + and passes in + ${D} + as DESTDIR. + + + + + + It is planned for future Yocto Project releases that by default, the + autotools class supports out-of-tree builds + (B != + S). + If your recipes do not support out-of-tree builds, you should + have them inherit the + autotools-brokensep + class. + +
+ +
+ <filename>autotools-brokensep.bbclass</filename> + + + The autotools-brokensep class behaves the same + as the + autotools + class but builds with + B == + S. + This method is useful when out-of-tree build support is either not + present or is broken. + + It is recommended that out-of-tree support be fixed and used + if at all possible. + + +
+ +
+ <filename>base.bbclass</filename> + + + The base class is special in that every + .bb file implicitly inherits the class. + This class contains definitions for standard basic + tasks such as fetching, unpacking, configuring (empty by default), + compiling (runs any Makefile present), installing + (empty by default) and packaging (empty by default). + These classes are often overridden or extended by other classes + such as the + autotools + class or the + package + class. + The class also contains some commonly used functions such as + oe_runmake. + +
+ +
+ <filename>bin_package.bbclass</filename> + + + The bin_package class is a + helper class for recipes that extract the contents of a binary package + (e.g. an RPM) and install those contents rather than building the + binary from source. + The binary package is extracted and new packages in the configured + output package format are created. + + For RPMs and other packages that do not contain a subdirectory, + you should specify a "subdir" parameter. + Here is an example where ${BP} is used so that + the files are extracted into the subdirectory expected by the + default value of + S: + + SRC_URI = "http://example.com/downloads/somepackage.rpm;subdir=${BP}" + + + +
+ +
+ <filename>binconfig.bbclass</filename> + + + The binconfig class helps to correct paths in + shell scripts. + + + + Before pkg-config had become widespread, libraries + shipped shell scripts to give information about the libraries and + include paths needed to build software (usually named + LIBNAME-config). + This class assists any recipe using such scripts. + + + + During staging, the OpenEmbedded build system installs such scripts + into the sysroots/ directory. + Inheriting this class results in all paths in these scripts being + changed to point into the sysroots/ directory so + that all builds that use the script use the correct directories + for the cross compiling layout. + See the + BINCONFIG_GLOB + variable for more information. + +
+ +
+ <filename>blacklist.bbclass</filename> + + + The blacklist class prevents + the OpenEmbedded build system from building specific recipes + (blacklists them). + To use this class, inherit the class globally and set + PNBLACKLIST + for each recipe you wish to blacklist. + Specify the PN + value as a variable flag (varflag) and provide a reason, which is + reported, if the package is requested to be built as the value. + For example, if you want to blacklist a recipe called "exoticware", + you add the following to your local.conf + or distribution configuration: + + INHERIT += "blacklist" + PNBLACKLIST[exoticware] = "Not supported by our organization." + + +
+ +
+ <filename>boot-directdisk.bbclass</filename> + + + The boot-directdisk class + creates an image that can be placed directly onto a hard disk using + dd and then booted. + The image uses SYSLINUX. + + + + The end result is a 512 boot sector populated with a + Master Boot Record (MBR) and partition table followed by an MSDOS + FAT16 partition containing SYSLINUX and a Linux kernel completed by + the ext2 and ext3 + root filesystems. + +
+ +
+ <filename>bootimg.bbclass</filename> + + + The bootimg class creates a bootable + image using SYSLINUX, your kernel, and an optional initial RAM disk + (initrd). + + + + When you use this class, two things happen: + + + A .hddimg file is created. + This file is an MSDOS filesystem that contains SYSLINUX, + a kernel, an initrd, and a root filesystem + image. + All three of these can be written to hard drives directly and + also booted on a USB flash disks using dd. + + + A CD .iso image is created. + When this file is booted, the initrd + boots and processes the label selected in SYSLINUX. + Actions based on the label are then performed (e.g. installing + to a hard drive). + + + + + The bootimg class supports the + INITRD, + NOISO, + NOHDD, and + ROOTFS + variables. + +
+ +
+ <filename>bugzilla.bbclass</filename> + + + The bugzilla class supports setting up an + instance of Bugzilla in which you can automatically files bug reports + in response to build failures. + For this class to work, you need to enable the XML-RPC interface in + the instance of Bugzilla. + +
+ +
+ <filename>buildhistory.bbclass</filename> + + + The buildhistory class records a + history of build output metadata, which can be used to detect possible + regressions as well as used for analysis of the build output. + For more information on using Build History, see the + "Maintaining Build Output Quality" + section. + +
+ +
+ <filename>buildstats.bbclass</filename> + + + The buildstats class records + performance statistics about each task executed during the build + (e.g. elapsed time, CPU usage, and I/O usage). + + + + When you use this class, the output goes into the + BUILDSTATS_BASE + directory, which defaults to ${TMPDIR}/buildstats/. + You can analyze the elapsed time using + scripts/pybootchartgui/pybootchartgui.py, which + produces a cascading chart of the entire build process and can be + useful for highlighting bottlenecks. + + + + Collecting build statistics is enabled by default through the + USER_CLASSES + variable from your local.conf file. + Consequently, you do not have to do anything to enable the class. + However, if you want to disable the class, simply remove "buildstats" + from the USER_CLASSES list. + +
+ +
+ <filename>ccache.bbclass</filename> + + + The ccache class enables the + C/C++ Compiler Cache + for the build. + This class is used to give a minor performance boost during the build. + However, using the class can lead to unexpected side-effects. + Thus, it is recommended that you do not use this class. + See for information on + the C/C++ Compiler Cache. + +
+ +
+ <filename>chrpath.bbclass</filename> + + + The chrpath class + is a wrapper around the "chrpath" utility, which is used during the + build process for nativesdk, + cross, and + cross-canadian recipes to change + RPATH records within binaries in order to make + them relocatable. + +
+ +
+ <filename>clutter.bbclass</filename> + + + The clutter class consolidates the + major and minor version naming and other common items used by Clutter + and related recipes. + + Unlike some other classes related to specific libraries, recipes + building other software that uses Clutter do not need to + inherit this class unless they use the same recipe versioning + scheme that the Clutter and related recipes do. + + +
+ +
+ <filename>cmake.bbclass</filename> + + + The cmake class allows for + recipes that need to build software using the CMake build system. + You can use the + EXTRA_OECMAKE + variable to specify additional configuration options to be passed on + the cmake command line. + +
+ +
+ <filename>cml1.bbclass</filename> + + + The cml1 class provides basic support for the + Linux kernel style build configuration system. + +
+ +
+ <filename>copyleft_compliance.bbclass</filename> + + + The copyleft_compliance class + preserves source code for the purposes of license compliance. + This class is an alternative to the archiver + class and is still used by some users even though it has been + deprecated in favor of the + archiver + class. + +
+ +
+ <filename>core-image.bbclass</filename> + + + The core-image class + provides common definitions for the + core-image-* image recipes, such as support for + additional + IMAGE_FEATURES. + +
+ +
+ <filename>cpan.bbclass</filename> + + + The cpan class supports Perl modules. + + + + Recipes for Perl modules are simple. + These recipes usually only need to point to the source's archive and + then inherit the proper class file. + Building is split into two methods depending on which method the module + authors used. + + Modules that use old + Makefile.PL-based build system require + cpan.bbclass in their recipes. + + Modules that use + Build.PL-based build system require + using cpan_build.bbclass in their recipes. + + + +
+ +
+ <filename>cross.bbclass</filename> + + + The cross class provides support for the recipes + that build the cross-compilation tools. + +
+ +
+ <filename>cross-canadian.bbclass</filename> + + + The cross-canadian class + provides support for the recipes that build the Canadian + Cross-compilation tools for SDKs. + See the + "Cross-Development Toolchain Generation" + section for more discussion on these cross-compilation tools. + +
+ +
+ <filename>crosssdk.bbclass</filename> + + + The crosssdk class + provides support for the recipes that build the cross-compilation + tools used for building SDKs. + See the + "Cross-Development Toolchain Generation" + section for more discussion on these cross-compilation tools. + +
+ +
+ <filename>debian.bbclass</filename> + + + The debian class renames output packages so that + they follow the Debian naming policy (i.e. eglibc + becomes libc6 and eglibc-devel + becomes libc6-dev.) + Renaming includes the library name and version as part of the package + name. + + + + If a recipe creates packages for multiple libraries + (shared object files of .so type), use the + LEAD_SONAME + variable in the recipe to specify the library on which to apply the + naming scheme. + +
+ +
+ <filename>deploy.bbclass</filename> + + + The deploy class handles deploying files + to the + DEPLOY_DIR_IMAGE + directory. + The main function of this class is to allow the deploy step to be + accelerated by shared state. + Recipes that inherit this class should define their own + do_deploy function to copy the files to be + deployed to + DEPLOYDIR, + and use addtask to add the task at the appropriate + place, which is usually after do_compile or + do_install. + The class then takes care of staging the files from + DEPLOYDIR to + DEPLOY_DIR_IMAGE. + +
+ +
+ <filename>devshell.bbclass</filename> + + + The devshell class adds the + devshell task. + Distribution policy dictates whether to include this class. + See the + "Using a Development Shell" section + in the Yocto Project Development Manual for more information about + using devshell. + +
+ +
+ <filename>distro_features_check.bbclass</filename> + + + The distro_features_check class + allows individual recipes to check for required and conflicting + DISTRO_FEATURES. + + + + This class provides support for the + REQUIRED_DISTRO_FEATURES + and + CONFLICT_DISTRO_FEATURES + variables. + If any conditions specified in the recipe using the above variables are + not met, the recipe will be skipped. + +
+ +
+ <filename>distrodata.bbclass</filename> + + + The distrodata class + provides for automatic checking for upstream recipe updates. + The class creates a comma-separated value (CSV) spreadsheet that + contains information about the recipes. + The information provides the distrodata and + distro_check tasks, which do upstream checking + and also verify if a package is used in multiple major distributions. + + + + The class is not included by default. + To use it, you must include the following files and set the + INHERIT + variable: + + include conf/distro/include/distro_alias.inc + include conf/distro/include/recipe_color.inc + include conf/distro/include/maintainers.inc + include conf/distro/include/upstream_tracking.inc + include conf/distro/include/package_regex.inc + INHERIT+= "distrodata" + + +
+ +
+ <filename>distutils.bbclass</filename> + + + The distutils class supports recipes for Python + version 2.x extensions, which are simple. + These recipes usually only need to point to the source's archive and + then inherit the proper class. + Building is split into two methods depending on which method the + module authors used. + + Extensions that use an Autotools-based build system + require Autotools and + distutils-based classes in their recipes. + + Extensions that use build systems based on + distutils require + the distutils class in their recipes. + + Extensions that use build systems based on + setuptools require the + setuptools + class in their recipes. + + + +
+ +
+ <filename>distutils3.bbclass</filename> + + + The distutils3 class supports recipes for Python + version 3.x extensions, which are simple. + These recipes usually only need to point to the source's archive and + then inherit the proper class. + Building is split into two methods depending on which method the + module authors used. + + Extensions that use an Autotools-based build system + require Autotools and + distutils-based classes in their recipes. + + Extensions that use + distutils-based build systems require + the distutils class in their recipes. + + Extensions that use build systems based on + setuptools3 require the + setuptools3 + class in their recipes. + + + +
+ +
+ <filename>externalsrc.bbclass</filename> + + + The externalsrc class supports building software + from source code that is external to the OpenEmbedded build system. + Building software from an external source tree means that the build + system's normal fetch, unpack, and patch process is not used. + + + + By default, the OpenEmbedded build system uses the + S and + B variables to + locate unpacked recipe source code and to build it, respectively. + When your recipe inherits the externalsrc class, + you use the + EXTERNALSRC + and + EXTERNALSRC_BUILD + variables to ultimately define S and + B. + + + + By default, this class expects the source code to support recipe builds + that use the B + variable to point to the directory in which the OpenEmbedded build + system places the generated objects built from the recipes. + By default, the B directory is set to the + following, which is separate from the source directory + (S): + + ${WORKDIR}/${BPN}/{PV}/ + + See these variables for more information: + WORKDIR, + BPN, and + PV, + + + + For more information on the + externalsrc class, see the comments in + meta/classes/externalsrc.bbclass in the + Source Directory. + For information on how to use the externalsrc + class, see the + "Building Software from an External Source" + section in the Yocto Project Development Manual. + +
+ +
+ <filename>extrausers.bbclass</filename> + + + The extrausers class allows + additional user and group configuration to be applied at the image + level. + Inheriting this class either globally or from an image recipe allows + additional user and group operations to be performed using the + EXTRA_USERS_PARAMS + variable. + + The user and group operations added using the + extrausers class are not tied to a specific + recipe outside of the recipe for the image. + Thus, the operations can be performed across the image as a whole. + Use the + useradd + class to add user and group configuration to a specific recipe. + + + + + Here is an example that uses this class in an image recipe: + + inherit extrausers + EXTRA_USERS_PARAMS = "\ + useradd -p '' tester; \ + groupadd developers; \ + userdel nobody; \ + groupdel -g video; \ + groupmod -g 1020 developers; \ + usermod -s /bin/sh tester; \ + " + + +
+ +
+ <filename>fontcache.bbclass</filename> + + + The fontcache class generates the + proper post-install and post-remove (postinst and postrm) + scriptlets for font packages. + These scriptlets call fc-cache (part of + Fontconfig) to add the fonts to the font + information cache. + Since the cache files are architecture-specific, + fc-cache runs using QEMU if the postinst + scriptlets need to be run on the build host during image creation. + + + + If the fonts being installed are in packages other than the main + package, set + FONT_PACKAGES + to specify the packages containing the fonts. + +
+ +
+ <filename>gconf.bbclass</filename> + + + The gconf class provides common + functionality for recipes that need to install GConf schemas. + The schemas will be put into a separate package + (${PN}-gconf) + that is created automatically when this class is inherited. + This package uses the appropriate post-install and post-remove + (postinst/postrm) scriptlets to register and unregister the schemas + in the target image. + +
+ +
+ <filename>gettext.bbclass</filename> + + + The gettext class provides support for + building software that uses the GNU gettext + internationalization and localization system. + All recipes building software that use + gettext should inherit this class. + +
+ +
+ <filename>gnome.bbclass</filename> + + + The gnome class supports recipes that + build software from the GNOME stack. + This class inherits the + gnomebase, + gtk-icon-cache, + gconf and + mime classes. + The class also disables GObject introspection where applicable. + +
+ +
+ <filename>gnomebase.bbclass</filename> + + + The gnomebase class is the base + class for recipes that build software from the GNOME stack. + This class sets + SRC_URI to + download the source from the GNOME mirrors as well as extending + FILES + with the typical GNOME installation paths. + +
+ +
+ <filename>grub-efi.bbclass</filename> + + + The grub-efi + class provides grub-efi-specific functions for + building bootable images. + + + + This class supports several variables: + + + INITRD: + Indicates a filesystem image to use as an initrd (optional). + + + ROOTFS: + Indicates a filesystem image to include as the root filesystem + (optional). + + GRUB_GFXSERIAL: + Set this to "1" to have graphics and serial in the boot menu. + + + LABELS: + A list of targets for the automatic configuration. + + + APPEND: + An override list of append strings for each + LABEL. + + + GRUB_OPTS: + Additional options to add to the configuration (optional). + Options are delimited using semi-colon characters + (;). + + GRUB_TIMEOUT: + Timeout before executing the default LABEL + (optional). + + + +
+ +
+ <filename>gsettings.bbclass</filename> + + + The gsettings class + provides common functionality for recipes that need to install + GSettings (glib) schemas. + The schemas are assumed to be part of the main package. + Appropriate post-install and post-remove (postinst/postrm) + scriptlets are added to register and unregister the schemas in the + target image. + +
+ +
+ <filename>gtk-doc.bbclass</filename> + + + The gtk-doc class + is a helper class to pull in the appropriate + gtk-doc dependencies and disable + gtk-doc. + +
+ +
+ <filename>gtk-icon-cache.bbclass</filename> + + + The gtk-icon-cache class + generates the proper post-install and post-remove (postinst/postrm) + scriptlets for packages that use GTK+ and install icons. + These scriptlets call gtk-update-icon-cache to add + the fonts to GTK+'s icon cache. + Since the cache files are architecture-specific, + gtk-update-icon-cache is run using QEMU if the + postinst scriptlets need to be run on the build host during image + creation. + +
+ +
+ <filename>gtk-immodules-cache.bbclass</filename> + + + The gtk-immodules-cache class + generates the proper post-install and post-remove (postinst/postrm) + scriptlets for packages that install GTK+ input method modules for + virtual keyboards. + These scriptlets call gtk-update-icon-cache to add + the input method modules to the cache. + Since the cache files are architecture-specific, + gtk-update-icon-cache is run using QEMU if the + postinst scriptlets need to be run on the build host during image + creation. + + + + If the input method modules being installed are in packages other than + the main package, set + GTKIMMODULES_PACKAGES + to specify the packages containing the modules. + +
+ +
+ <filename>gzipnative.bbclass</filename> + + + The gzipnative + class enables the use of native versions of gzip + and pigz rather than the versions of these tools + from the build host. + +
+ +
+ <filename>icecc.bbclass</filename> + + + The icecc class supports + Icecream, which + facilitates taking compile jobs and distributing them among remote + machines. + + + + The class stages directories with symlinks from gcc + and g++ to icecc, for both + native and cross compilers. + Depending on each configure or compile, the OpenEmbedded build system + adds the directories at the head of the PATH list + and then sets the ICECC_CXX and + ICEC_CC variables, which are the paths to the + g++ and gcc compilers, + respectively. + + + + For the cross compiler, the class creates a tar.gz + file that contains the Yocto Project toolchain and sets + ICECC_VERSION, which is the version of the + cross-compiler used in the cross-development toolchain, accordingly. + + + + The class handles all three different compile stages + (i.e native ,cross-kernel and target) and creates the necessary + environment tar.gz file to be used by the remote + machines. + The class also supports SDK generation. + + + + If ICECC_PATH + is not set in your local.conf file, then the + class tries to locate the icecc binary + using which. + + If + ICECC_ENV_EXEC + is set in your local.conf file, the variable should + point to the icecc-create-env script + provided by the user. + If you do not point to a user-provided script, the build system + uses the default script provided by the recipe + icecc-create-env-native.bb. + + This script is a modified version and not the one that comes with + icecc. + + + + + If you do not want the Icecream distributed compile support to apply + to specific recipes or classes, you can effectively "blacklist" them + by listing the recipes and classes using the + ICECC_USER_PACKAGE_BL + and + ICECC_USER_CLASS_BL, + variables, respectively, in your local.conf file. + Doing so causes the OpenEmbedded build system to handle these + compilations locally. + + + + Additionally, you can list recipes using the + ICECC_USER_PACKAGE_WL + variable in your local.conf file to force + icecc to be enabled for recipes using an empty + PARALLEL_MAKE + variable. + + + + Inheriting the icecc class changes all sstate + signatures. + Consequently, if a development team has a dedicated build system + that populates + STATE_MIRRORS + and they want to reuse sstate from + STATE_MIRRORS, then all developers and the + build system need to either inherit the icecc + class or nobody should. + + + + At the distribution level, you can inherit the + icecc class to be sure that all builders start + with the same sstate signatures. + After inheriting the class, you can then disable the feature by setting + the + ICECC_DISABLED + variable to "1" as follows: + + INHERIT_DISTRO += "icecc" + ICECC_DISABLED ??= "1" + + This practice makes sure everyone is using the same signatures but also + requires individuals that do want to use Icecream to enable the feature + individually as follows in your local.conf file: + + ICECC_DISABLED = "" + + +
+ +
+ <filename>image.bbclass</filename> + + + The image class helps support creating images + in different formats. + First, the root filesystem is created from packages using + one of the rootfs*.bbclass + files (depending on the package format used) and then one or more image + files are created. + + The + IMAGE_FSTYPES + variable controls the types of images to generate. + + The + IMAGE_INSTALL + variable controls the list of packages to install into the + image. + + For information on customizing images, see the + "Customizing Images" + section in the Yocto Project Development Manual. + For information on how images are created, see the + "Images" section elsewhere + in this manual. + +
+ +
+ <filename>image_types.bbclass</filename> + + + The image_types class defines all of + the standard image output types that you can enable through the + IMAGE_FSTYPES + variable. + You can use this class as a reference on how to add support for custom + image output types. + + + + By default, this class is enabled through the + IMAGE_CLASSES + variable in + image.bbclass. + If you define your own image types using a custom BitBake class and + then use IMAGE_CLASSES to enable it, the custom + class must either inherit image_types or + image_types must also appear in + IMAGE_CLASSES. + +
+ +
+ <filename>image_types_uboot.bbclass</filename> + + + The image_types_uboot class + defines additional image types specifically for the U-Boot bootloader. + +
+ +
+ <filename>image-live.bbclass</filename> + + + The image-live class supports building "live" + images. + + + + Normally, you do not use this class directly. + Instead, you add "live" to + IMAGE_FSTYPES. + For example, if you were building an ISO image, you would add "live" + to IMAGE_FSTYPES, set the + NOISO variable to + "0" and the build system would use the image-live + class to build the ISO image. + +
+ +
+ <filename>image-mklibs.bbclass</filename> + + + The image-mklibs class + enables the use of the mklibs utility during the + do_rootfs task, which optimizes the size of + libraries contained in the image. + + + + By default, the class is enabled in the + local.conf.template using the + USER_CLASSES + variable as follows: + + USER_CLASSES ?= "buildstats image-mklibs image-prelink" + + +
+ + + +
+ <filename>image-swab.bbclass</filename> + + + The image-swab class enables the + Swabber + tool in order to detect and log accesses to the host system during + the OpenEmbedded build process. + + This class is currently unmaintained. + + +
+ +
+ <filename>image-vmdk.bbclass</filename> + + + The image-vmdk class supports building VMware + VMDK images. + Normally, you do not use this class directly. + Instead, you add "vmdk" to + IMAGE_FSTYPES. + +
+ +
+ <filename>insane.bbclass</filename> + + + The insane class adds a step to the package + generation process so that output quality assurance checks are + generated by the OpenEmbedded build system. + A range of checks are performed that check the build's output + for common problems that show up during runtime. + Distribution policy usually dictates whether to include this class. + + + + You can configure the sanity checks so that specific test failures + either raise a warning or an error message. + Typically, failures for new tests generate a warning. + Subsequent failures for the same test would then generate an error + message once the metadata is in a known and good condition. + + + + Use the + WARN_QA and + ERROR_QA + variables to control the behavior of + these checks at the global level (i.e. in your custom distro + configuration). + However, to skip one or more checks in recipes, you should use + INSANE_SKIP. + For example, to skip the check for symbolic link + .so files in the main package of a recipe, + add the following to the recipe. + You need to realize that the package name override, in this example + ${PN}, must be used: + + INSANE_SKIP_${PN} += "dev-so" + + Please keep in mind that the QA checks exist in order to detect real + or potential problems in the packaged output. + So exercise caution when disabling these checks. + + + + The following list shows the tests you can list with the + WARN_QA and ERROR_QA + variables: + + already-stripped: + Checks that produced binaries have not already been + stripped prior to the build system extracting debug symbols. + It is common for upstream software projects to default to + stripping debug symbols for output binaries. + In order for debugging to work on the target using + -dbg packages, this stripping must be + disabled. + + arch: + Checks the Executable and Linkable Format (ELF) type, bit size, + and endianness of any binaries to ensure they match the target + architecture. + This test fails if any binaries do not match the type since + there would be an incompatibility. + The test could indicate that the + wrong compiler or compiler options have been used. + Sometimes software, like bootloaders, might need to bypass + this check. + + buildpaths: + Checks for paths to locations on the build host inside the + output files. + Currently, this test triggers too many false positives and + thus is not normally enabled. + + compile-host-path: + Checks the do_compile log for indications + that paths to locations on the build host were used. + Using such paths might result in host contamination of the + build output. + + debug-deps: + Checks that -dbg packages only depend on other + -dbg packages and not on any other types of packages, + which would cause a packaging bug. + debug-files: + Checks for .debug directories in anything but the + -dbg package. + The debug files should all be in the -dbg package. + Thus, anything packaged elsewhere is incorrect packaging. + dep-cmp: + Checks for invalid version comparison statements in runtime + dependency relationships between packages (i.e. in + RDEPENDS, + RRECOMMENDS, + RSUGGESTS, + RPROVIDES, + RREPLACES, + and + RCONFLICTS + variable values). + Any invalid comparisons might trigger failures or undesirable + behavior when passed to the package manager. + + desktop: + Runs the desktop-file-validate program + against any .desktop files to validate + their contents against the specification for + .desktop files. + dev-deps: + Checks that -dev packages only depend on other + -dev packages and not on any other types of packages, + which would be a packaging bug. + dev-so: + Checks that the .so symbolic links are in the + -dev package and not in any of the other packages. + In general, these symlinks are only useful for development purposes. + Thus, the -dev package is the correct location for + them. + Some very rare cases do exist for dynamically loaded modules where + these symlinks are needed instead in the main package. + + files-invalid: + Checks for + FILES + variable values that contain "//", which is invalid. + + incompatible-license: + Report when packages are excluded from being created due to + being marked with a license that is in + INCOMPATIBLE_LICENSE. + + install-host-path: + Checks the do_install log for indications + that paths to locations on the build host were used. + Using such paths might result in host contamination of the + build output. + + installed-vs-shipped: + Reports when files have been installed within + do_install but have not been included in + any package by way of the + FILES + variable. + Files that do not appear in any package cannot be present in + an image later on in the build process. + Ideally, all installed files should be packaged or not + installed at all. + These files can be deleted at the end of + do_install if the files are not + needed in any package. + + la: + Checks .la files for any TMPDIR + paths. + Any .la file containing these paths is incorrect since + libtool adds the correct sysroot prefix when using the + files automatically itself. + ldflags: + Ensures that the binaries were linked with the + LDFLAGS options provided by the build system. + If this test fails, check that the LDFLAGS variable + is being passed to the linker command. + libdir: + Checks for libraries being installed into incorrect + (possibly hardcoded) installation paths. + For example, this test will catch recipes that install + /lib/bar.so when + ${base_libdir} is "lib32". + Another example is when recipes install + /usr/lib64/foo.so when + ${libdir} is "/usr/lib". + + libexec: + Checks if a package contains files in + /usr/libexec. + This check is not performed if the + libexecdir variable has been set + explicitly to /usr/libexec. + + packages-list: + Checks for the same package being listed multiple times through + the PACKAGES + variable value. + Installing the package in this manner can cause errors during + packaging. + + perm-config: + Reports lines in fs-perms.txt that have + an invalid format. + + perm-line: + Reports lines in fs-perms.txt that have + an invalid format. + + perm-link: + Reports lines in fs-perms.txt that + specify 'link' where the specified target already exists. + + perms: + Currently, this check is unused but reserved. + + pkgconfig: + Checks .pc files for any + TMPDIR/WORKDIR + paths. + Any .pc file containing these paths is incorrect + since pkg-config itself adds the correct sysroot prefix + when the files are accessed. + pkgname: + Checks that all packages in + PACKAGES + have names that do not contain invalid characters (i.e. + characters other than 0-9, a-z, ., +, and -). + + pkgv-undefined: + Checks to see if the PKGV variable + is undefined during do_package. + + pkgvarcheck: + Checks through the variables + RDEPENDS, + RRECOMMENDS, + RSUGGESTS, + RCONFLICTS, + RPROVIDES, + RREPLACES, + FILES, + ALLOW_EMPTY, + pkg_preinst, + pkg_postinst, + pkg_prerm + and pkg_postrm, and reports if there are + variable sets that are not package-specific. + Using these variables without a package suffix is bad practice, + and might unnecessarily complicate dependencies of other packages + within the same recipe or have other unintended consequences. + + pn-overrides: + Checks that a recipe does not have a name + (PN) value + that appears in + OVERRIDES. + If a recipe is named such that its PN + value matches something already in + OVERRIDES (e.g. PN + happens to be the same as + MACHINE + or + DISTRO), + it can have unexpected consequences. + For example, assignments such as + FILES_${PN} = "xyz" effectively turn into + FILES = "xyz". + + rpaths: + Checks for rpaths in the binaries that contain build system paths such + as TMPDIR. + If this test fails, bad -rpath options are being + passed to the linker commands and your binaries have potential security + issues. + split-strip: + Reports that splitting or stripping debug symbols from binaries + has failed. + + staticdev: + Checks for static library files (*.a) in + non-staticdev packages. + + symlink-to-sysroot: + Checks for symlinks in packages that point into + TMPDIR + on the host. + Such symlinks will work on the host, but are clearly invalid + when running on the target. + + textrel: + Checks for ELF binaries that contain relocations in their + .text sections, which can result in a + performance impact at runtime. + unsafe-references-in-binaries: + Reports when a binary installed in + ${base_libdir}, + ${base_bindir}, or + ${base_sbindir}, depends on another + binary installed under ${exec_prefix}. + This dependency is a concern if you want the system to remain + basically operable if /usr is mounted + separately and is not mounted. + + Defaults for binaries installed in + ${base_libdir}, + ${base_bindir}, and + ${base_sbindir} are + /lib, /bin, and + /sbin, respectively. + The default for a binary installed + under ${exec_prefix} is + /usr. + + + unsafe-references-in-scripts: + Reports when a script file installed in + ${base_libdir}, + ${base_bindir}, or + ${base_sbindir}, depends on files + installed under ${exec_prefix}. + This dependency is a concern if you want the system to remain + basically operable if /usr is mounted + separately and is not mounted. + + Defaults for binaries installed in + ${base_libdir}, + ${base_bindir}, and + ${base_sbindir} are + /lib, /bin, and + /sbin, respectively. + The default for a binary installed + under ${exec_prefix} is + /usr. + + + useless-rpaths: + Checks for dynamic library load paths (rpaths) in the binaries that + by default on a standard system are searched by the linker (e.g. + /lib and /usr/lib). + While these paths will not cause any breakage, they do waste space and + are unnecessary. + var-undefined: + Reports when variables fundamental to packaging (i.e. + WORKDIR, + DEPLOY_DIR, + D, + PN, and + PKGD) are + undefined during do_package. + + version-going-backwards: + If Build History is enabled, reports when a package + being written out has a lower version than the previously + written package under the same name. + If you are placing output packages into a feed and + upgrading packages on a target system using that feed, the + version of a package going backwards can result in the target + system not correctly upgrading to the "new" version of the + package. + + If you are not using runtime package management on your + target system, then you do not need to worry about + this situation. + + + xorg-driver-abi: + Checks that all packages containing Xorg drivers have ABI + dependencies. + The xserver-xorg recipe provides driver + ABI names. + All drivers should depend on the ABI versions that they have + been built against. + Driver recipes that include + xorg-driver-input.inc + or xorg-driver-video.inc will + automatically get these versions. + Consequently, you should only need to explicitly add + dependencies to binary driver recipes. + + + +
+ +
+ <filename>insserv.bbclass</filename> + + + The insserv class + uses the insserv utility to update the order of + symbolic links in /etc/rc?.d/ within an image + based on dependencies specified by LSB headers in the + init.d scripts themselves. + +
+ +
+ <filename>kernel.bbclass</filename> + + + The kernel class handles building Linux kernels. + The class contains code to build all kernel trees. + All needed headers are staged into the + STAGING_KERNEL_DIR + directory to allow out-of-tree module builds using + the + module + class. + + + + This means that each built kernel module is packaged separately and inter-module + dependencies are created by parsing the modinfo output. + If all modules are required, then installing the kernel-modules + package installs all packages with modules and various other kernel packages + such as kernel-vmlinux. + + + + Various other classes are used by the kernel + and module classes internally including the + kernel-arch, + module-base, + and + linux-kernel-base + classes. + +
+ +
+ <filename>kernel-arch.bbclass</filename> + + + The kernel-arch class + sets the ARCH environment variable for Linux + kernel compilation (including modules). + +
+ +
+ <filename>kernel-module-split.bbclass</filename> + + + The kernel-module-split class + provides common functionality for splitting Linux kernel modules into + separate packages. + +
+ +
+ <filename>kernel-yocto.bbclass</filename> + + + The kernel-yocto class + provides common functionality for building from linux-yocto style + kernel source repositories. + +
+ +
+ <filename>lib_package.bbclass</filename> + + + The lib_package class + supports recipes that build libraries and produce executable + binaries, where those binaries should not be installed by default + along with the library. + Instead, the binaries are added to a separate + ${PN}-bin + package to make their installation optional. + +
+ +
+ <filename>license.bbclass</filename> + + + The license class provides license + manifest creation and license exclusion. + This class is enabled by default using the default value for the + INHERIT_DISTRO + variable. + +
+ +
+ <filename>linux-kernel-base.bbclass</filename> + + + The linux-kernel-base class + provides common functionality for recipes that build out of the Linux + kernel source tree. + These builds goes beyond the kernel itself. + For example, the Perf recipe also inherits this class. + +
+ +
+ <filename>logging.bbclass</filename> + + + The logging class provides the standard + shell functions used to log messages for various BitBake severity levels + (i.e. bbplain, bbnote, + bbwarn, bberror, + bbfatal, and bbdebug). + + + + This class is enabled by default since it is inherited by + the base class. + +
+ +
+ <filename>meta.bbclass</filename> + + + The meta class is inherited by recipes + that do not build any output packages themselves, but act as a "meta" + target for building other recipes. + +
+ +
+ <filename>metadata_scm.bbclass</filename> + + + The metadata_scm class provides functionality for + querying the branch and revision of a Source Code Manager (SCM) + repository. + + + + The base + class uses this class to print the revisions of each layer before + starting every build. + The metadata_scm class is enabled by default + because it is inherited by the base class. + +
+ +
+ <filename>mime.bbclass</filename> + + + The mime class generates the proper + post-install and post-remove (postinst/postrm) scriptlets for packages + that install MIME type files. + These scriptlets call update-mime-database to add + the MIME types to the shared database. + +
+ +
+ <filename>mirrors.bbclass</filename> + + + The mirrors class sets up some standard + MIRRORS entries + for source code mirrors. + These mirrors provide a fall-back path in case the upstream source + specified in + SRC_URI + within recipes is unavailable. + + + + This class is enabled by default since it is inherited by the + base class. + +
+ +
+ <filename>module.bbclass</filename> + + + The module class provides support for building + out-of-tree Linux kernel modules. + The class inherits the + module-base + and + kernel-module-split + classes, and implements do_compile and + do_install functions. + The class provides everything needed to build and package a kernel + module. + + + + For general information on out-of-tree Linux kernel modules, see the + "Incorporating Out-of-Tree Modules" + section in the Yocto Project Linux Kernel Development Manual. + +
+ +
+ <filename>module-base.bbclass</filename> + + + The module-base class provides the base + functionality for building Linux kernel modules. + Typically, a recipe that builds software that includes one or + more kernel modules and has its own means of building + the module inherits this class as opposed to inheriting the + module + class. + +
+ +
+ <filename>multilib*.bbclass</filename> + + + The multilib* classes provide support + for building libraries with different target optimizations or target + architectures and installing them side-by-side in the same image. + + + + For more information on using the Multilib feature, see the + "Combining Multiple Versions of Library Files into One Image" + section in the Yocto Project Development Manual. + +
+ +
+ <filename>native.bbclass</filename> + + + The native class provides common + functionality for recipes that wish to build tools to run on the build + host (i.e. tools that use the compiler or other tools from the + build host). + + + + You can create a recipe that builds tools that run natively on the + host a couple different ways: + + Create a myrecipe-native.bb + that inherits the native class. + If you use this method, you must order the inherit statement + in the recipe after all other inherit statements so that the + native class is inherited last. + + Create or modify a target recipe that has adds + the following: + + BBCLASSEXTEND = "native" + + Inside the recipe, use _class-native and + _class-target overrides to specify any + functionality specific to the respective native or target + case. + + + + + Although applied differently, the native class is + used with both methods. + The advantage of the second method is that you do not need to have two + separate recipes (assuming you need both) for native and target. + All common parts of the recipe are automatically shared. + +
+ +
+ <filename>nativesdk.bbclass</filename> + + + The nativesdk class provides common + functionality for recipes that wish to build tools to run as part of + an SDK (i.e. tools that run on + SDKMACHINE). + + + + You can create a recipe that builds tools that run on the SDK machine + a couple different ways: + + Create a myrecipe-nativesdk.bb + recipe that inherits the nativesdk class. + If you use this method, you must order the inherit statement + in the recipe after all other inherit statements so that the + nativesdk class is inherited last. + + Create a nativesdk variant + of any recipe by adding the following: + + BBCLASSEXTEND = "nativesdk" + + Inside the recipe, use _class-nativesdk and + _class-target overrides to specify any + functionality specific to the respective SDK machine or target + case. + + + + + Although applied differently, the nativesdk class + is used with both methods. + The advantage of the second method is that you do not need to have two + separate recipes (assuming you need both) for the SDK machine and the + target. + All common parts of the recipe are automatically shared. + +
+ +
+ <filename>oelint.bbclass</filename> + + + The oelint class is an + obsolete lint checking tool that exists in + meta/classes in the + Source Directory. + + + + A number of classes exist that are could be generally useful in + OE-Core but are never actually used within OE-Core itself. + The oelint class is one such example. + However, being aware of this class can reduce the proliferation of + different versions of similar classes across multiple layers. + +
+ +
+ <filename>own-mirrors.bbclass</filename> + + + The own-mirrors class makes it + easier to set up your own + PREMIRRORS + from which to first fetch source before attempting to fetch it from the + upstream specified in + SRC_URI + within each recipe. + + + + To use this class, inherit it globally and specify + SOURCE_MIRROR_URL. + Here is an example: + + INHERIT += "own-mirrors" + SOURCE_MIRROR_URL = "http://example.com/my-source-mirror" + + You can specify only a single URL in + SOURCE_MIRROR_URL. + +
+ +
+ <filename>package.bbclass</filename> + + + The package class supports generating + packages from a build's output. + The core generic functionality is in + package.bbclass. + The code specific to particular package types resides in these + package-specific classes: + package_deb, + package_rpm, + package_ipk, + and + package_tar. + + + + You can control the list of resulting package formats by using the + PACKAGE_CLASSES + variable defined in your conf/local.conf + configuration file, which is located in the + Build Directory. + When defining the variable, you can specify one or more package types. + Since images are generated from packages, a packaging class is + needed to enable image generation. + The first class listed in this variable is used for image generation. + + + + If you take the optional step to set up a repository (package feed) + on the development host that can be used by Smart, you can + install packages from the feed while you are running the image + on the target (i.e. runtime installation of packages). + For more information, see the + "Using Runtime Package Management" + section in the Yocto Project Development Manual. + + + + The package-specific class you choose can affect build-time performance + and has space ramifications. + In general, building a package with IPK takes about thirty percent less + time as compared to using RPM to build the same or similar package. + This comparison takes into account a complete build of the package with + all dependencies previously built. + The reason for this discrepancy is because the RPM package manager + creates and processes more + Metadata than the + IPK package manager. + Consequently, you might consider setting + PACKAGE_CLASSES to "package_ipk" if you are + building smaller systems. + + + + Before making your package manager decision, however, you should + consider some further things about using RPM: + + + RPM starts to provide more abilities than IPK due to + the fact that it processes more Metadata. + For example, this information includes individual file types, + file checksum generation and evaluation on install, sparse file + support, conflict detection and resolution for Multilib systems, + ACID style upgrade, and repackaging abilities for rollbacks. + + + For smaller systems, the extra space used for the Berkeley + Database and the amount of metadata when using RPM can affect + your ability to perform on-device upgrades. + + + + + + You can find additional information on the effects of the package + class at these two Yocto Project mailing list links: + + + https://lists.yoctoproject.org/pipermail/poky/2011-May/006362.html + + https://lists.yoctoproject.org/pipermail/poky/2011-May/006363.html + + +
+ +
+ <filename>package_deb.bbclass</filename> + + + The package_deb class + provides support for creating packages that use the + .deb file format. + The class ensures the packages are written out to the + ${DEPLOY_DIR}/deb + directory in a .deb file format. + + + + This class inherits the + package + class and is enabled through the + PACKAGE_CLASSES + variable in the local.conf file. + +
+ +
+ <filename>package_ipk.bbclass</filename> + + + The package_ipk class + provides support for creating packages that use the + .ipk file format. + The class ensures the packages are written out to the + ${DEPLOY_DIR}/ipk + directory in a .ipk file format. + + + + This class inherits the + package + class and is enabled through the + PACKAGE_CLASSES + variable in the local.conf file. + +
+ +
+ <filename>package_rpm.bbclass</filename> + + + The package_deb class + provides support for creating packages that use the + .rpm file format. + The class ensures the packages are written out to the + ${DEPLOY_DIR}/rpm + directory in a .rpm file format. + + + + This class inherits the + package + class and is enabled through the + PACKAGE_CLASSES + variable in the local.conf file. + +
+ +
+ <filename>package_tar.bbclass</filename> + + + The package_tar + class provides support for creating packages that use the + .tar file format. + The class ensures the packages are written out to the + ${DEPLOY_DIR}/tar + directory in a .tar file format. + + + + This class inherits the + package + class and is enabled through the + PACKAGE_CLASSES + variable in the local.conf file. + + You cannot specify the package_tar class + first using the PACKAGE_CLASSES variable. + You must use .deb, + .ipk, or .rpm file + formats for your image or SDK. + + +
+ +
+ <filename>packagedata.bbclass</filename> + + + The packagedata class provides + common functionality for reading pkgdata files + found in + PKGDATA_DIR. + These files contain information about each output package produced by + the OpenEmbedded build system. + + + + This class is enabled by default because it is inherited by the + package + class. + +
+ +
+ <filename>packagegroup.bbclass</filename> + + + The packagegroup class sets default values + appropriate for package group recipes (e.g. + PACKAGES, + PACKAGE_ARCH, + ALLOW_EMPTY, + and so forth). + It is highly recommended that all package group recipes inherit this class. + + + + For information on how to use this class, see the + "Customizing Images Using Custom Package Groups" + section in the Yocto Project Development Manual. + + + + Previously, this class was called the task class. + +
+ +
+ <filename>packageinfo.bbclass</filename> + + + The packageinfo class + gives a BitBake user interface the ability to retrieve information + about output packages from the pkgdata files. + + + + This class is enabled automatically when using the + Hob + user interface. + +
+ +
+ <filename>patch.bbclass</filename> + + + The patch class provides all functionality for + applying patches during the do_patch task. + + + + This class is enabled by default because it is inherited by the + base + class. + +
+ +
+ <filename>perlnative.bbclass</filename> + + + When inherited by a recipe, the perlnative class + supports using the native version of Perl built by the build system + rather than using the version provided by the build host. + +
+ +
+ <filename>pixbufcache.bbclass</filename> + + + The pixbufcache class generates the proper + post-install and post-remove (postinst/postrm) scriptlets for packages + that install pixbuf loaders, which are used with + gdk-pixbuf. + These scriptlets call update_pixbuf_cache + to add the pixbuf loaders to the cache. + Since the cache files are architecture-specific, + update_pixbuf_cache is run using QEMU if the + postinst scriptlets need to be run on the build host during image + creation. + + + + If the pixbuf loaders being installed are in packages other + than the recipe's main package, set + PIXBUF_PACKAGES + to specify the packages containing the loaders. + +
+ +
+ <filename>pkgconfig.bbclass</filename> + + + The pkg-config class provides a standard way to get + header and library information. + This class aims to smooth integration of + pkg-config into libraries that use it. + + + + During staging, BitBake installs pkg-config data into the + sysroots/ directory. + By making use of sysroot functionality within pkg-config, + this class no longer has to manipulate the files. + +
+ +
+ <filename>populate_sdk.bbclass</filename> + + + The populate_sdk class provides support for + SDK-only recipes. + For information on advantages gained when building a cross-development + toolchain using the do_populate_sdk task, see the + "Optionally Building a Toolchain Installer" + section in the Yocto Project Application Developer's Guide. + +
+ +
+ <filename>populate_sdk_*.bbclass</filename> + + + The populate_sdk_* classes support SDK creation + and consist of the following classes: + + populate_sdk_base: + The base class supporting SDK creation under all package + managers (i.e. DEB, RPM, and IPK). + populate_sdk_deb: + Supports creation of the SDK given the Debian package manager. + + populate_sdk_rpm: + Supports creation of the SDK given the RPM package manager. + + populate_sdk_ipk: + Supports creation of the SDK given the IPK package manager. + + + + + + The populate_sdk_base package inherits the + appropriate populate_sdk_* (i.e. + deb, rpm, and + ipk) based on + IMAGE_PKGTYPE. + + + + The base class ensures all source and destination directories are + established and then populates the SDK. + After populating the SDK, the populate_sdk_base + class constructs two images: + SDK_ARCH-nativesdk, + which contains the cross-compiler and associated tooling, and the + target, which contains a target root filesystem that is configured for + the SDK usage. + These two images reside in + SDK_OUTPUT, + which consists of the following: + + ${SDK_OUTPUT}/<sdk_arch-nativesdk pkgs> + ${SDK_OUTPUT}/${SDKTARGETSYSROOT}/<target pkgs> + + + + + Finally, the base populate SDK class creates the toolchain + environment setup script, the tarball of the SDK, and the installer. + + + + The respective populate_sdk_deb, + populate_sdk_rpm, and + populate_sdk_ipk classes each support the + specific type of SDK. + These classes are inherited by and used with the + populate_sdk_base class. + + + + For more information on the cross-development toolchain + generation, see the + "Cross-Development Toolchain Generation" + section. + For information on advantages gained when building a + cross-development toolchain using the + do_populate_sdk task, see the + "Optionally Building a Toolchain Installer" + section in the Yocto Project Application Developer's Guide. + +
+ +
+ <filename>prexport.bbclass</filename> + + + The prexport class provides functionality for + exporting + PR values. + + This class is not intended to be used directly. + Rather, it is enabled when using + "bitbake-prserv-tool export". + + +
+ +
+ <filename>primport.bbclass</filename> + + + The primport class provides functionality for + importing + PR values. + + This class is not intended to be used directly. + Rather, it is enabled when using + "bitbake-prserv-tool import". + + +
+ +
+ <filename>prserv.bbclass</filename> + + + The prserv class provides functionality for + using a + PR service + in order to automatically manage the incrementing of the + PR variable for + each recipe. + + + + This class is enabled by default because it is inherited by the + package + class. + However, the OpenEmbedded build system will not enable the + functionality of this class unless + PRSERV_HOST + has been set. + +
+ +
+ <filename>ptest.bbclass</filename> + + + The ptest class provides functionality for + packaging and installing runtime tests for recipes that build software + that provides these tests. + + + + This class is intended to be inherited by individual recipes. + However, the class' functionality is largely disabled unless "ptest" + appears in + DISTRO_FEATURES. + See the + "Testing Packages With ptest" + section in the Yocto Project Development Manual for more information + on ptest. + +
+ +
+ <filename>python-dir.bbclass</filename> + + + The python-dir class provides the base version, + location, and site package location for Python. + +
+ +
+ <filename>pythonnative.bbclass</filename> + + + When inherited by a recipe, the pythonnative class + supports using the native version of Python built by the build system + rather than using the version provided by the build host. + +
+ +
+ <filename>qemu.bbclass</filename> + + + The qemu class provides functionality for recipes + that either need QEMU or test for the existence of QEMU. + Typically, this class is used to run programs for a target system on + the build host using QEMU's application emulation mode. + +
+ +
+ <filename>qmake*.bbclass</filename> + + + The qmake* classes support recipes that + need to build software that uses Qt's qmake + build system and are comprised of the following: + + qmake_base: + Provides base functionality for all versions of + qmake. + qmake2: + Extends base functionality for qmake 2.x as + used by Qt 4.x. + + + + + If you need to set any configuration variables or pass any options to + qmake, you can add these to the + EXTRA_QMAKEVARS_PRE + or + EXTRA_QMAKEVARS_POST + variables, depending on whether the arguments need to be before or + after the .pro file list on the command line, + respectively. + + + + By default, all .pro files are built. + If you want to specify your own subset of .pro + files to be built, specify them in the + QMAKE_PROFILES + variable. + +
+ +
+ <filename>qt4*.bbclass</filename> + + + The qt4* classes support recipes that need to + build software that uses the Qt development framework version 4.x + and consist of the following: + + qt4e: + Supports building against Qt/Embedded, which uses the + framebuffer for graphical output. + qt4x11: + Supports building against Qt/X11. + + + + + The classes inherit the + qmake2 + class. + +
+ +
+ <filename>relocatable.bbclass</filename> + + + The relocatable class enables relocation of + binaries when they are installed into the sysroot. + + + + This class makes use of the + chrpath + class and is used by both the + cross + and + native + classes. + +
+ +
+ <filename>report-error.bbclass</filename> + + + The report-error class supports enabling the + error reporting tool, + which allows you to submit build error information to a central + database. + + + + The class collects debug information for recipe, recipe version, task, + machine, distro, build system, target system, host distro, branch, + commit, and log. + From the information, report files using a JSON format are created and + stored in + ${LOG_DIR}/error-report. + +
+ +
+ <filename>rm_work.bbclass</filename> + + + The rm_work class supports deletion of temporary + workspace, which can ease your hard drive demands during builds. + + + + The OpenEmbedded build system can use a substantial amount of disk + space during the build process. + A portion of this space is the work files under the + ${TMPDIR}/work directory for each recipe. + Once the build system generates the packages for a recipe, the work + files for that recipe are no longer needed. + However, by default, the build system preserves these files + for inspection and possible debugging purposes. + If you would rather have these files deleted to save disk space + as the build progresses, you can enable rm_work + by adding the following to your local.conf file, + which is found in the + Build Directory. + + INHERIT += "rm_work" + + If you are modifying and building source code out of the work directory + for a recipe, enabling rm_work will potentially + result in your changes to the source being lost. + To exclude some recipes from having their work directories deleted by + rm_work, you can add the names of the recipe or + recipes you are working on to the RM_WORK_EXCLUDE + variable, which can also be set in your local.conf + file. + Here is an example: + + RM_WORK_EXCLUDE += "busybox eglibc" + + +
+ +
+ <filename>rootfs*.bbclass</filename> + + + The rootfs* classes support creating + the root filesystem for an image and consist of the following classes: + + + The rootfs_deb class, which supports + creation of root filesystems for images built using + .deb packages. + + The rootfs_rpm class, which supports + creation of root filesystems for images built using + .rpm packages. + + The rootfs_ipk class, which supports + creation of root filesystems for images built using + .ipk packages. + + + + + The root filesystem is created from packages using one of the + rootfs*.bbclass files as determined by the + PACKAGE_CLASSES + variable. + + + + For information on how root filesystem images are created, see the + "Image Generation" + section. + +
+ +
+ <filename>sanity.bbclass</filename> + + + The sanity class checks to see if prerequisite + software is present on the host system so that users can be notified + of potential problems that might affect their build. + The class also performs basic user configuration checks from + the local.conf configuration file to + prevent common mistakes that cause build failures. + Distribution policy usually determines whether to include this class. + +
+ +
+ <filename>scons.bbclass</filename> + + + The scons class supports recipes that need to + build software that uses the SCons build system. + You can use the + EXTRA_OESCONS + variable to specify additional configuration options you want to pass + SCons command line. + +
+ +
+ <filename>sdl.bbclass</filename> + + + The sdl class supports recipes that need to build + software that uses the Simple DirectMedia Layer (SDL) library. + +
+ +
+ <filename>setuptools.bbclass</filename> + + + The setuptools class supports Python + version 2.x extensions that use build systems based on + setuptools. + If your recipe uses these build systems, the recipe needs to + inherit the setuptools class. + +
+ +
+ <filename>setuptools3.bbclass</filename> + + + The setuptools3 class supports Python + version 3.x extensions that use build systems based on + setuptools3. + If your recipe uses these build systems, the recipe needs to + inherit the setuptools3 class. + +
+ +
+ <filename>sip.bbclass</filename> + + + The sip class + supports recipes that build or package SIP-based Python bindings. + +
+ +
+ <filename>siteconfig.bbclass</filename> + + + The siteconfig class + provides functionality for handling site configuration. + The class is used by the + autotools + class to accelerate the do_configure task. + +
+ +
+ <filename>siteinfo.bbclass</filename> + + + The siteinfo class provides information about + the targets that might be needed by other classes or recipes. + + + + As an example, consider Autotools, which can require tests that must + execute on the target hardware. + Since this is not possible in general when cross compiling, site + information is used to provide cached test results so these tests can + be skipped over but still make the correct values available. + The + meta/site directory + contains test results sorted into different categories such as + architecture, endianness, and the libc used. + Site information provides a list of files containing data relevant to + the current build in the + CONFIG_SITE variable + that Autotools automatically picks up. + + + + The class also provides variables like + SITEINFO_ENDIANNESS + and SITEINFO_BITS + that can be used elsewhere in the metadata. + + + + Because the + base class + includes the siteinfo class, it is always active. + +
+ +
+ <filename>spdx.bbclass</filename> + + + The spdx class integrates real-time license + scanning, generation of SPDX standard output, and verification + of license information during the build. + + This class is currently at the prototype stage in the 1.5 + release. + + +
+ +
+ <filename>sstate.bbclass</filename> + + + The sstate class provides support for Shared + State (sstate). + By default, the class is enabled through the + INHERIT_DISTRO + variable's default value. + + + + For more information on sstate, see the + "Shared State Cache" + section. + +
+ +
+ <filename>staging.bbclass</filename> + + + The staging class provides support for staging + files into the sysroot during the + do_populate_sysroot task. + The class is enabled by default because it is inherited by the + base + class. + +
+ +
+ <filename>syslinux.bbclass</filename> + + + The syslinux class provides syslinux-specific + functions for building bootable images. + + + + The class supports the following variables: + + INITRD: + Indicates a filesystem image to use as an initial RAM disk + (initrd). + This variable is optional. + ROOTFS: + Indicates a filesystem image to include as the root filesystem. + This variable is optional. + AUTO_SYSLINUXMENU: + Enables creating an automatic menu when set to "1". + + LABELS: + Lists targets for automatic configuration. + + APPEND: + Lists append string overrides for each label. + + SYSLINUX_OPTS: + Lists additional options to add to the syslinux file. + Semicolon characters separate multiple options. + + SYSLINUX_SPLASH: + Lists a background for the VGA boot menu when you are using the + boot menu. + SYSLINUX_DEFAULT_CONSOLE: + Set to "console=ttyX" to change kernel boot default console. + + SYSLINUX_SERIAL: + Sets an alternate serial port. + Or, turns off serial when the variable is set with an + empty string. + SYSLINUX_SERIAL_TTY: + Sets an alternate "console=tty..." kernel boot argument. + + + +
+ +
+ <filename>systemd.bbclass</filename> + + + The systemd class provides support for recipes + that install systemd unit files. + + + + The functionality for this class is disabled unless you have "systemd" + in + DISTRO_FEATURES. + + + + Under this class, the recipe or Makefile (i.e. whatever the recipe is + calling during the do_install task) installs unit + files into + ${D}${systemd_unitdir}/system. + If the unit files being installed go into packages other than the + main package, you need to set + SYSTEMD_PACKAGES + in your recipe to identify the packages in which the files will be + installed. + + + + You should set + SYSTEMD_SERVICE + to the name of the service file. + You should also use a package name override to indicate the package + to which the value applies. + If the value applies to the recipe's main package, use + ${PN}. + Here is an example from the connman recipe: + + SYSTEMD_SERVICE_${PN} = "connman.service" + + Services are set up to start on boot automatically unless + you have set + SYSTEMD_AUTO_ENABLE + to "disable". + + + + For more information on systemd, see the + "Selecting an Initialization Manager" + section in the Yocto Project Development Manual. + +
+ +
+ <filename>terminal.bbclass</filename> + + + The terminal class provides support for starting + a terminal session. + The + OE_TERMINAL + variable controls which terminal emulator is used for the session. + + + + Other classes use the terminal class anywhere a + separate terminal session needs to be started. + For example, the + patch + class assuming + PATCHRESOLVE + is set to "user", the + cml1 + class, and the + devshell + class all use the terminal class. + +
+ +
+ <filename>testimage.bbclass</filename> + + + The testimage class supports running automated + tests against images using QEMU and on actual hardware. + The class handles loading the tests and starting the image. + + + + To use the class, you need to perform steps to set up the + environment. + The tests are commands that run on the target system over + ssh. + they are written in Python and make use of the + unittest module. + + + + For information on how to enable, run, and create new tests, see the + "Performing Automated Runtime Testing" + section. + +
+ +
+ <filename>tinderclient.bbclass</filename> + + + The tinderclient class submits build results to + an external Tinderbox instance. + + This class is currently unmaintained. + + +
+ +
+ <filename>toaster.bbclass</filename> + + + The toaster class collects information about + packages and images and sends them as events that the BitBake + user interface can receive. + The class is enabled when the Toaster user interface is running. + + + + This class is not intended to be used directly. + +
+ +
+ <filename>toolchain-scripts.bbclass</filename> + + + The toolchain-scripts class provides the scripts + used for setting up the environment for installed SDKs. + +
+ +
+ <filename>typecheck.bbclass</filename> + + + The typecheck class provides support for + validating the values of variables set at the configuration level + against their defined types. + The OpenEmbedded build system allows you to define the type of a + variable using the "type" varflag. + Here is an example: + + IMAGE_FEATURES[type] = "list" + + +
+ +
+ <filename>uboot-config.bbclass</filename> + + + The uboot-config class provides support for + U-Boot configuration for a machine. + Specify the machine in your recipe as follows: + + UBOOT_CONFIG ??= <default> + UBOOT_CONFIG[foo] = "config,images" + + You can also specify the machine using this method: + + UBOOT_MACHINE = "config" + + See the + UBOOT_CONFIG + and + UBOOT_MACHINE + variables for additional information. + +
+ +
+ <filename>update-alternatives.bbclass</filename> + + + The update-alternatives class helps the + alternatives system when multiple sources provide the same command. + This situation occurs when several programs that have the same or + similar function are installed with the same name. + For example, the ar command is available from the + busybox, binutils and + elfutils packages. + The update-alternatives class handles + renaming the binaries so that multiple packages can be installed + without conflicts. + The ar command still works regardless of which + packages are installed or subsequently removed. + The class renames the conflicting binary in each package and symlinks + the highest priority binary during installation or removal of packages. + + + + To use this class, you need to define a number of variables: + + ALTERNATIVE + + ALTERNATIVE_LINK_NAME + + ALTERNATIVE_TARGET + + ALTERNATIVE_PRIORITY + + + These variables list alternative commands needed by a package, + provide pathnames for links, default links for targets, and + so forth. + For details on how to use this class, see the comments in the + update-alternatives.bbclass. + + + + You can use the update-alternatives command + directly in your recipes. + However, this class simplifies things in most cases. + +
+ +
+ <filename>update-rc.d.bbclass</filename> + + + The update-rc.d class uses + update-rc.d to safely install an + initialization script on behalf of the package. + The OpenEmbedded build system takes care of details such as making + sure the script is stopped before a package is removed and started when + the package is installed. + + + + Three variables control this class: + INITSCRIPT_PACKAGES, + INITSCRIPT_NAME and + INITSCRIPT_PARAMS. + See the variable links for details. + +
+ +
+ <filename>useradd.bbclass</filename> + + + The useradd class supports the addition of users + or groups for usage by the package on the target. + For example, if you have packages that contain system services that + should be run under their own user or group, you can use this class to + enable creation of the user or group. + The meta-skeleton/recipes-skeleton/useradd/useradd-example.bb + recipe in the Source Directory + provides a simple example that shows how to add three + users and groups to two packages. + See the useradd-example.bb recipe for more + information on how to use this class. + + + + The useradd class supports the + USERADD_PACKAGES, + USERADD_PARAM, + GROUPADD_PARAM, + and + GROUPMEMS_PARAM + variables. + +
+ +
+ <filename>useradd-staticids.bbclass</filename> + + + The useradd-staticids class supports the addition + of users or groups that have static user identification + (uid) and group identification + (gid) values. + + + + The default behavior of the OpenEmbedded build system for assigning + uid and gid values when + packages add users and groups during package install time is to + add them dynamically. + This works fine for programs that do not care what the values of the + resulting users and groups become. + In these cases, the order of the installation determines the final + uid and gid values. + However, if non-deterministic + uid and gid values are a + problem, you can override the default, dynamic application of these + values by setting static values. + When you set static values, the OpenEmbedded build system looks in + BBPATH for + files/passwd and files/group + files for the values. + + + + To use static uid and gid + values, you need to set some variables. + See the + USERADDEXTENSION, + USERADD_UID_TABLES, + USERADD_GID_TABLES, + and + USERADD_ERROR_DYNAMIC + variables. + You can also see the + useradd + class for additional information. + + + Notes + You do not use this class directly. + You either enable or disable the class by setting the + USERADDEXTENSION variable. + If you enable or disable the class in a configured system, + TMPDIR + might contain incorrect uid and + gid values. + Deleting the TMPDIR directory + will correct this condition. + +
+ +
+ <filename>utility-tasks.bbclass</filename> + + + The utility-tasks class provides support for + various "utility" type tasks that are applicable to all recipes, + such as do_clean and + do_listtasks. + + + + This class is enabled by default because it is inherited by + the + base + class. + +
+ +
+ <filename>utils.bbclass</filename> + + + The utils class provides some useful Python + functions that are typically used in inline Python expressions + (e.g. ${@...}). + One example use is for base_contains(). + + + + This class is enabled by default because it is inherited by the + base + class. + +
+ +
+ <filename>vala.bbclass</filename> + + + The vala class supports recipes that need to + build software written using the Vala programming language. + +
+ +
+ <filename>waf.bbclass</filename> + + + The waf class supports recipes that need to build + software that uses the Waf build system. + You can use the + EXTRA_OECONF + variable to specify additional configuration options to be passed on + the Waf command line. + +
+ + + + + + diff --git a/documentation/ref-manual/ref-features.xml b/documentation/ref-manual/ref-features.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f351931 --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/ref-manual/ref-features.xml @@ -0,0 +1,344 @@ + %poky; ] > + + + Features + + + This chapter provides a reference of shipped machine and distro features + you can include as part of the image, a reference on image types you can + build, and a reference on feature backfilling. + + + + Features provide a mechanism for working out which packages + should be included in the generated images. + Distributions can select which features they want to support through the + DISTRO_FEATURES + variable, which is set in the poky.conf distribution configuration file. + Machine features are set in the + MACHINE_FEATURES + variable, which is set in the machine configuration file and + specifies the hardware features for a given machine. + + + + These two variables combine to work out which kernel modules, + utilities, and other packages to include. + A given distribution can support a selected subset of features so some machine features might not + be included if the distribution itself does not support them. + + + + One method you can use to determine which recipes are checking to see if a + particular feature is contained or not is to grep through + the Metadata + for the feature. + Here is an example that discovers the recipes whose build is potentially + changed based on a given feature: + + $ cd poky + $ git grep 'contains.*MACHINE_FEATURES.*<feature>' + + + +
+ Machine Features + + + The items below are features you can use with + MACHINE_FEATURES. + Features do not have a one-to-one correspondence to packages, and they can + go beyond simply controlling the installation of a package or packages. + Sometimes a feature can influence how certain recipes are built. + For example, a feature might determine whether a particular configure option + is specified within do_configure for a particular + recipe. + + + + This feature list only represents features as shipped with the Yocto Project metadata: + + acpi: Hardware has ACPI (x86/x86_64 only) + + alsa: Hardware has ALSA audio drivers + + apm: Hardware uses APM (or APM emulation) + + bluetooth: Hardware has integrated BT + + ext2: Hardware HDD or Microdrive + + irda: Hardware has IrDA support + + keyboard: Hardware has a keyboard + + pci: Hardware has a PCI bus + + pcmcia: Hardware has PCMCIA or CompactFlash sockets + + screen: Hardware has a screen + + serial: Hardware has serial support (usually RS232) + + touchscreen: Hardware has a touchscreen + + usbgadget: Hardware is USB gadget device capable + + usbhost: Hardware is USB Host capable + + wifi: Hardware has integrated WiFi + + + +
+ +
+ Distro Features + + + The items below are features you can use with + DISTRO_FEATURES + to enable features across your distribution. + Features do not have a one-to-one correspondence to packages, + and they can go beyond simply controlling the installation of a + package or packages. + In most cases, the presence or absence of a feature translates to + the appropriate option supplied to the configure script during + do_configure for the recipes that optionally + support the feature. + + + + Some distro features are also machine features. + These select features make sense to be controlled both at + the machine and distribution configuration level. + See the + COMBINED_FEATURES + variable for more information. + + + + This list only represents features as shipped with the Yocto Project metadata: + + alsa: Include ALSA support + (OSS compatibility kernel modules installed if available). + + bluetooth: Include + bluetooth support (integrated BT only). + cramfs: Include CramFS + support. + directfb: + Include DirectFB support. + + ext2: Include tools for + supporting for devices with internal HDD/Microdrive for + storing files (instead of Flash only devices). + + ipsec: Include IPSec + support. + ipv6: Include IPv6 support. + + irda: Include IrDA support. + + keyboard: Include keyboard + support (e.g. keymaps will be loaded during boot). + + nfs: Include NFS client + support (for mounting NFS exports on device). + + opengl: + Include the Open Graphics Library, which is a + cross-language, multi-platform application programming + interface used for rendering two and three-dimensional + graphics. + pci: Include PCI bus + support. + pcmcia: Include + PCMCIA/CompactFlash support. + ppp: Include PPP dialup + support. + smbfs: Include SMB networks + client support (for mounting Samba/Microsoft Windows shares + on device). + systemd: Include support + for this init manager, which is a full + replacement of for init with parallel + starting of services, reduced shell overhead, and other + features. + This init manager is used by many + distributions. + usbgadget: Include USB + Gadget Device support (for USB networking/serial/storage). + + usbhost: Include USB Host + support (allows to connect external keyboard, mouse, + storage, network etc). + wayland: Include the + Wayland display server protocol and the library that + supports it. + wifi: Include WiFi support + (integrated only). + x11: Include the X server + and libraries. + + +
+ +
+ Image Features + + + The contents of images generated by the OpenEmbedded build system can be controlled by the + IMAGE_FEATURES + and EXTRA_IMAGE_FEATURES + variables that you typically configure in your image recipes. + Through these variables, you can add several different + predefined packages such as development utilities or packages with debug + information needed to investigate application problems or profile applications. + + + + Current list of + IMAGE_FEATURES contains the following: + + dbg-pkgs: Installs debug symbol packages for all packages + installed in a given image. + dev-pkgs: Installs development packages (headers and + extra library links) for all packages installed in a given image. + doc-pkgs: Installs documentation packages for all packages + installed in a given image. + nfs-server: Installs an NFS server. + read-only-rootfs: Creates + an image whose root filesystem is read-only. + See the + "Creating a Read-Only Root Filesystem" + section in the Yocto Project Development Manual for more + information. + splash: Enables showing a splash screen during boot. + By default, this screen is provided by psplash, which does + allow customization. + If you prefer to use an alternative splash screen package, you can do so by + setting the SPLASH variable + to a different package name (or names) within the image recipe or at the distro + configuration level. + ssh-server-dropbear: Installs the Dropbear minimal + SSH server. + + ssh-server-openssh: Installs the OpenSSH SSH server, + which is more full-featured than Dropbear. + Note that if both the OpenSSH SSH server and the Dropbear minimal SSH server + are present in IMAGE_FEATURES, then OpenSSH will take + precedence and Dropbear will not be installed. + staticdev-pkgs: Installs static development + packages (i.e. static libraries containing *.a files) for all + packages installed in a given image. + tools-debug: Installs debugging tools such as + strace and gdb. + For information on GDB, see the + "Debugging With the GNU Project Debugger (GDB) Remotely" + section in the Yocto Project Development Manual. + For information on tracing and profiling, see the + Yocto Project Profiling and Tracing Manual. + + tools-profile: Installs profiling tools such as + oprofile, exmap, and + LTTng. + For general information on user-space tools, see the + "User-Space Tools" + section in the Yocto Project Application Developer's Guide. + tools-sdk: Installs a full SDK that runs on the device. + + tools-testapps: Installs device testing tools (e.g. + touchscreen debugging). + x11: Installs the X server + x11-base: Installs the X server with a + minimal environment. + x11-sato: Installs the OpenedHand Sato environment. + + + +
+ +
+ Feature Backfilling + + + Sometimes it is necessary in the OpenEmbedded build system to extend + MACHINE_FEATURES + or DISTRO_FEATURES + to control functionality that was previously enabled and not able + to be disabled. + For these cases, we need to add an + additional feature item to appear in one of these variables, + but we do not want to force developers who have existing values + of the variables in their configuration to add the new feature + in order to retain the same overall level of functionality. + Thus, the OpenEmbedded build system has a mechanism to + automatically "backfill" these added features into existing + distro or machine configurations. + You can see the list of features for which this is done by + finding the + DISTRO_FEATURES_BACKFILL + and MACHINE_FEATURES_BACKFILL + variables in the meta/conf/bitbake.conf file. + + + + Because such features are backfilled by default into all + configurations as described in the previous paragraph, developers + who wish to disable the new features need to be able to selectively + prevent the backfilling from occurring. + They can do this by adding the undesired feature or features to the + DISTRO_FEATURES_BACKFILL_CONSIDERED + or MACHINE_FEATURES_BACKFILL_CONSIDERED + variables for distro features and machine features respectively. + + + + Here are two examples to help illustrate feature backfilling: + + The "pulseaudio" distro feature option: + Previously, PulseAudio support was enabled within the Qt and + GStreamer frameworks. + Because of this, the feature is backfilled and thus + enabled for all distros through the + DISTRO_FEATURES_BACKFILL + variable in the meta/conf/bitbake.conf file. + However, your distro needs to disable the feature. + You can disable the feature without affecting + other existing distro configurations that need PulseAudio support + by adding "pulseaudio" to + DISTRO_FEATURES_BACKFILL_CONSIDERED + in your distro's .conf file. + Adding the feature to this variable when it also + exists in the DISTRO_FEATURES_BACKFILL + variable prevents the build system from adding the feature to + your configuration's DISTRO_FEATURES, effectively disabling + the feature for that particular distro. + The "rtc" machine feature option: + Previously, real time clock (RTC) support was enabled for all + target devices. + Because of this, the feature is backfilled and thus enabled + for all machines through the MACHINE_FEATURES_BACKFILL + variable in the meta/conf/bitbake.conf file. + However, your target device does not have this capability. + You can disable RTC support for your device without + affecting other machines that need RTC support + by adding the feature to your machine's + MACHINE_FEATURES_BACKFILL_CONSIDERED + list in the machine's .conf file. + Adding the feature to this variable when it also + exists in the MACHINE_FEATURES_BACKFILL + variable prevents the build system from adding the feature to + your configuration's MACHINE_FEATURES, effectively + disabling RTC support for that particular machine. + + +
+ + + diff --git a/documentation/ref-manual/ref-images.xml b/documentation/ref-manual/ref-images.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e7d76f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/ref-manual/ref-images.xml @@ -0,0 +1,167 @@ + %poky; ] > + + + Images + + + The OpenEmbedded build system provides several example + images to satisfy different needs. + When you issue the bitbake command you provide a “top-level” recipe + that essentially begins the build for the type of image you want. + + + + Building an image without GNU General Public License Version 3 (GPLv3) components + is only supported for minimal and base images. + Furthermore, if you are going to build an image using non-GPLv3 components, + you must make the following changes in the local.conf file + before using the BitBake command to build the minimal or base image: + + 1. Comment out the EXTRA_IMAGE_FEATURES line + 2. Set INCOMPATIBLE_LICENSE = "GPLv3" + + + + + From within the poky Git repository, use the following command to list + the supported images: + + $ ls meta*/recipes*/images/*.bb + + These recipes reside in the meta/recipes-core/images, + meta/recipes-extended/images, + meta/recipes-graphics/images, + meta/recipes-qt/images, + meta/recipes-rt/images, + meta/recipes-sato/images, and + meta-skeleton/recipes-multilib/images directories + within the Source Directory. + Although the recipe names are somewhat explanatory, here is a list that describes them: + + + + build-appliance-image: + An example virtual machine that contains all the pieces required to + run builds using the build system as well as the build system itself. + You can boot and run the image using either the + VMware Player + or VMware Workstation. + For more information on this image, see the + Build Appliance page on + the Yocto Project website. + core-image-base: + A console-only image that fully supports the target device hardware. + core-image-minimal: + A small image just capable of allowing a device to boot. + core-image-minimal-dev: + A core-image-minimal image suitable for development work + using the host. + The image includes headers and libraries you can use in a host development + environment. + + core-image-minimal-initramfs: + A core-image-minimal image that has the Minimal RAM-based + Initial Root Filesystem (initramfs) as part of the kernel, + which allows the system to find the first “init” program more efficiently. + See the + PACKAGE_INSTALL + variable for additional information helpful when working with + initramfs images. + + core-image-minimal-mtdutils: + A core-image-minimal image that has support + for the Minimal MTD Utilities, which let the user interact with the + MTD subsystem in the kernel to perform operations on flash devices. + + core-image-full-cmdline: + A console-only image with more full-featured Linux system + functionality installed. + core-image-lsb: + An image that conforms to the Linux Standard Base (LSB) specification. + + core-image-testmaster: + A "master" image designed to be used for automated runtime testing. + Provides a "known good" image that is deployed to a separate + partition so that you can boot into it and use it to deploy a + second image to be tested. + You can find more information about runtime testing in the + "Performing Automated Runtime Testing" + section in the Yocto Project Development Manual. + + core-image-lsb-dev: + A core-image-lsb image that is suitable for development work + using the host. + The image includes headers and libraries you can use in a host development + environment. + + core-image-lsb-sdk: + A core-image-lsb that includes everything in meta-toolchain + but also includes development headers and libraries to form a complete standalone SDK. + This image is suitable for development using the target. + core-image-clutter: + An image with support for the Open GL-based toolkit Clutter, which enables development of + rich and animated graphical user interfaces. + core-image-directfb: + An image that uses directfb instead of X11. + + core-image-x11: + A very basic X11 image with a terminal. + + core-image-weston: + An image that provides the Wayland protocol libraries and the + reference Weston compositor. + For more information, see the + "Wayland" section. + + qt4e-demo-image: + An image that launches into the demo application for the embedded + (not based on X11) version of Qt. + core-image-rt: + A core-image-minimal image plus a real-time test suite and + tools appropriate for real-time use. + core-image-rt-sdk: + A core-image-rt image that includes everything in + meta-toolchain. + The image also includes development headers and libraries to form a complete + stand-alone SDK and is suitable for development using the target. + + core-image-sato: + An image with Sato support, a mobile environment and visual style that works well + with mobile devices. + The image supports X11 with a Sato theme and applications such as + a terminal, editor, file manager, media player, and so forth. + + core-image-sato-dev: + A core-image-sato image suitable for development + using the host. + The image includes libraries needed to build applications on the device itself, + testing and profiling tools, and debug symbols. + This image was formerly core-image-sdk. + + core-image-sato-sdk: + A core-image-sato image that includes everything in meta-toolchain. + The image also includes development headers and libraries to form a complete standalone SDK + and is suitable for development using the target. + core-image-multilib-example: + An example image that includes a lib32 version + of Bash into an otherwise standard sato image. + The image assumes a "lib32" multilib has been enabled in the your + configuration. + + + + From the Yocto Project release 1.1 onwards, -live and + -directdisk images have been replaced by a "live" + option in IMAGE_FSTYPES that will work with any image to produce an + image file that can be + copied directly to a CD or USB device and run as is. + To build a live image, simply add + "live" to IMAGE_FSTYPES within the local.conf + file or wherever appropriate and then build the desired image as normal. + + + diff --git a/documentation/ref-manual/ref-manual-customization.xsl b/documentation/ref-manual/ref-manual-customization.xsl new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3ad3a31 --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/ref-manual/ref-manual-customization.xsl @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/documentation/ref-manual/ref-manual-eclipse-customization.xsl b/documentation/ref-manual/ref-manual-eclipse-customization.xsl new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4e6b799 --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/ref-manual/ref-manual-eclipse-customization.xsl @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + A + + + diff --git a/documentation/ref-manual/ref-manual.xml b/documentation/ref-manual/ref-manual.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2574d8c --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/ref-manual/ref-manual.xml @@ -0,0 +1,146 @@ + %poky; ] > + + + + + + + + + + + + Yocto Project Reference Manual + + + + + Richard Purdie + + Linux Foundation + + richard.purdie@linuxfoundation.org + + + + + + + 4.0+git + 24 November 2010 + Released with the Yocto Project 0.9 Release + + + 1.0 + 6 April 2011 + Released with the Yocto Project 1.0 Release. + + + 1.0.1 + 23 May 2011 + Released with the Yocto Project 1.0.1 Release. + + + 1.1 + 6 October 2011 + Released with the Yocto Project 1.1 Release. + + + 1.2 + April 2012 + Released with the Yocto Project 1.2 Release. + + + 1.3 + October 2012 + Released with the Yocto Project 1.3 Release. + + + 1.4 + April 2013 + Released with the Yocto Project 1.4 Release. + + + 1.5 + October 2013 + Released with the Yocto Project 1.5 Release. + + + 1.5.1 + January 2014 + Released with the Yocto Project 1.5.1 Release. + + + 1.6 + April 2014 + Released with the Yocto Project 1.6 Release. + + + 1.6.1 + Sometime in 2014 + Released with the Yocto Project 1.6.1 Release. + + + + + ©RIGHT_YEAR; + Linux Foundation + + + + + Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under + the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales as published by Creative Commons. + + + For the latest version of this manual associated with this + Yocto Project release, see the + Yocto Project Reference Manual + from the Yocto Project website. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/documentation/ref-manual/ref-structure.xml b/documentation/ref-manual/ref-structure.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..93cd45d --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/ref-manual/ref-structure.xml @@ -0,0 +1,1039 @@ + %poky; ] > + + + +Source Directory Structure + + + The Source Directory consists of several components. + Understanding them and knowing where they are located is key to using the Yocto Project well. + This chapter describes the Source Directory and gives information about the various + files and directories. + + + + For information on how to establish a local Source Directory on your development system, see the + "Getting Set Up" + section in the Yocto Project Development Manual. + + + + The OpenEmbedded build system does not support file or directory names that + contain spaces. + Be sure that the Source Directory you use does not contain these types + of names. + + +
+ Top-Level Core Components + + + This section describes the top-level components of the + Source Directory. + + +
+ <filename>bitbake/</filename> + + + This directory includes a copy of BitBake for ease of use. + The copy usually matches the current stable BitBake release from + the BitBake project. + BitBake, a + Metadata + interpreter, reads the Yocto Project Metadata and runs the tasks + defined by that data. + Failures are usually from the Metadata and not from BitBake itself. + Consequently, most users do not need to worry about BitBake. + + + + When you run the bitbake command, the + main BitBake executable, which resides in the + bitbake/bin/ directory, starts. + Sourcing an environment setup script (e.g. + &OE_INIT_FILE; + or + oe-init-build-env-memres) + places the scripts and + bitbake/bin directories (in that order) into + the shell's PATH environment variable. + + + + For more information on BitBake, see the BitBake documentation + included in the bitbake/doc/manual directory of the + Source Directory. + +
+ +
+ <filename>build/</filename> + + + This directory contains user configuration files and the output + generated by the OpenEmbedded build system in its standard configuration where + the source tree is combined with the output. + The Build Directory + is created initially when you source + the OpenEmbedded build environment setup script + (i.e. + &OE_INIT_FILE; + or + oe-init-build-env-memres). + + + + It is also possible to place output and configuration + files in a directory separate from the + Source Directory + by providing a directory name when you source + the setup script. + For information on separating output from your local + Source Directory files, see the + "&OE_INIT_FILE; + and + "oe-init-build-env-memres" + sections. + +
+ +
+ <filename>documentation/</filename> + + + This directory holds the source for the Yocto Project documentation + as well as templates and tools that allow you to generate PDF and HTML + versions of the manuals. + Each manual is contained in a sub-folder. + For example, the files for this manual reside in + the ref-manual/ directory. + +
+ +
+ <filename>meta/</filename> + + + This directory contains the OpenEmbedded Core metadata. + The directory holds recipes, common classes, and machine + configuration for emulated targets (qemux86, + qemuarm, and so forth.) + +
+ +
+ <filename>meta-yocto/</filename> + + + This directory contains the configuration for the Poky + reference distribution. + +
+ +
+ <filename>meta-yocto-bsp/</filename> + + + This directory contains the Yocto Project reference + hardware Board Support Packages (BSPs). + For more information on BSPs, see the + Yocto Project Board Support + Package (BSP) Developer's Guide. + +
+ +
+ <filename>meta-selftest/</filename> + + + This directory adds additional recipes and append files + used by the OpenEmbedded selftests to verify the behavior + of the build system. + + + + You do not have to add this layer to your + bblayers.conf file unless you want to run the + selftests. + +
+ +
+ <filename>meta-skeleton/</filename> + + + This directory contains template recipes for BSP and kernel development. + +
+ +
+ <filename>scripts/</filename> + + + This directory contains various integration scripts that implement + extra functionality in the Yocto Project environment (e.g. QEMU scripts). + The &OE_INIT_FILE; + and + oe-init-build-env-memres + scripts append this directory to the shell's + PATH environment variable. + + + + The scripts directory has useful scripts that assist in contributing + back to the Yocto Project, such as create-pull-request and + send-pull-request. + +
+ +
+ <filename>&OE_INIT_FILE;</filename> + + + This script is one of two scripts that set up the OpenEmbedded build + environment. + For information on the other script, see the + "oe-init-build-env-memres" + section. + + + + Running this script with the source command in + a shell makes changes to PATH and sets other + core BitBake variables based on the current working directory. + You need to run an environment setup script before running BitBake + commands. + The script uses other scripts within the + scripts directory to do the bulk of the work. + + + + By default, running this script without a + Build Directory + argument creates the build directory + in your current working directory. + If you provide a Build Directory argument when you + source the script, you direct the OpenEmbedded + build system to create a Build Directory of your choice. + For example, the following command creates a Build Directory named + mybuilds that is outside of the + Source Directory: + + $ source &OE_INIT_FILE; ~/mybuilds + + + The OpenEmbedded build system does not support file or directory names that + contain spaces. + If you attempt to run the &OE_INIT_FILE; script + from a Source Directory that contains spaces in either the filenames + or directory names, the script returns an error indicating no such + file or directory. + Be sure to use a Source Directory free of names containing spaces. + + +
+ +
+ <filename>oe-init-build-env-memres</filename> + + + This script is one of two scripts that set up the OpenEmbedded + build environment. + Aside from setting up the environment, this script starts a + memory-resident BitBake server. + For information on the other setup script, see the + "&OE_INIT_FILE;" + section. + + + + Memory-resident BitBake resides in memory until you specifically + remove it using the following BitBake command: + + $ bitbake -m + + + + + Running this script with the source command in + a shell makes changes to PATH and sets other + core BitBake variables based on the current working directory. + One of these variables is the + BBSERVER + variable, which allows the OpenEmbedded build system to locate + the server that is running BitBake. + + + + You need to run an environment setup script before using BitBake + commands. + Following is the script syntax: + + $ source oe-init-build-env-memres <port_number> <build_dir> + + The script uses other scripts within the + scripts directory to do the bulk of the work. + + + + If you do not provide a port number with the script, the + BitBake server at port "12345" is started. + + + + By default, running this script without a + Build Directory + argument creates a build directory named + build. + If you provide a Build Directory argument when you + source the script, the Build Directory is + created using that name. + For example, the following command starts the BitBake server using + the default port "12345" and creates a Build Directory named + mybuilds that is outside of the + Source Directory: + + $ source oe-init-build-env-memres ~/mybuilds + + + The OpenEmbedded build system does not support file or + directory names that contain spaces. + If you attempt to run the + oe-init-build-env-memres script + from a Source Directory that contains spaces in either the + filenames or directory names, the script returns an error + indicating no such file or directory. + Be sure to use a Source Directory free of names containing + spaces. + + +
+ +
+ <filename>LICENSE, README, and README.hardware</filename> + + + These files are standard top-level files. + +
+
+ +
+ The Build Directory - <filename>build/</filename> + + + The OpenEmbedded build system creates the + Build Directory + when you run one of the build environment setup scripts (i.e. + &OE_INIT_FILE; + or + oe-init-build-env-memres). + + + + If you do not give the Build Directory a specific name when you run + a setup script, the name defaults to build. + + + + The + TOPDIR variable + points to the Build Directory. + + +
+ <filename>build/buildhistory</filename> + + + The OpenEmbedded build system creates this directory when you + enable the build history feature. + The directory tracks build information into image, packages, and + SDK subdirectories. + For information on the build history feature, see the + "Maintaining Build Output Quality" + section. + +
+ +
+ <filename>build/conf/local.conf</filename> + + + This configuration file contains all the local user configurations + for your build environment. + The local.conf file contains documentation on + the various configuration options. + Any variable set here overrides any variable set elsewhere within + the environment unless that variable is hard-coded within a file + (e.g. by using '=' instead of '?='). + Some variables are hard-coded for various reasons but these + variables are relatively rare. + + + + Edit this file to set the + MACHINE + for which you want to build, which package types you wish to use + (PACKAGE_CLASSES), + the location from which you want to access downloaded files + (DL_DIR), + and how you want your host machine to use resources + (BB_NUMBER_THREADS + and + PARALLEL_MAKE). + + + + If local.conf is not present when you + start the build, the OpenEmbedded build system creates it from + local.conf.sample when + you source the top-level build environment + setup script (i.e. + &OE_INIT_FILE; + or + oe-init-build-env-memres). + + + + The source local.conf.sample file used + depends on the $TEMPLATECONF script variable, + which defaults to meta-yocto/conf + when you are building from the Yocto Project development + environment and defaults to meta/conf when + you are building from the OpenEmbedded Core environment. + Because the script variable points to the source of the + local.conf.sample file, this implies that + you can configure your build environment from any layer by setting + the variable in the top-level build environment setup script as + follows: + + TEMPLATECONF=<your_layer>/conf + + Once the build process gets the sample file, it uses + sed to substitute final + ${OEROOT} + values for all ##OEROOT## values. + + You can see how the TEMPLATECONF variable + is used by looking at the + scripts/oe-setup-builddir script in the + Source Directory. + You can find the Yocto Project version of the + local.conf.sample file in the + meta-yocto/conf directory. + + +
+ +
+ <filename>build/conf/bblayers.conf</filename> + + + This configuration file defines + layers, + which are directory trees, traversed (or walked) by BitBake. + The bblayers.conf file uses the + BBLAYERS + variable to list the layers BitBake tries to find, and uses the + BBLAYERS_NON_REMOVABLE + variable to list layers that must not be removed. + + + + If bblayers.conf is not present when you + start the build, the OpenEmbedded build system creates it from + bblayers.conf.sample when + you source the top-level build environment + setup script (i.e. + &OE_INIT_FILE; + or + oe-init-build-env-memres). + + + + The source bblayers.conf.sample file used + depends on the $TEMPLATECONF script variable, + which defaults to meta-yocto/conf + when you are building from the Yocto Project development + environment and defaults to meta/conf when + you are building from the OpenEmbedded Core environment. + Because the script variable points to the source of the + bblayers.conf.sample file, this implies that + you can base your build from any layer by setting the variable in + the top-level build environment setup script as follows: + + TEMPLATECONF=<your_layer>/conf + + Once the build process gets the sample file, it uses + sed to substitute final + ${OEROOT} + values for all ##OEROOT## values. + + You can see how the TEMPLATECONF variable + scripts/oe-setup-builddir script in the + Source Directory. + You can find the Yocto Project version of the + bblayers.conf.sample file in the + meta-yocto/conf directory. + + +
+ +
+ <filename>build/conf/sanity_info</filename> + + + This file indicates the state of the sanity checks and is created + during the build. + +
+ +
+ <filename>build/downloads/</filename> + + + This directory contains downloaded upstream source tarballs. + You can reuse the directory for multiple builds or move + the directory to another location. + You can control the location of this directory through the + DL_DIR variable. + +
+ +
+ <filename>build/sstate-cache/</filename> + + + This directory contains the shared state cache. + You can reuse the directory for multiple builds or move + the directory to another location. + You can control the location of this directory through the + SSTATE_DIR variable. + +
+ +
+ <filename>build/tmp/</filename> + + + The OpenEmbedded build system creates and uses this directory + for all the build system's output. + The + TMPDIR + variable points to this directory. + + + + BitBake creates this directory if it does not exist. + As a last resort, to clean up a build and start it from scratch + (other than the downloads), you can remove everything in the + tmp directory or get rid of the + directory completely. + If you do, you should also completely remove the + build/sstate-cache directory. + +
+ +
+ <filename>build/tmp/buildstats/</filename> + + + This directory stores the build statistics. + +
+ +
+ <filename>build/tmp/cache/</filename> + + + When BitBake parses the metadata, it creates a cache file of the result that can + be used when subsequently running commands. + BitBake stores these results here on a per-machine basis. + +
+ +
+ <filename>build/tmp/deploy/</filename> + + + This directory contains any "end result" output from the + OpenEmbedded build process. + The DEPLOY_DIR + variable points to this directory. + For more detail on the contents of the deploy + directory, see the + "Images" and + "Application Development SDK" + sections. + +
+ +
+ <filename>build/tmp/deploy/deb/</filename> + + + This directory receives any .deb packages produced by + the build process. + The packages are sorted into feeds for different architecture types. + +
+ +
+ <filename>build/tmp/deploy/rpm/</filename> + + + This directory receives any .rpm packages produced by + the build process. + The packages are sorted into feeds for different architecture types. + +
+ +
+ <filename>build/tmp/deploy/ipk/</filename> + + + This directory receives .ipk packages produced by + the build process. + +
+ +
+ <filename>build/tmp/deploy/licenses/</filename> + + + This directory receives package licensing information. + For example, the directory contains sub-directories for bash, + busybox, and eglibc (among others) that in turn + contain appropriate COPYING license files with other licensing information. + For information on licensing, see the + "Maintaining Open Source License Compliance During Your Product's Lifecycle" + section. + +
+ +
+ <filename>build/tmp/deploy/images/</filename> + + + This directory receives complete filesystem images. + If you want to flash the resulting image from a build onto a device, look here for the image. + + + + Be careful when deleting files in this directory. + You can safely delete old images from this directory (e.g. + core-image-*, hob-image-*, + etc.). + However, the kernel (*zImage*, *uImage*, etc.), + bootloader and other supplementary files might be deployed here prior to building an + image. + Because these files are not directly produced from the image, if you + delete them they will not be automatically re-created when you build the image again. + + + + If you do accidentally delete files here, you will need to force them to be + re-created. + In order to do that, you will need to know the target that produced them. + For example, these commands rebuild and re-create the kernel files: + + $ bitbake -c clean virtual/kernel + $ bitbake virtual/kernel + + +
+ +
+ <filename>build/tmp/deploy/sdk/</filename> + + + The OpenEmbedded build system creates this directory to hold + toolchain installer scripts, which when executed, install the + sysroot that matches your target hardware. + You can find out more about these installers in the + "Optionally Building a Toolchain Installer" + section in the Yocto Project Application Developer's Guide. + +
+ +
+ <filename>build/tmp/sstate-control/</filename> + + + The OpenEmbedded build system uses this directory for the + shared state manifest files. + The shared state code uses these files to record the files + installed by each sstate task so that the files can be removed + when cleaning the recipe or when a newer version is about to + be installed. + The build system also uses the manifests to detect and produce + a warning when files from one task are overwriting those from + another. + +
+ +
+ <filename>build/tmp/sysroots/</filename> + + + This directory contains shared header files and libraries as well as other shared + data. + Packages that need to share output with other packages do so within this directory. + The directory is subdivided by architecture so multiple builds can run within + the one Build Directory. + +
+ +
+ <filename>build/tmp/stamps/</filename> + + + This directory holds information that BitBake uses for accounting purposes + to track what tasks have run and when they have run. + The directory is sub-divided by architecture, package name, and + version. + Following is an example: + + stamps/all-poky-linux/distcc-config/1.0-r0.do_build-2fdd....2do + + Although the files in the directory are empty of data, + BitBake uses the filenames and timestamps for tracking purposes. + +
+ +
+ <filename>build/tmp/log/</filename> + + + This directory contains general logs that are not otherwise placed using the + package's WORKDIR. + Examples of logs are the output from the check_pkg or + distro_check tasks. + Running a build does not necessarily mean this directory is created. + +
+ +
+ <filename>build/tmp/work/</filename> + + + This directory contains architecture-specific work sub-directories + for packages built by BitBake. + All tasks execute from the appropriate work directory. + For example, the source for a particular package is unpacked, + patched, configured and compiled all within its own work directory. + Within the work directory, organization is based on the package group + and version for which the source is being compiled + as defined by the + WORKDIR. + + + + It is worth considering the structure of a typical work directory. + As an example, consider linux-yocto-kernel-3.0 + on the machine qemux86 + built within the Yocto Project. + For this package, a work directory of + tmp/work/qemux86-poky-linux/linux-yocto/3.0+git1+<.....>, + referred to as the + WORKDIR, is created. + Within this directory, the source is unpacked to + linux-qemux86-standard-build and then patched by Quilt. + (See the + "Using a Quilt Flow" + section in the Yocto Project Development Manual for more information.) + Within the linux-qemux86-standard-build directory, + standard Quilt directories linux-3.0/patches + and linux-3.0/.pc are created, + and standard Quilt commands can be used. + + + + There are other directories generated within WORKDIR. + The most important directory is WORKDIR/temp/, + which has log files for each task (log.do_*.pid) + and contains the scripts BitBake runs for each task + (run.do_*.pid). + The WORKDIR/image/ directory is where "make + install" places its output that is then split into sub-packages + within WORKDIR/packages-split/. + +
+ +
+ <filename>build/tmp/work-shared/</filename> + + + For efficiency, the OpenEmbedded build system creates and uses + this directory to hold recipes that share a work directory with + other recipes. + In practice, this is only used for gcc + and its variants (e.g. gcc-cross, + libgcc, gcc-runtime, + and so forth). + +
+
+ +
+ The Metadata - <filename>meta/</filename> + + + As mentioned previously, + Metadata is the core + of the Yocto Project. + Metadata has several important subdivisions: + + +
+ <filename>meta/classes/</filename> + + + This directory contains the *.bbclass files. + Class files are used to abstract common code so it can be reused by multiple + packages. + Every package inherits the base.bbclass file. + Examples of other important classes are autotools.bbclass, which + in theory allows any Autotool-enabled package to work with the Yocto Project with minimal effort. + Another example is kernel.bbclass that contains common code and functions + for working with the Linux kernel. + Functions like image generation or packaging also have their specific class files + such as image.bbclass, rootfs_*.bbclass and + package*.bbclass. + + + + For reference information on classes, see the + "Classes" chapter. + +
+ +
+ <filename>meta/conf/</filename> + + + This directory contains the core set of configuration files that start from + bitbake.conf and from which all other configuration + files are included. + See the include statements at the end of the + bitbake.conf file and you will note that even + local.conf is loaded from there. + While bitbake.conf sets up the defaults, you can often override + these by using the (local.conf) file, machine file or + the distribution configuration file. + +
+ +
+ <filename>meta/conf/machine/</filename> + + + This directory contains all the machine configuration files. + If you set MACHINE = "qemux86", + the OpenEmbedded build system looks for a qemux86.conf file in this + directory. + The include directory contains various data common to multiple machines. + If you want to add support for a new machine to the Yocto Project, look in this directory. + +
+ +
+ <filename>meta/conf/distro/</filename> + + + The contents of this directory controls any distribution-specific + configurations. + For the Yocto Project, the defaultsetup.conf is the main file here. + This directory includes the versions and the + SRCDATE definitions for applications that are configured here. + An example of an alternative configuration might be poky-bleeding.conf. + Although this file mainly inherits its configuration from Poky. + +
+ +
+ <filename>meta/conf/machine-sdk/</filename> + + + The OpenEmbedded build system searches this directory for + configuration files that correspond to the value of + SDKMACHINE. + By default, 32-bit and 64-bit x86 files ship with the Yocto + Project that support some SDK hosts. + However, it is possible to extend that support to other SDK hosts + by adding additional configuration files in this subdirectory + within another layer. + +
+ +
+ <filename>meta/files/</filename> + + + This directory contains common license files and several text files + used by the build system. + The text files contain minimal device information and + lists of files and directories with known permissions. + +
+ +
+ <filename>meta/lib/</filename> + + + This directory contains OpenEmbedded Python library code + used during the build process. + +
+ +
+ <filename>meta/recipes-bsp/</filename> + + + This directory contains anything linking to specific hardware or hardware + configuration information such as "u-boot" and "grub". + +
+ +
+ <filename>meta/recipes-connectivity/</filename> + + + This directory contains libraries and applications related to communication with other devices. + +
+ +
+ <filename>meta/recipes-core/</filename> + + + This directory contains what is needed to build a basic working Linux image + including commonly used dependencies. + +
+ +
+ <filename>meta/recipes-devtools/</filename> + + + This directory contains tools that are primarily used by the build system. + The tools, however, can also be used on targets. + +
+ +
+ <filename>meta/recipes-extended/</filename> + + + This directory contains non-essential applications that add features compared to the + alternatives in core. + You might need this directory for full tool functionality or for Linux Standard Base (LSB) + compliance. + +
+ +
+ <filename>meta/recipes-gnome/</filename> + + + This directory contains all things related to the GTK+ application framework. + +
+ +
+ <filename>meta/recipes-graphics/</filename> + + + This directory contains X and other graphically related system libraries + +
+ +
+ <filename>meta/recipes-kernel/</filename> + + + This directory contains the kernel and generic applications and libraries that + have strong kernel dependencies. + +
+ +
+ <filename>meta/recipes-lsb4/</filename> + + + This directory contains recipes specifically added to support + the Linux Standard Base (LSB) version 4.x. + +
+ +
+ <filename>meta/recipes-multimedia/</filename> + + + This directory contains codecs and support utilities for audio, images and video. + +
+ +
+ <filename>meta/recipes-qt/</filename> + + + This directory contains all things related to the Qt application framework. + +
+ +
+ <filename>meta/recipes-rt/</filename> + + + This directory contains package and image recipes for using and testing + the PREEMPT_RT kernel. + +
+ +
+ <filename>meta/recipes-sato/</filename> + + + This directory contains the Sato demo/reference UI/UX and its associated applications + and configuration data. + +
+ +
+ <filename>meta/recipes-support/</filename> + + + This directory contains recipes used by other recipes, but that are + not directly included in images (i.e. dependencies of other + recipes). + +
+ +
+ <filename>meta/site/</filename> + + + This directory contains a list of cached results for various architectures. + Because certain "autoconf" test results cannot be determined when cross-compiling due to + the tests not able to run on a live system, the information in this directory is + passed to "autoconf" for the various architectures. + +
+ +
+ <filename>meta/recipes.txt</filename> + + + This file is a description of the contents of recipes-*. + +
+
+ + + diff --git a/documentation/ref-manual/ref-style.css b/documentation/ref-manual/ref-style.css new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e896a39 --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/ref-manual/ref-style.css @@ -0,0 +1,979 @@ +/* + Generic XHTML / DocBook XHTML CSS Stylesheet. + + Browser wrangling and typographic design by + Oyvind Kolas / pippin@gimp.org + + Customised for Poky by + Matthew Allum / mallum@o-hand.com + + Thanks to: + Liam R. E. Quin + William Skaggs + Jakub Steiner + + Structure + --------- + + The stylesheet is divided into the following sections: + + Positioning + Margins, paddings, width, font-size, clearing. + Decorations + Borders, style + Colors + Colors + Graphics + Graphical backgrounds + Nasty IE tweaks + Workarounds needed to make it work in internet explorer, + currently makes the stylesheet non validating, but up until + this point it is validating. + Mozilla extensions + Transparency for footer + Rounded corners on boxes + +*/ + + + /*************** / + / Positioning / +/ ***************/ + +body { + font-family: Verdana, Sans, sans-serif; + + min-width: 640px; + width: 80%; + margin: 0em auto; + padding: 2em 5em 5em 5em; + color: #333; +} + +h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,h7 { + font-family: Arial, Sans; + color: #00557D; + clear: both; +} + +h1 { + font-size: 2em; + text-align: left; + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; + margin: 2em 0em 0em 0em; +} + +h2.subtitle { + margin: 0.10em 0em 3.0em 0em; + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; + font-size: 1.8em; + padding-left: 20%; + font-weight: normal; + font-style: italic; +} + +h2 { + margin: 2em 0em 0.66em 0em; + padding: 0.5em 0em 0em 0em; + font-size: 1.5em; + font-weight: bold; +} + +h3.subtitle { + margin: 0em 0em 1em 0em; + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; + font-size: 142.14%; + text-align: right; +} + +h3 { + margin: 1em 0em 0.5em 0em; + padding: 1em 0em 0em 0em; + font-size: 140%; + font-weight: bold; +} + +h4 { + margin: 1em 0em 0.5em 0em; + padding: 1em 0em 0em 0em; + font-size: 120%; + font-weight: bold; +} + +h5 { + margin: 1em 0em 0.5em 0em; + padding: 1em 0em 0em 0em; + font-size: 110%; + font-weight: bold; +} + +h6 { + margin: 1em 0em 0em 0em; + padding: 1em 0em 0em 0em; + font-size: 110%; + font-weight: bold; +} + +.authorgroup { + background-color: transparent; + background-repeat: no-repeat; + padding-top: 256px; + background-image: url("figures/poky-title.png"); + background-position: left top; + margin-top: -256px; + padding-right: 50px; + margin-left: 0px; + text-align: right; + width: 740px; +} + +h3.author { + margin: 0em 0me 0em 0em; + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; + font-weight: normal; + font-size: 100%; + color: #333; + clear: both; +} + +.author tt.email { + font-size: 66%; +} + +.titlepage hr { + width: 0em; + clear: both; +} + +.revhistory { + padding-top: 2em; + clear: both; +} + +.toc, +.list-of-tables, +.list-of-examples, +.list-of-figures { + padding: 1.33em 0em 2.5em 0em; + color: #00557D; +} + +.toc p, +.list-of-tables p, +.list-of-figures p, +.list-of-examples p { + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; + padding: 0em 0em 0.3em; + margin: 1.5em 0em 0em 0em; +} + +.toc p b, +.list-of-tables p b, +.list-of-figures p b, +.list-of-examples p b{ + font-size: 100.0%; + font-weight: bold; +} + +.toc dl, +.list-of-tables dl, +.list-of-figures dl, +.list-of-examples dl { + margin: 0em 0em 0.5em 0em; + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; +} + +.toc dt { + margin: 0em 0em 0em 0em; + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; +} + +.toc dd { + margin: 0em 0em 0em 2.6em; + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; +} + +div.glossary dl, +div.variablelist dl { +} + +.glossary dl dt, +.variablelist dl dt, +.variablelist dl dt span.term { + font-weight: normal; + width: 20em; + text-align: right; +} + +.variablelist dl dt { + margin-top: 0.5em; +} + +.glossary dl dd, +.variablelist dl dd { + margin-top: -1em; + margin-left: 25.5em; +} + +.glossary dd p, +.variablelist dd p { + margin-top: 0em; + margin-bottom: 1em; +} + + +div.calloutlist table td { + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; + margin: 0em 0em 0em 0em; +} + +div.calloutlist table td p { + margin-top: 0em; + margin-bottom: 1em; +} + +div p.copyright { + text-align: left; +} + +div.legalnotice p.legalnotice-title { + margin-bottom: 0em; +} + +p { + line-height: 1.5em; + margin-top: 0em; + +} + +dl { + padding-top: 0em; +} + +hr { + border: solid 1px; +} + + +.mediaobject, +.mediaobjectco { + text-align: center; +} + +img { + border: none; +} + +ul { + padding: 0em 0em 0em 1.5em; +} + +ul li { + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; +} + +ul li p { + text-align: left; +} + +table { + width :100%; +} + +th { + padding: 0.25em; + text-align: left; + font-weight: normal; + vertical-align: top; +} + +td { + padding: 0.25em; + vertical-align: top; +} + +p a[id] { + margin: 0px; + padding: 0px; + display: inline; + background-image: none; +} + +a { + text-decoration: underline; + color: #444; +} + +pre { + overflow: auto; +} + +a:hover { + text-decoration: underline; + /*font-weight: bold;*/ +} + + +div.informalfigure, +div.informalexample, +div.informaltable, +div.figure, +div.table, +div.example { + margin: 1em 0em; + padding: 1em; + page-break-inside: avoid; +} + + +div.informalfigure p.title b, +div.informalexample p.title b, +div.informaltable p.title b, +div.figure p.title b, +div.example p.title b, +div.table p.title b{ + padding-top: 0em; + margin-top: 0em; + font-size: 100%; + font-weight: normal; +} + +.mediaobject .caption, +.mediaobject .caption p { + text-align: center; + font-size: 80%; + padding-top: 0.5em; + padding-bottom: 0.5em; +} + +.epigraph { + padding-left: 55%; + margin-bottom: 1em; +} + +.epigraph p { + text-align: left; +} + +.epigraph .quote { + font-style: italic; +} +.epigraph .attribution { + font-style: normal; + text-align: right; +} + +span.application { + font-style: italic; +} + +.programlisting { + font-family: monospace; + font-size: 80%; + white-space: pre; + margin: 1.33em 0em; + padding: 1.33em; +} + +.tip, +.warning, +.caution, +.note { + margin-top: 1em; + margin-bottom: 1em; + +} + +/* force full width of table within div */ +.tip table, +.warning table, +.caution table, +.note table { + border: none; + width: 100%; +} + + +.tip table th, +.warning table th, +.caution table th, +.note table th { + padding: 0.8em 0.0em 0.0em 0.0em; + margin : 0em 0em 0em 0em; +} + +.tip p, +.warning p, +.caution p, +.note p { + margin-top: 0.5em; + margin-bottom: 0.5em; + padding-right: 1em; + text-align: left; +} + +.acronym { + text-transform: uppercase; +} + +b.keycap, +.keycap { + padding: 0.09em 0.3em; + margin: 0em; +} + +.itemizedlist li { + clear: none; +} + +.filename { + font-size: medium; + font-family: Courier, monospace; +} + + +div.navheader, div.heading{ + position: absolute; + left: 0em; + top: 0em; + width: 100%; + background-color: #cdf; + width: 100%; +} + +div.navfooter, div.footing{ + position: fixed; + left: 0em; + bottom: 0em; + background-color: #eee; + width: 100%; +} + + +div.navheader td, +div.navfooter td { + font-size: 66%; +} + +div.navheader table th { + /*font-family: Georgia, Times, serif;*/ + /*font-size: x-large;*/ + font-size: 80%; +} + +div.navheader table { + border-left: 0em; + border-right: 0em; + border-top: 0em; + width: 100%; +} + +div.navfooter table { + border-left: 0em; + border-right: 0em; + border-bottom: 0em; + width: 100%; +} + +div.navheader table td a, +div.navfooter table td a { + color: #777; + text-decoration: none; +} + +/* normal text in the footer */ +div.navfooter table td { + color: black; +} + +div.navheader table td a:visited, +div.navfooter table td a:visited { + color: #444; +} + + +/* links in header and footer */ +div.navheader table td a:hover, +div.navfooter table td a:hover { + text-decoration: underline; + background-color: transparent; + color: #33a; +} + +div.navheader hr, +div.navfooter hr { + display: none; +} + + +.qandaset tr.question td p { + margin: 0em 0em 1em 0em; + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; +} + +.qandaset tr.answer td p { + margin: 0em 0em 1em 0em; + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; +} +.answer td { + padding-bottom: 1.5em; +} + +.emphasis { + font-weight: bold; +} + + + /************* / + / decorations / +/ *************/ + +.titlepage { +} + +.part .title { +} + +.subtitle { + border: none; +} + +/* +h1 { + border: none; +} + +h2 { + border-top: solid 0.2em; + border-bottom: solid 0.06em; +} + +h3 { + border-top: 0em; + border-bottom: solid 0.06em; +} + +h4 { + border: 0em; + border-bottom: solid 0.06em; +} + +h5 { + border: 0em; +} +*/ + +.programlisting { + border: solid 1px; +} + +div.figure, +div.table, +div.informalfigure, +div.informaltable, +div.informalexample, +div.example { + border: 1px solid; +} + + + +.tip, +.warning, +.caution, +.note { + border: 1px solid; +} + +.tip table th, +.warning table th, +.caution table th, +.note table th { + border-bottom: 1px solid; +} + +.question td { + border-top: 1px solid black; +} + +.answer { +} + + +b.keycap, +.keycap { + border: 1px solid; +} + + +div.navheader, div.heading{ + border-bottom: 1px solid; +} + + +div.navfooter, div.footing{ + border-top: 1px solid; +} + + /********* / + / colors / +/ *********/ + +body { + color: #333; + background: white; +} + +a { + background: transparent; +} + +a:hover { + background-color: #dedede; +} + + +h1, +h2, +h3, +h4, +h5, +h6, +h7, +h8 { + background-color: transparent; +} + +hr { + border-color: #aaa; +} + + +.tip, .warning, .caution, .note { + border-color: #fff; +} + + +.tip table th, +.warning table th, +.caution table th, +.note table th { + border-bottom-color: #fff; +} + + +.warning { + background-color: #f0f0f2; +} + +.caution { + background-color: #f0f0f2; +} + +.tip { + background-color: #f0f0f2; +} + +.note { + background-color: #f0f0f2; +} + +.glossary dl dt, +.variablelist dl dt, +.variablelist dl dt span.term { + color: #044; +} + +div.figure, +div.table, +div.example, +div.informalfigure, +div.informaltable, +div.informalexample { + border-color: #aaa; +} + +pre.programlisting { + color: black; + background-color: #fff; + border-color: #aaa; + border-width: 2px; +} + +.guimenu, +.guilabel, +.guimenuitem { + background-color: #eee; +} + + +b.keycap, +.keycap { + background-color: #eee; + border-color: #999; +} + + +div.navheader { + border-color: black; +} + + +div.navfooter { + border-color: black; +} + + + /*********** / + / graphics / +/ ***********/ + +/* +body { + background-image: url("images/body_bg.jpg"); + background-attachment: fixed; +} + +.navheader, +.note, +.tip { + background-image: url("images/note_bg.jpg"); + background-attachment: fixed; +} + +.warning, +.caution { + background-image: url("images/warning_bg.jpg"); + background-attachment: fixed; +} + +.figure, +.informalfigure, +.example, +.informalexample, +.table, +.informaltable { + background-image: url("images/figure_bg.jpg"); + background-attachment: fixed; +} + +*/ +h1, +h2, +h3, +h4, +h5, +h6, +h7{ +} + +/* +Example of how to stick an image as part of the title. + +div.article .titlepage .title +{ + background-image: url("figures/white-on-black.png"); + background-position: center; + background-repeat: repeat-x; +} +*/ + +div.preface .titlepage .title, +div.colophon .title, +div.chapter .titlepage .title, +div.article .titlepage .title +{ +} + +div.section div.section .titlepage .title, +div.sect2 .titlepage .title { + background: none; +} + + +h1.title { + background-color: transparent; + background-image: url("figures/poky-title.png"); + background-repeat: no-repeat; + height: 256px; + text-indent: -9000px; + overflow:hidden; +} + +h2.subtitle { + background-color: transparent; + text-indent: -9000px; + overflow:hidden; + width: 0px; + display: none; +} + + /*************************************** / + / pippin.gimp.org specific alterations / +/ ***************************************/ + +/* +div.heading, div.navheader { + color: #777; + font-size: 80%; + padding: 0; + margin: 0; + text-align: left; + position: absolute; + top: 0px; + left: 0px; + width: 100%; + height: 50px; + background: url('/gfx/heading_bg.png') transparent; + background-repeat: repeat-x; + background-attachment: fixed; + border: none; +} + +div.heading a { + color: #444; +} + +div.footing, div.navfooter { + border: none; + color: #ddd; + font-size: 80%; + text-align:right; + + width: 100%; + padding-top: 10px; + position: absolute; + bottom: 0px; + left: 0px; + + background: url('/gfx/footing_bg.png') transparent; +} +*/ + + + + /****************** / + / nasty ie tweaks / +/ ******************/ + +/* +div.heading, div.navheader { + width:expression(document.body.clientWidth + "px"); +} + +div.footing, div.navfooter { + width:expression(document.body.clientWidth + "px"); + margin-left:expression("-5em"); +} +body { + padding:expression("4em 5em 0em 5em"); +} +*/ + + /**************************************** / + / mozilla vendor specific css extensions / +/ ****************************************/ +/* +div.navfooter, div.footing{ + -moz-opacity: 0.8em; +} + +div.figure, +div.table, +div.informalfigure, +div.informaltable, +div.informalexample, +div.example, +.tip, +.warning, +.caution, +.note { + -moz-border-radius: 0.5em; +} + +b.keycap, +.keycap { + -moz-border-radius: 0.3em; +} +*/ + +table tr td table tr td { + display: none; +} + + +hr { + display: none; +} + +table { + border: 0em; +} + + .photo { + float: right; + margin-left: 1.5em; + margin-bottom: 1.5em; + margin-top: 0em; + max-width: 17em; + border: 1px solid gray; + padding: 3px; + background: white; +} + .seperator { + padding-top: 2em; + clear: both; + } + + #validators { + margin-top: 5em; + text-align: right; + color: #777; + } + @media print { + body { + font-size: 8pt; + } + .noprint { + display: none; + } + } + + +.tip, +.note { + background: #f0f0f2; + color: #333; + padding: 20px; + margin: 20px; +} + +.tip h3, +.note h3 { + padding: 0em; + margin: 0em; + font-size: 2em; + font-weight: bold; + color: #333; +} + +.tip a, +.note a { + color: #333; + text-decoration: underline; +} + +.footnote { + font-size: small; + color: #333; +} + +/* Changes the announcement text */ +.tip h3, +.warning h3, +.caution h3, +.note h3 { + font-size:large; + color: #00557D; +} + diff --git a/documentation/ref-manual/ref-variables.xml b/documentation/ref-manual/ref-variables.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4ff1a21 --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/ref-manual/ref-variables.xml @@ -0,0 +1,8419 @@ + %poky; ] > + + + + +Variables Glossary + + + This chapter lists common variables used in the OpenEmbedded build system and gives an overview + of their function and contents. + + + + + + + A + B + C + D + E + F + G + H + I + + K + L + M + + O + P + Q + R + S + T + U + + W + + + + + + A + + ALLOW_EMPTY + + + Specifies if an output package should still be produced if it is empty. + By default, BitBake does not produce empty packages. + This default behavior can cause issues when there is an + RDEPENDS or + some other hard runtime requirement on the existence of the package. + + + + Like all package-controlling variables, you must always use them in + conjunction with a package name override, as in: + + ALLOW_EMPTY_${PN} = "1" + ALLOW_EMPTY_${PN}-dev = "1" + ALLOW_EMPTY_${PN}-staticdev = "1" + + + + + + ALTERNATIVE + + + Lists commands in a package that need an alternative + binary naming scheme. + Sometimes the same command is provided in multiple packages. + When this occurs, the OpenEmbedded build system needs to + use the alternatives system to create a different binary + naming scheme so the commands can co-exist. + + + + To use the variable, list out the package's commands + that also exist as part of another package. + For example, if the busybox package + has four commands that also exist as part of another + package, you identify them as follows: + + ALTERNATIVE_busybox = "sh sed test bracket" + + For more information on the alternatives system, see the + "update-alternatives.bbclass" + section. + + + + + ALTERNATIVE_LINK_NAME + + + Used by the alternatives system to map duplicated commands + to actual locations. + For example, if the bracket command + provided by the busybox package is + duplicated through another package, you must use the + ALTERNATIVE_LINK_NAME variable to + specify the actual location: + + ALTERNATIVE_LINK_NAME[bracket] = "/usr/bin/[" + + In this example, the binary for the + bracket command (i.e. + [) from the + busybox package resides in + /usr/bin/. + + If ALTERNATIVE_LINK_NAME is not + defined, it defaults to + ${bindir}/<name>. + + + + + For more information on the alternatives system, see the + "update-alternatives.bbclass" + section. + + + + + ALTERNATIVE_PRIORITY + + + Used by the alternatives system to create default + priorities for duplicated commands. + You can use the variable to create a single default + regardless of the command name or package, a default for + specific duplicated commands regardless of the package, or + a default for specific commands tied to particular packages. + Here are the available syntax forms: + + ALTERNATIVE_PRIORITY = "<priority>" + ALTERNATIVE_PRIORITY[<name>] = "<priority>" + ALTERNATIVE_PRIORITY_<pkg>[<name>] = "<priority>" + + + + + For more information on the alternatives system, see the + "update-alternatives.bbclass" + section. + + + + + ALTERNATIVE_TARGET + + + Used by the alternatives system to create default link + locations for duplicated commands. + You can use the variable to create a single default + location for all duplicated commands regardless of the + command name or package, a default for + specific duplicated commands regardless of the package, or + a default for specific commands tied to particular packages. + Here are the available syntax forms: + + ALTERNATIVE_TARGET = "<target>" + ALTERNATIVE_TARGET[<name>] = "<target>" + ALTERNATIVE_TARGET_<pkg>[<name>] = "<target>" + + + + If ALTERNATIVE_TARGET is not + defined, it inherits the value from the + ALTERNATIVE_LINK_NAME + variable. + + + + If ALTERNATIVE_LINK_NAME and + ALTERNATIVE_TARGET are the + same, the target for + ALTERNATIVE_TARGET + has ".{BPN}" appended to it. + + + + Finally, if the file referenced has not been + renamed, the alternatives system will rename it to + avoid the need to rename alternative files in the + do_install task while + retaining support for the command if necessary. + + + + + + For more information on the alternatives system, see the + "update-alternatives.bbclass" + section. + + + + + APPEND + + + An override list of append strings for each + LABEL. + + + + See the + grub-efi + class for more information on how this variable is used. + + + + + AUTHOR + + The email address used to contact the original author + or authors in order to send patches and forward bugs. + + + + AUTO_SYSLINUXMENU + + + Enables creating an automatic menu. + You must set this in your recipe. + The + syslinux + class checks this variable. + + + + + AUTOREV + + When SRCREV + is set to the value of this variable, it specifies to use the latest + source revision in the repository. + Here is an example: + + SRCREV = "${AUTOREV}" + + + + + + + + B + + B + + + The directory within the + Build Directory + in which the OpenEmbedded build system places generated + objects during a recipe's build process. + By default, this directory is the same as the S + directory, which is defined as: + + S = "${WORKDIR}/${BP}/" + + You can separate the (S) directory + and the directory pointed to by the B + variable. + Most Autotools-based recipes support separating these + directories. + The build system defaults to using separate directories for + gcc and some kernel recipes. + + + + + BAD_RECOMMENDATIONS + + + Lists "recommended-only" packages to not install. + Recommended-only packages are packages installed only + through the + RRECOMMENDS + variable. + You can prevent any of these "recommended" packages from + being installed by listing them with the + BAD_RECOMMENDATIONS variable: + + BAD_RECOMMENDATIONS = "<package_name> <package_name> <package_name> ..." + + You can set this variable globally in your + local.conf file or you can attach it to + a specific image recipe by using the recipe name override: + + BAD_RECOMMENDATIONS_pn-<target_image> = "<package_name>" + + + + + It is important to realize that if you choose to not install + packages using this variable and some other packages are + dependent on them (i.e. listed in a recipe's + RDEPENDS + variable), the OpenEmbedded build system ignores your + request and will install the packages to avoid dependency + errors. + + + + Support for this variable exists only when using the + IPK and RPM packaging backend. + Support does not exist for DEB. + + + + See the + NO_RECOMMENDATIONS + and the + PACKAGE_EXCLUDE + variables for related information. + + + + + BB_DANGLINGAPPENDS_WARNONLY + + + Defines how BitBake handles situations where an append + file (.bbappend) has no + corresponding recipe file (.bb). + This condition often occurs when layers get out of sync + (e.g. oe-core bumps a + recipe version and the old recipe no longer exists and the + other layer has not been updated to the new version + of the recipe yet). + + + + The default fatal behavior is safest because it is + the sane reaction given something is out of sync. + It is important to realize when your changes are no longer + being applied. + + + + You can change the default behavior by setting this + variable to "1", "yes", or "true" + in your local.conf file, which is + located in the + Build Directory: + Here is an example: + + BB_DANGLINGAPPENDS_WARNONLY = "1" + + + + + + BB_DISKMON_DIRS + + + Monitors disk space and available inodes during the build + and allows you to control the build based on these + parameters. + + + + Disk space monitoring is disabled by default. + To enable monitoring, add the BB_DISKMON_DIRS + variable to your conf/local.conf file found in the + Build Directory. + Use the following form: + + BB_DISKMON_DIRS = "<action>,<dir>,<threshold> [...]" + + where: + + <action> is: + ABORT: Immediately abort the build when + a threshold is broken. + STOPTASKS: Stop the build after the currently + executing tasks have finished when + a threshold is broken. + WARN: Issue a warning but continue the + build when a threshold is broken. + Subsequent warnings are issued as + defined by the + BB_DISKMON_WARNINTERVAL variable, + which must be defined in the + conf/local.conf file. + + <dir> is: + Any directory you choose. You can specify one or + more directories to monitor by separating the + groupings with a space. If two directories are + on the same device, only the first directory + is monitored. + + <threshold> is: + Either the minimum available disk space, + the minimum number of free inodes, or + both. You must specify at least one. To + omit one or the other, simply omit the value. + Specify the threshold using G, M, K for Gbytes, + Mbytes, and Kbytes, respectively. If you do + not specify G, M, or K, Kbytes is assumed by + default. Do not use GB, MB, or KB. + + + + + Here are some examples: + + BB_DISKMON_DIRS = "ABORT,${TMPDIR},1G,100K WARN,${SSTATE_DIR},1G,100K" + BB_DISKMON_DIRS = "STOPTASKS,${TMPDIR},1G" + BB_DISKMON_DIRS = "ABORT,${TMPDIR},,100K" + + The first example works only if you also provide + the BB_DISKMON_WARNINTERVAL variable + in the conf/local.conf. + This example causes the build system to immediately + abort when either the disk space in ${TMPDIR} drops + below 1 Gbyte or the available free inodes drops below + 100 Kbytes. + Because two directories are provided with the variable, the + build system also issue a + warning when the disk space in the + ${SSTATE_DIR} directory drops + below 1 Gbyte or the number of free inodes drops + below 100 Kbytes. + Subsequent warnings are issued during intervals as + defined by the BB_DISKMON_WARNINTERVAL + variable. + + + + The second example stops the build after all currently + executing tasks complete when the minimum disk space + in the ${TMPDIR} + directory drops below 1 Gbyte. + No disk monitoring occurs for the free inodes in this case. + + + + The final example immediately aborts the build when the + number of free inodes in the ${TMPDIR} directory + drops below 100 Kbytes. + No disk space monitoring for the directory itself occurs + in this case. + + + + + BB_DISKMON_WARNINTERVAL + + + Defines the disk space and free inode warning intervals. + To set these intervals, define the variable in your + conf/local.conf file in the + Build Directory. + + + + If you are going to use the + BB_DISKMON_WARNINTERVAL variable, you must + also use the + BB_DISKMON_DIRS variable + and define its action as "WARN". + During the build, subsequent warnings are issued each time + disk space or number of free inodes further reduces by + the respective interval. + + + + If you do not provide a BB_DISKMON_WARNINTERVAL + variable and you do use BB_DISKMON_DIRS with + the "WARN" action, the disk monitoring interval defaults to + the following: + + BB_DISKMON_WARNINTERVAL = "50M,5K" + + + + + When specifying the variable in your configuration file, + use the following form: + + BB_DISKMON_WARNINTERVAL = "<disk_space_interval>,<disk_inode_interval>" + + where: + + <disk_space_interval> is: + An interval of memory expressed in either + G, M, or K for Gbytes, Mbytes, or Kbytes, + respectively. You cannot use GB, MB, or KB. + + <disk_inode_interval> is: + An interval of free inodes expressed in either + G, M, or K for Gbytes, Mbytes, or Kbytes, + respectively. You cannot use GB, MB, or KB. + + + + + Here is an example: + + BB_DISKMON_DIRS = "WARN,${SSTATE_DIR},1G,100K" + BB_DISKMON_WARNINTERVAL = "50M,5K" + + These variables cause the OpenEmbedded build system to + issue subsequent warnings each time the available + disk space further reduces by 50 Mbytes or the number + of free inodes further reduces by 5 Kbytes in the + ${SSTATE_DIR} directory. + Subsequent warnings based on the interval occur each time + a respective interval is reached beyond the initial warning + (i.e. 1 Gbytes and 100 Kbytes). + + + + + BB_GENERATE_MIRROR_TARBALLS + + + Causes tarballs of the Git repositories, including the + Git metadata, to be placed in the + DL_DIR + directory. + + + + For performance reasons, creating and placing tarballs of + the Git repositories is not the default action by the + OpenEmbedded build system. + + BB_GENERATE_MIRROR_TARBALLS = "1" + + Set this variable in your local.conf + file in the + Build Directory. + + + + + BB_NUMBER_THREADS + + + The maximum number of tasks BitBake should run in parallel + at any one time. + If your host development system supports multiple cores, + a good rule of thumb is to set this variable to twice the + number of cores. + + + + The default value for BB_NUMBER_THREADS + is equal to the number of cores your build system has. + + + + + BBCLASSEXTEND + + + Allows you to extend a recipe so that it builds variants of the software. + Common variants for recipes exist such as "natives" like quilt-native, + which is a copy of Quilt built to run on the build system; + "crosses" such as gcc-cross, + which is a compiler built to run on the build machine but produces binaries + that run on the target MACHINE; + "nativesdk", which targets the SDK machine instead of MACHINE; + and "mulitlibs" in the form "multilib:<multilib_name>". + + + + To build a different variant of the recipe with a minimal amount of code, it usually + is as simple as adding the following to your recipe: + + BBCLASSEXTEND =+ "native nativesdk" + BBCLASSEXTEND =+ "multilib:<multilib_name>" + + + + + + BBFILE_COLLECTIONS + + Lists the names of configured layers. + These names are used to find the other BBFILE_* + variables. + Typically, each layer will append its name to this variable in its + conf/layer.conf file. + + + + + BBFILE_PATTERN + + Variable that expands to match files from + BBFILES + in a particular layer. + This variable is used in the conf/layer.conf file and must + be suffixed with the name of the specific layer (e.g. + BBFILE_PATTERN_emenlow). + + + + BBFILE_PRIORITY + + Assigns the priority for recipe files in each layer. + This variable is useful in situations where the same recipe appears in + more than one layer. + Setting this variable allows you to prioritize a + layer against other layers that contain the same recipe - effectively + letting you control the precedence for the multiple layers. + The precedence established through this variable stands regardless of a + recipe's version + (PV variable). + For example, a layer that has a recipe with a higher PV value but for + which the BBFILE_PRIORITY is set to have a lower precedence still has a + lower precedence. + A larger value for the BBFILE_PRIORITY variable results in a higher + precedence. + For example, the value 6 has a higher precedence than the value 5. + If not specified, the BBFILE_PRIORITY variable is set based on layer + dependencies (see the + LAYERDEPENDS variable for + more information. + The default priority, if unspecified + for a layer with no dependencies, is the lowest defined priority + 1 + (or 1 if no priorities are defined). + + You can use the command bitbake-layers show-layers to list + all configured layers along with their priorities. + + + + + BBFILES + + List of recipe files used by BitBake to build software. + + + + BBINCLUDELOGS + + Variable that controls how BitBake displays logs on build failure. + + + + BBLAYERS + + Lists the layers to enable during the build. + This variable is defined in the bblayers.conf configuration + file in the Build Directory. + Here is an example: + + BBLAYERS = " \ + /home/scottrif/poky/meta \ + /home/scottrif/poky/meta-yocto \ + /home/scottrif/poky/meta-yocto-bsp \ + /home/scottrif/poky/meta-mykernel \ + " + + BBLAYERS_NON_REMOVABLE ?= " \ + /home/scottrif/poky/meta \ + /home/scottrif/poky/meta-yocto \ + " + + This example enables four layers, one of which is a custom, user-defined layer + named meta-mykernel. + + + + + BBLAYERS_NON_REMOVABLE + + Lists core layers that cannot be removed from the + bblayers.conf file during a build + using the + Hob. + + When building an image outside of Hob, this variable + is ignored. + + In order for BitBake to build your image using Hob, your + bblayers.conf file must include the + meta and meta-yocto + core layers. + Here is an example that shows these two layers listed in + the BBLAYERS_NON_REMOVABLE statement: + + BBLAYERS = " \ + /home/scottrif/poky/meta \ + /home/scottrif/poky/meta-yocto \ + /home/scottrif/poky/meta-yocto-bsp \ + /home/scottrif/poky/meta-mykernel \ + " + + BBLAYERS_NON_REMOVABLE ?= " \ + /home/scottrif/poky/meta \ + /home/scottrif/poky/meta-yocto \ + " + + + + + + BBMASK + + + Prevents BitBake from processing recipes and recipe + append files. + Use the BBMASK variable from within the + conf/local.conf file found + in the + Build Directory. + + + + You can use the BBMASK variable + to "hide" these .bb and + .bbappend files. + BitBake ignores any recipe or recipe append files that + match the expression. + It is as if BitBake does not see them at all. + Consequently, matching files are not parsed or otherwise + used by BitBake. + + The value you provide is passed to Python's regular + expression compiler. + The expression is compared against the full paths to + the files. + For complete syntax information, see Python's + documentation at + . + + + + The following example uses a complete regular expression + to tell BitBake to ignore all recipe and recipe append + files in the meta-ti/recipes-misc/ + directory: + + BBMASK = "meta-ti/recipes-misc/" + + If you want to mask out multiple directories or recipes, + use the vertical bar to separate the regular expression + fragments. + This next example masks out multiple directories and + individual recipes: + + BBMASK = "meta-ti/recipes-misc/|meta-ti/recipes-ti/packagegroup/" + BBMASK .= "|.*meta-oe/recipes-support/" + BBMASK .= "|.*openldap" + BBMASK .= "|.*opencv" + BBMASK .= "|.*lzma" + + Notice how the vertical bar is used to append the fragments. + + When specifying a directory name, use the trailing + slash character to ensure you match just that directory + name. + + + + + + BBPATH + + + Used by BitBake to locate + .bbclass and configuration files. + This variable is analogous to the + PATH variable. + + If you run BitBake from a directory outside of the + Build Directory, + you must be sure to set + BBPATH to point to the + Build Directory. + Set the variable as you would any environment variable + and then run BitBake: + + $ BBPATH = "<build_directory>" + $ export BBPATH + $ bitbake <target> + + + + + + + BBSERVER + + + Points to the server that runs memory-resident BitBake. + This variable is set by the + oe-init-build-env-memres + setup script and should not be hand-edited. + The variable is only used when you employ memory-resident + BitBake. + The setup script exports the value as follows: + + export BBSERVER=localhost:$port + + For more information on how the + BBSERVER is used, see the + oe-init-build-env-memres script, which + is located in the + Source Directory. + + + + + BINCONFIG_GLOB + + + When inheriting binconfig.bbclass + from a recipe, this variable specifies a wildcard for + configuration scripts that need editing. + The scripts are edited to correct any paths that have been + set up during compilation so that they are correct for + use when installed into the sysroot and called by the + build processes of other recipes. + + + + For more information on how this variable works, see + meta/classes/binconfig.bbclass in the + Source Directory. + You can also find general information on the class in the + "binconfig.bbclass" + section. + + + + + BP + + The base recipe name and version but without any special + recipe name suffix (i.e. -native, lib64-, + and so forth). + BP is comprised of the following: + + ${BPN}-${PV} + + + + + BPN + + The bare name of the recipe. + This variable is a version of the PN variable + but removes common suffixes such as "-native" and "-cross" as well + as removes common prefixes such as multilib's "lib64-" and "lib32-". + The exact list of suffixes removed is specified by the + SPECIAL_PKGSUFFIX variable. + The exact list of prefixes removed is specified by the + MLPREFIX variable. + Prefixes are removed for multilib + and nativesdk cases. + + + + BUGTRACKER + + + Specifies a URL for an upstream bug tracking website for + a recipe. + The OpenEmbedded build system does not use this variable. + Rather, the variable is a useful pointer in case a bug + in the software being built needs to be manually reported. + + + + + BUILDDIR + + + Points to the location of the + Build Directory. + You can define this directory indirectly through the + &OE_INIT_FILE; + and + oe-init-build-env-memres + scripts by passing in a Build Directory path when you run + the scripts. + If you run the scripts and do not provide a Build Directory + path, the BUILDDIR defaults to + build in the current directory. + + + + + BUILDHISTORY_COMMIT + + + When inheriting the + buildhistory + class, specifies whether or not to commit the build + history output in a local Git repository. + If set to "1", this local repository will be maintained + automatically by the + buildhistory + class and a commit will be created on every + build for changes to each top-level subdirectory of the + build history output (images, packages, and sdk). + If you want to track changes to build history over + time, you should set this value to "1". + + + + By default, the buildhistory class + does not commit the build history output in a local + Git repository: + + BUILDHISTORY_COMMIT ?= "0" + + + + + + BUILDHISTORY_COMMIT_AUTHOR + + + When inheriting the + buildhistory + class, specifies the author to use for each Git commit. + In order for the BUILDHISTORY_COMMIT_AUTHOR + variable to work, the + BUILDHISTORY_COMMIT + variable must be set to "1". + + + + Git requires that the value you provide for the + BUILDHISTORY_COMMIT_AUTHOR variable + takes the form of "name <email@host>". + Providing an email address or host that is not valid does + not produce an error. + + + + By default, the buildhistory class + sets the variable as follows: + + BUILDHISTORY_COMMIT_AUTHOR ?= "buildhistory <buildhistory@${DISTRO}>" + + + + + + BUILDHISTORY_DIR + + + When inheriting the + buildhistory + class, specifies the directory in which build history + information is kept. + For more information on how the variable works, see the + buildhistory.class. + + + + By default, the buildhistory class + sets the directory as follows: + + BUILDHISTORY_DIR ?= "${TOPDIR}/buildhistory" + + + + + + BUILDHISTORY_FEATURES + + + When inheriting the + buildhistory + class, specifies the build history features to be enabled. + For more information on how build history works, see the + "Maintaining Build Output Quality" + section. + + + + You can specify three features in the form of a + space-separated list: + + image: + Analysis of the contents of images, which + includes the list of installed packages among other + things. + + package: + Analysis of the contents of individual packages. + + sdk: + Analysis of the contents of the software + development kit (SDK). + + + + + + By default, the buildhistory class + enables all three features: + + BUILDHISTORY_FEATURES ?= "image package sdk" + + + + + + BUILDHISTORY_IMAGE_FILES + + + When inheriting the + buildhistory + class, specifies a list of paths to files copied from the + image contents into the build history directory under + an "image-files" directory in the directory for + the image, so that you can track the contents of each file. + The default is to copy /etc/passwd + and /etc/group, which allows you to + monitor for changes in user and group entries. + You can modify the list to include any file. + Specifying an invalid path does not produce an error. + Consequently, you can include files that might + not always be present. + + + + By default, the buildhistory class + provides paths to the following files: + + BUILDHISTORY_IMAGE_FILES ?= "/etc/passwd /etc/group" + + + + + + BUILDHISTORY_PUSH_REPO + + + When inheriting the + buildhistory + class, optionally specifies a remote repository + to which build history pushes Git changes. + In order for BUILDHISTORY_PUSH_REPO + to work, + BUILDHISTORY_COMMIT + must be set to "1". + + + + The repository should correspond to a remote + address that specifies a repository as understood by + Git, or alternatively to a remote name that you have + set up manually using git remote + within the local repository. + + + + By default, the buildhistory class + sets the variable as follows: + + BUILDHISTORY_PUSH_REPO ?= "" + + + + + + BUILDSTATS_BASE + + + Points to the location of the directory that holds build + statistics when you use and enable the + buildstats + class. + The BUILDSTATS_BASE directory defaults + to + ${TMPDIR}/buildstats/. + + + + + BUSYBOX_SPLIT_SUID + + + For the BusyBox recipe, specifies whether to split the + output executable file into two parts: one for features + that require setuid root, and one for + the remaining features (i.e. those that do not require + setuid root). + + + + The BUSYBOX_SPLIT_SUID variable + defaults to "1", which results in a single output + executable file. + Set the variable to "0" to split the output file. + + + + + + + C + + CFLAGS + + + Flags passed to the C compiler for the target system. + This variable evaluates to the same as + TARGET_CFLAGS. + + + + For information on flags that help with creating more + secure code, see the + "Making Images More Secure" + section in the Yocto Project Development Manual. + + + + + CLASSOVERRIDE + + + An internal variable specifying the special class override + that should currently apply (e.g. "class-target", + "class-native", and so forth). + The classes that use this variable set it to + appropriate values. + + + + You do not normally directly interact with this variable. + The value for the CLASSOVERRIDE + variable goes into + OVERRIDES + and then can be used as an override. + Here is an example where "python-native" is added to + DEPENDS + only when building for the native case: + + DEPENDS_append_class-native = " python-native" + + + + + + COMBINED_FEATURES + + + Provides a list of hardware features that are enabled in + both + MACHINE_FEATURES + and + DISTRO_FEATURES. + This select list of features contains features that make + sense to be controlled both at the machine and distribution + configuration level. + For example, the "bluetooth" feature requires hardware + support but should also be optional at the distribution + level, in case the hardware supports Bluetooth but you + do not ever intend to use it. + + + + For more information, see the + MACHINE_FEATURES + and DISTRO_FEATURES + variables. + + + + + COMMON_LICENSE_DIR + + + Points to meta/files/common-licenses + in the + Source Directory, + which is where generic license files reside. + + + + + COMPATIBLE_HOST + + A regular expression that resolves to one or more hosts + (when the recipe is native) or one or more targets (when + the recipe is non-native) with which a recipe is compatible. + The regular expression is matched against + HOST_SYS. + You can use the variable to stop recipes from being built + for classes of systems with which the recipes are not + compatible. + Stopping these builds is particularly useful with kernels. + The variable also helps to increase parsing speed + since the build system skips parsing recipes not + compatible with the current system. + + + + COMPATIBLE_MACHINE + + A regular expression that resolves to one or more + target machines with which a recipe is compatible. + The regular expression is matched against + MACHINEOVERRIDES. + You can use the variable to stop recipes from being built + for machines with which the recipes are not compatible. + Stopping these builds is particularly useful with kernels. + The variable also helps to increase parsing speed + since the build system skips parsing recipes not + compatible with the current machine. + + + + COMPLEMENTARY_GLOB + + + Defines wildcards to match when installing a list of + complementary packages for all the packages explicitly + (or implicitly) installed in an image. + The resulting list of complementary packages is associated + with an item that can be added to + IMAGE_FEATURES. + An example usage of this is the "dev-pkgs" item that when + added to IMAGE_FEATURES will + install -dev packages (containing headers and other + development files) for every package in the image. + + + + To add a new feature item pointing to a wildcard, use a + variable flag to specify the feature item name and + use the value to specify the wildcard. + Here is an example: + + COMPLEMENTARY_GLOB[dev-pkgs] = '*-dev' + + + + + + CONFFILES + + + Identifies editable or configurable files that are part of a package. + If the Package Management System (PMS) is being used to update + packages on the target system, it is possible that + configuration files you have changed after the original installation + and that you now want to remain unchanged are overwritten. + In other words, editable files might exist in the package that you do not + want reset as part of the package update process. + You can use the CONFFILES variable to list the files in the + package that you wish to prevent the PMS from overwriting during this update process. + + + + To use the CONFFILES variable, provide a package name + override that identifies the resulting package. + Then, provide a space-separated list of files. + Here is an example: + + CONFFILES_${PN} += "${sysconfdir}/file1 \ + ${sysconfdir}/file2 ${sysconfdir}/file3" + + + + + A relationship exists between the CONFFILES and + FILES variables. + The files listed within CONFFILES must be a subset of + the files listed within FILES. + Because the configuration files you provide with CONFFILES + are simply being identified so that the PMS will not overwrite them, + it makes sense that + the files must already be included as part of the package through the + FILES variable. + + + + When specifying paths as part of the CONFFILES variable, + it is good practice to use appropriate path variables. + For example, ${sysconfdir} rather than + /etc or ${bindir} rather + than /usr/bin. + You can find a list of these variables at the top of the + meta/conf/bitbake.conf file in the + Source Directory. + + + + + CONFIG_INITRAMFS_SOURCE + + + Identifies the initial RAM disk (initramfs) source files. + The OpenEmbedded build system receives and uses + this kernel Kconfig variable as an environment variable. + By default, the variable is set to null (""). + + + + The CONFIG_INITRAMFS_SOURCE can be + either a single cpio archive with a + .cpio suffix or a + space-separated list of directories and files for building + the initramfs image. + A cpio archive should contain a filesystem archive + to be used as an initramfs image. + Directories should contain a filesystem layout to be + included in the initramfs image. + Files should contain entries according to the format + described by the + usr/gen_init_cpio program in the + kernel tree. + + + + If you specify multiple directories and files, the + initramfs image will be the aggregate of all of them. + + + + + CONFIG_SITE + + + A list of files that contains autoconf test results relevant + to the current build. + This variable is used by the Autotools utilities when running + configure. + + + + + CONFLICT_DISTRO_FEATURES + + + When a recipe inherits the + distro_features_check class, this + variable identifies distribution features that would + be in conflict should the recipe + be built. + In other words, if the + CONFLICT_DISTRO_FEATURES variable + lists a feature that also appears in + DISTRO_FEATURES within the + current configuration, an error occurs and the + build stops. + + + + + COPY_LIC_DIRS + + + If set to "1" along with the + COPY_LIC_MANIFEST + variable, the OpenEmbedded build system copies + into the image the license files, which are located in + /usr/share/common-licenses, + for each package. + The license files are placed + in directories within the image itself. + + + + + COPY_LIC_MANIFEST + + + If set to "1", the OpenEmbedded build system copies + the license manifest for the image to + /usr/share/common-licenses/license.manifest + within the image itself. + + + + + CORE_IMAGE_EXTRA_INSTALL + + + Specifies the list of packages to be added to the image. + You should only set this variable in the + local.conf configuration file found + in the + Build Directory. + + + + This variable replaces POKY_EXTRA_INSTALL, which is no longer supported. + + + + + COREBASE + + + Specifies the parent directory of the OpenEmbedded + Core Metadata layer (i.e. meta). + + + + It is an important distinction that + COREBASE points to the parent of this + layer and not the layer itself. + Consider an example where you have cloned the Poky Git + repository and retained the poky + name for your local copy of the repository. + In this case, COREBASE points to + the poky folder because it is the + parent directory of the poky/meta + layer. + + + + + + + D + + D + + + The destination directory. + The location in the Build Directory + where components are installed by the do_install task. + This location defaults to: + + ${WORKDIR}/image + + + + + + DATETIME + + + The date and time on which the current build started. + The format is suitable for timestamps. + + + + + DEBUG_BUILD + + + Specifies to build packages with debugging information. + This influences the value of the + SELECTED_OPTIMIZATION + variable. + + + + + DEBUG_OPTIMIZATION + + + The options to pass in + TARGET_CFLAGS + and CFLAGS when compiling + a system for debugging. + This variable defaults to "-O -fno-omit-frame-pointer ${DEBUG_FLAGS} -pipe". + + + + + DEFAULT_PREFERENCE + + + Specifies a weak bias for recipe selection priority. + + + The most common usage of this is variable is to set + it to "-1" within a recipe for a development version of a + piece of software. + Using the variable in this way causes the stable version + of the recipe to build by default in the absence of + PREFERRED_VERSION + being used to build the development version. + + + The bias provided by DEFAULT_PREFERENCE + is weak and is overridden by + BBFILE_PRIORITY + if that variable is different between two layers + that contain different versions of the same recipe. + + + + + DEPENDS + + + Lists a recipe's build-time dependencies + (i.e. other recipe files). + The system ensures that all the dependencies listed + have been built and have their contents in the appropriate + sysroots before the recipe's configure task is executed. + + + + Consider this simple example for two recipes named "a" and + "b" that produce similarly named packages. + In this example, the DEPENDS + statement appears in the "a" recipe: + + DEPENDS = "b" + + Here, the dependency is such that the + do_configure task for recipe "a" + depends on the do_populate_sysroot + task of recipe "b". + This means anything that recipe "b" puts into sysroot + is available when recipe "a" is configuring itself. + + + + For information on runtime dependencies, see the + RDEPENDS + variable. + + + + + DEPLOY_DIR + + + Points to the general area that the OpenEmbedded build + system uses to place images, packages, SDKs and other output + files that are ready to be used outside of the build system. + By default, this directory resides within the + Build Directory + as ${TMPDIR}/deploy. + + + + For more information on the structure of the Build + Directory, see + "The Build Directory - build/" + section. + For more detail on the contents of the + deploy directory, see the + "Images" and + "Application Development SDK" + sections. + + + + + DEPLOY_DIR_IMAGE + + + Points to the area that the OpenEmbedded build system uses + to place images and other associated output files that are + ready to be deployed onto the target machine. + The directory is machine-specific as it contains the + ${MACHINE} name. + By default, this directory resides within the + Build Directory + as ${DEPLOY_DIR}/images/${MACHINE}/. + + + + For more information on the structure of the Build + Directory, see + "The Build Directory - build/" + section. + For more detail on the contents of the + deploy directory, see the + "Images" and + "Application Development SDK" + sections. + + + + + DEPLOYDIR + + + For recipes that inherit the + deploy + class, the DEPLOYDIR points to a + temporary work area for deployed files that is set in the + deploy class as follows: + + DEPLOYDIR = "${WORKDIR}/deploy-${PN}" + + Recipes inheriting the deploy class + should copy files to be deployed into + DEPLOYDIR, and the class will take + care of copying them into + DEPLOY_DIR_IMAGE + afterwards. + + + + + DESCRIPTION + + The package description used by package managers. + If not set, DESCRIPTION takes + the value of the + SUMMARY + variable. + + + + + DISK_SIGNATURE + + + A 32-bit MBR disk signature used by + directdisk images. + + + + By default, the signature is set to an automatically + generated random value that allows the OpenEmbedded + build system to create a boot loader. + You can override the signature in the image recipe + by setting DISK_SIGNATURE to an + 8-digit hex string. + You might want to override + DISK_SIGNATURE if you want the disk + signature to remain constant between image builds. + + + + When using Linux 3.8 or later, you can use + DISK_SIGNATURE to specify the root + by UUID to allow the kernel to locate the root device + even if the device name changes due to differences in + hardware configuration. + By default, SYSLINUX_ROOT is set + as follows: + + SYSLINUX_ROOT = "root=/dev/sda2" + + However, you can change this to locate the root device + using the disk signature instead: + + SYSLINUX_ROOT = "root=PARTUUID=${DISK_SIGNATURE}-02" + + + + + As previously mentioned, it is possible to set the + DISK_SIGNATURE variable in your + local.conf file to a fixed + value if you do not want syslinux.cfg + changing for each build. + You might find this useful when you want to upgrade the + root filesystem on a device without having to recreate or + modify the master boot record. + + + + + DISTRO + + + The short name of the distribution. + This variable corresponds to a distribution + configuration file whose root name is the same as the + variable's argument and whose filename extension is + .conf. + For example, the distribution configuration file for the + Poky distribution is named poky.conf + and resides in the + meta-yocto/conf/distro directory of + the + Source Directory. + + + + Within that poky.conf file, the + DISTRO variable is set as follows: + + DISTRO = "poky" + + + + + Distribution configuration files are located in a + conf/distro directory within the + Metadata + that contains the distribution configuration. + The value for DISTRO must not contain + spaces, and is typically all lower-case. + + If the DISTRO variable is blank, a set + of default configurations are used, which are specified + within + meta/conf/distro/defaultsetup.conf + also in the Source Directory. + + + + + + DISTRO_EXTRA_RDEPENDS + + + Specifies a list of distro-specific packages to add to all images. + This variable takes affect through + packagegroup-base so the + variable only really applies to the more full-featured + images that include packagegroup-base. + You can use this variable to keep distro policy out of + generic images. + As with all other distro variables, you set this variable + in the distro .conf file. + + + + + DISTRO_EXTRA_RRECOMMENDS + + + Specifies a list of distro-specific packages to add to all images + if the packages exist. + The packages might not exist or be empty (e.g. kernel modules). + The list of packages are automatically installed but you can + remove them. + + + + + DISTRO_FEATURES + + + The software support you want in your distribution for + various features. + You define your distribution features in the distribution + configuration file. + + + + In most cases, the presence or absence of a feature in + DISTRO_FEATURES is translated to the + appropriate option supplied to the configure script + during do_configure for recipes that + optionally support the feature. + For example, specifying "x11" in + DISTRO_FEATURES, causes + every piece of software built for the target that can + optionally support X11 to have its X11 support enabled. + + + + Two more examples are Bluetooth and NFS support. + For a more complete list of features that ships with the + Yocto Project and that you can provide with this variable, + see the + "Distro Features" + section. + + + + + DISTRO_FEATURES_BACKFILL + + Features to be added to + DISTRO_FEATURES + if not also present in + DISTRO_FEATURES_BACKFILL_CONSIDERED. + + + + This variable is set in the meta/conf/bitbake.conf file. + It is not intended to be user-configurable. + It is best to just reference the variable to see which distro features are + being backfilled for all distro configurations. + See the Feature backfilling section for + more information. + + + + + DISTRO_FEATURES_BACKFILL_CONSIDERED + + Features from + DISTRO_FEATURES_BACKFILL + that should not be backfilled (i.e. added to + DISTRO_FEATURES) + during the build. + See the "Feature Backfilling" section for + more information. + + + + + DISTRO_NAME + + The long name of the distribution. + + + + DISTRO_PN_ALIAS + + Alias names used for the recipe in various Linux distributions. + See the + "Handling + a Package Name Alias" section in the Yocto Project Development + Manual for more information. + + + + DISTRO_VERSION + + The version of the distribution. + + + + DISTROOVERRIDES + + + This variable lists overrides specific to the current + distribution. + By default, the variable list includes the value of the + DISTRO + variable. + You can extend the variable to apply any variable overrides + you want as part of the distribution and are not + already in OVERRIDES through + some other means. + + + + + DL_DIR + + + The central download directory used by the build process to + store downloads. + By default, DL_DIR gets files + suitable for mirroring for everything except Git + repositories. + If you want tarballs of Git repositories, use the + BB_GENERATE_MIRROR_TARBALLS + variable. + + + + You can set this directory by defining the + DL_DIR variable in the + conf/local.conf file. + This directory is self-maintaining and you should not have + to touch it. + By default, the directory is downloads + in the + Build Directory. + + #DL_DIR ?= "${TOPDIR}/downloads" + + To specify a different download directory, simply remove + the comment from the line and provide your directory. + + + + During a first build, the system downloads many different + source code tarballs from various upstream projects. + Downloading can take a while, particularly if your network + connection is slow. + Tarballs are all stored in the directory defined by + DL_DIR and the build system looks there + first to find source tarballs. + + When wiping and rebuilding, you can preserve this + directory to speed up this part of subsequent + builds. + + + + + You can safely share this directory between multiple builds + on the same development machine. + For additional information on how the build process gets + source files when working behind a firewall or proxy server, + see this specific question in the + "FAQ" + chapter. + + + + + + + E + + ENABLE_BINARY_LOCALE_GENERATION + + + Variable that controls which locales for + eglibc are generated during the + build (useful if the target device has 64Mbytes + of RAM or less). + + + + ERROR_QA + + + Specifies the quality assurance checks whose failures are + reported as errors by the OpenEmbedded build system. + You set this variable in your distribution configuration + file. + For a list of the checks you can control with this variable, + see the + "insane.bbclass" + section. + + + + + ERR_REPORT_DIR + + + When used with the + report-error + class, specifies the path used for storing the debug files + created by the + error reporting tool, + which allows you to submit build errors you encounter to a + central database. + By default, the value of this variable is + ${LOG_DIR}/error-report. + + + + You can set ERR_REPORT_DIR to the path + you want the error reporting tool to store the debug files + as follows in your local.conf file: + + ERR_REPORT_DIR = "path" + + + + + + EXCLUDE_FROM_WORLD + + + Directs BitBake to exclude a recipe from world builds (i.e. + bitbake world). + During world builds, BitBake locates, parses and builds all + recipes found in every layer exposed in the + bblayers.conf configuration file. + + + + To exclude a recipe from a world build using this variable, + set the variable to "1" in the recipe. + + + + Recipes added to EXCLUDE_FROM_WORLD + may still be built during a world build in order to satisfy + dependencies of other recipes. + Adding a recipe to EXCLUDE_FROM_WORLD + only ensures that the recipe is not explicitly added + to the list of build targets in a world build. + + + + + EXTENDPE + + + Used with file and pathnames to create a prefix for a recipe's + version based on the recipe's + PE value. + If PE is set and greater than zero for a recipe, + EXTENDPE becomes that value (e.g if + PE is equal to "1" then EXTENDPE + becomes "1_"). + If a recipe's PE is not set (the default) or is equal to + zero, EXTENDPE becomes "". + See the STAMP + variable for an example. + + + + + EXTENDPKGV + + + The full package version specification as it appears on the + final packages produced by a recipe. + The variable's value is normally used to fix a runtime + dependency to the exact same version of another package + in the same recipe: + + RDEPENDS_${PN}-additional-module = "${PN} (= ${EXTENDPKGV})" + + + + + The dependency relationships are intended to force the + package manager to upgrade these types of packages in + lock-step. + + + + + EXTERNALSRC + + + If externalsrc.bbclass is inherited, + this variable points to the source tree, which is + outside of the OpenEmbedded build system. + When set, this variable sets the + S + variable, which is what the OpenEmbedded build system uses + to locate unpacked recipe source code. + + + + For more information on + externalsrc.bbclass, see the + "externalsrc.bbclass" + section. + You can also find information on how to use this variable + in the + "Building Software from an External Source" + section in the Yocto Project Development Manual. + + + + + EXTERNALSRC_BUILD + + + If externalsrc.bbclass is inherited, + this variable points to the directory in which the recipe's + source code is built, + which is outside of the OpenEmbedded build system. + When set, this variable sets the + B + variable, which is what the OpenEmbedded build system uses + to locate the Build Directory. + + + + For more information on + externalsrc.bbclass, see the + "externalsrc.bbclass" + section. + You can also find information on how to use this variable + in the + "Building Software from an External Source" + section in the Yocto Project Development Manual. + + + + + EXTRA_IMAGE_FEATURES + + + The list of additional features to include in an image. + Typically, you configure this variable in your + local.conf file, which is found in the + Build Directory. + Although you can use this variable from within a recipe, + best practices dictate that you do not. + + To enable primary features from within the image + recipe, use the + IMAGE_FEATURES + variable. + + + + + Here are some examples of features you can add: + +"dbg-pkgs" - Adds -dbg packages for all installed packages + including symbol information for debugging and + profiling. + +"debug-tweaks" - Makes an image suitable for development. + For example, ssh root access has a blank + password. You should remove this feature + before you produce a production image. + +"dev-pkgs" - Adds -dev packages for all installed packages. + This is useful if you want to develop against + the libraries in the image. + +"read-only-rootfs" - Creates an image whose root + filesystem is read-only. See the + "Creating a Read-Only Root Filesystem" + section in the Yocto Project + Development Manual for more + information + +"tools-debug" - Adds debugging tools such as gdb and + strace. + +"tools-profile" - Adds profiling tools such as oprofile, + exmap, lttng and valgrind (x86 only). + +"tools-sdk" - Adds development tools such as gcc, make, + pkgconfig and so forth. + +"tools-testapps" - Adds useful testing tools such as + ts_print, aplay, arecord and so + forth. + + + + + + For a complete list of image features that ships with the + Yocto Project, see the + "Image Features" + section. + + + + For an example that shows how to customize your image by + using this variable, see the + "Customizing Images Using Custom IMAGE_FEATURES and EXTRA_IMAGE_FEATURES" + section in the Yocto Project Development Manual. + + + + + EXTRA_IMAGEDEPENDS + + A list of recipes to build that do not provide packages + for installing into the root filesystem. + + Sometimes a recipe is required to build the final image but is not + needed in the root filesystem. + You can use the EXTRA_IMAGEDEPENDS variable to + list these recipes and thus specify the dependencies. + A typical example is a required bootloader in a machine configuration. + + + To add packages to the root filesystem, see the various + *RDEPENDS + and *RRECOMMENDS + variables. + + + + + EXTRA_OECMAKE + + Additional cmake options. + + + + EXTRA_OECONF + + Additional configure script options. + + + + EXTRA_OEMAKE + + Additional GNU make options. + + + + EXTRA_OESCONS + + + When a recipe inherits the + scons + class, this variable specifies additional configuration + options you want to pass to the + scons command line. + + + + + EXTRA_QMAKEVARS_POST + + + Configuration variables or options you want to pass to + qmake. + Use this variable when the arguments need to be after the + .pro file list on the command line. + + + + This variable is used with recipes that inherit the + qmake_base + class or other classes that inherit + qmake_base. + + + + + EXTRA_QMAKEVARS_PRE + + + Configuration variables or options you want to pass to + qmake. + Use this variable when the arguments need to be before the + .pro file list on the command line. + + + + This variable is used with recipes that inherit the + qmake_base + class or other classes that inherit + qmake_base. + + + + + EXTRA_USERS_PARAMS + + + When a recipe inherits the + extrausers + class, this variable provides image level user and group + operations. + This is a more global method of providing user and group + configuration as compared to using the + useradd + class, which ties user and group configurations to a + specific recipe. + + + + The set list of commands you can configure using the + EXTRA_USERS_PARAMS is shown in the + extrausers class. + These commands map to the normal Unix commands of the same + names: + + # EXTRA_USERS_PARAMS = "\ + # useradd -p '' tester; \ + # groupadd developers; \ + # userdel nobody; \ + # groupdel -g video; \ + # groupmod -g 1020 developers; \ + # usermod -s /bin/sh tester; \ + # " + + + + + + + + F + + FEATURE_PACKAGES + + + Defines one or more packages to include in an image when + a specific item is included in + IMAGE_FEATURES. + When setting the value, FEATURE_PACKAGES + should have the name of the feature item as an override. + Here is an example: + + FEATURE_PACKAGES_widget = "package1 package2" + + In this example, if "widget" were added to + IMAGE_FEATURES, "package1" and + "package2" would be included in the image. + + Packages installed by features defined through + FEATURE_PACKAGES are often package + groups. + While similarly named, you should not confuse the + FEATURE_PACKAGES variable with + package groups, which are discussed elsewhere in the + documentation. + + + + + + FEED_DEPLOYDIR_BASE_URI + + + Points to the base URL of the server and location within + the document-root that provides the metadata and + packages required by OPKG to support runtime package + management of IPK packages. + You set this variable in your + local.conf file. + + + + Consider the following example: + + FEED_DEPLOYDIR_BASE_URI = "http://192.168.7.1/BOARD-dir" + + This example assumes you are serving your packages over + HTTP and your databases are located in a directory + named BOARD-dir, which is underneath + your HTTP server's document-root. + In this case, the OpenEmbedded build system generates a set + of configuration files for you in your target that work + with the feed. + + + + + FILES + + + The list of directories or files that are placed in packages. + + + + To use the FILES variable, provide a package name + override that identifies the resulting package. + Then, provide a space-separated list of files or paths that identifies the + files you want included as part of the resulting package. + Here is an example: + + FILES_${PN} += "${bindir}/mydir1/ ${bindir}/mydir2/myfile" + + + + + When specifying paths as part of the FILES variable, + it is good practice to use appropriate path variables. + For example, use ${sysconfdir} rather than + /etc, or ${bindir} rather + than /usr/bin. + You can find a list of these variables at the top of the + meta/conf/bitbake.conf file in the + Source Directory. + + + + If some of the files you provide with the FILES variable + are editable and you know they should not be + overwritten during the package update process by the Package Management + System (PMS), you can identify these files so that the PMS will not + overwrite them. + See the CONFFILES + variable for information on how to identify these files to the PMS. + + + + + + FILESEXTRAPATHS + + + Extends the search path the OpenEmbedded build system uses + when looking for files and patches as it processes recipes + and append files. + The default directories BitBake uses when it processes + recipes are initially defined by the + FILESPATH + variable. + You can extend FILESPATH variable + by using FILESEXTRAPATHS. + + + + Best practices dictate that you accomplish this by using + FILESEXTRAPATHS from within a + .bbappend file and that you prepend + paths as follows: + + FILESEXTRAPATHS_prepend := "${THISDIR}/${PN}:" + + In the above example, the build system first looks for files + in a directory that has the same name as the corresponding + append file. + + When extending FILESEXTRAPATHS, + be sure to use the immediate expansion + (:=) operator. + Immediate expansion makes sure that BitBake evaluates + THISDIR + at the time the directive is encountered rather than at + some later time when expansion might result in a + directory that does not contain the files you need. + + Also, include the trailing separating colon + character if you are prepending. + The trailing colon character is necessary because you + are directing BitBake to extend the path by prepending + directories to the search path. + + Here is another common use: + + FILESEXTRAPATHS_prepend := "${THISDIR}/files:" + + In this example, the build system extends the + FILESPATH variable to include a + directory named files that is in the + same directory as the corresponding append file. + + + + Here is a final example that specifically adds three paths: + + FILESEXTRAPATHS_prepend := "path_1:path_2:path_3:" + + + + + By prepending paths in .bbappend + files, you allow multiple append files that reside in + different layers but are used for the same recipe to + correctly extend the path. + + + + + FILESOVERRIDES + + + A subset of OVERRIDES + used by the OpenEmbedded build system for creating + FILESPATH. + You can find more information on how overrides are handled + in the BitBake Manual that is located at + bitbake/doc/manual in the + Source Directory. + + + + By default, the FILESOVERRIDES + variable is defined as: + + FILESOVERRIDES = "${TRANSLATED_TARGET_ARCH}:${MACHINEOVERRIDES}:${DISTROOVERRIDES}" + + + + Do not hand-edit the FILESOVERRIDES + variable. + The values match up with expected overrides and are + used in an expected manner by the build system. + + + + + + FILESPATH + + + The default set of directories the OpenEmbedded build system + uses when searching for patches and files. + During the build process, BitBake searches each directory in + FILESPATH in the specified order when + looking for files and patches specified by each + file:// URI in a recipe. + + + + The default value for the FILESPATH + variable is defined in the base.bbclass + class found in meta/classes in the + Source Directory: + + FILESPATH = "${@base_set_filespath(["${FILE_DIRNAME}/${BP}", \ + "${FILE_DIRNAME}/${BPN}", "${FILE_DIRNAME}/files"], d)}" + + + Do not hand-edit the FILESPATH + variable. + If you want the build system to look in directories + other than the defaults, extend the + FILESPATH variable by using the + FILESEXTRAPATHS + variable. + + Be aware that the default FILESPATH + directories do not map to directories in custom layers + where append files (.bbappend) + are used. + If you want the build system to find patches or files + that reside with your append files, you need to extend + the FILESPATH variable by using + the + FILESEXTRAPATHS + variable. + + + + + FILESYSTEM_PERMS_TABLES + + Allows you to define your own file permissions settings table as part of + your configuration for the packaging process. + For example, suppose you need a consistent set of custom permissions for + a set of groups and users across an entire work project. + It is best to do this in the packages themselves but this is not always + possible. + + + By default, the OpenEmbedded build system uses the fs-perms.txt, which + is located in the meta/files folder in the + Source Directory. + If you create your own file permissions setting table, you should place it in your + layer or the distro's layer. + + + You define the FILESYSTEM_PERMS_TABLES variable in the + conf/local.conf file, which is found in the + Build Directory, to + point to your custom fs-perms.txt. + You can specify more than a single file permissions setting table. + The paths you specify to these files must be defined within the + BBPATH variable. + + + For guidance on how to create your own file permissions settings table file, + examine the existing fs-perms.txt. + + + + + FONT_PACKAGES + + + When a recipe inherits the + fontcache + class, this variable identifies packages containing font + files that need to be cached by Fontconfig. + By default, the fontcache class assumes + that fonts are in the recipe's main package + (i.e. ${PN}). + Use this variable if fonts you need are in a package + other than that main package. + + + + + FULL_OPTIMIZATION + + + The options to pass in + TARGET_CFLAGS + and CFLAGS + when compiling an optimized system. + This variable defaults to + "-O2 -pipe ${DEBUG_FLAGS}". + + + + + + G + + GROUPADD_PARAM + + + When a recipe inherits the + useradd class, this variable + specifies for a package what parameters should be passed + to the groupadd command + if you wish to add a group to the system when the package + is installed. + + + + Here is an example from the dbus + recipe: + + GROUPADD_PARAM_${PN} = "-r netdev" + + For information on the standard Linux shell command + groupadd, see + . + + + + + GROUPMEMS_PARAM + + + When a recipe inherits the + useradd class, this variable + specifies for a package what parameters should be passed + to the groupmems command + if you wish to modify the members of a group when the + package is installed. + + + + For information on the standard Linux shell command + groupmems, see + . + + + + + GRUB_GFXSERIAL + + + Configures the GNU GRand Unified Bootloader (GRUB) to have + graphics and serial in the boot menu. + Set this variable to "1" in your + local.conf or distribution + configuration file to enable graphics and serial + in the menu. + + + + See the + grub-efi + class for more information on how this variable is used. + + + + + GRUB_OPTS + + + Additional options to add to the GNU GRand Unified + Bootloader (GRUB) configuration. + Use a semi-colon character (;) to + separate multiple options. + + + + The GRUB_OPTS variable is optional. + See the + grub-efi + class for more information on how this variable is used. + + + + + GRUB_TIMEOUT + + + Specifies the timeout before executing the default + LABEL in the GNU GRand Unified + Bootloader (GRUB). + + + + The GRUB_TIMEOUT variable is optional. + See the + grub-efi + class for more information on how this variable is used. + + + + + GTKIMMODULES_PACKAGES + + + For recipes that inherit the + gtk-immodules-cache + class, this variable specifies the packages that contain the + GTK+ input method modules being installed when the modules + are in packages other than the main package. + + + + + + + H + + HOMEPAGE + + Website where more information about the software the recipe is building + can be found. + + + + HOST_SYS + + + Specifies the system, including the architecture and the + operating system, for with the build is occurring + in the context of the current + recipe. + The OpenEmbedded build system automatically sets this + variable. + You do not need to set the variable yourself. + + + + Here are two examples: + + Given a native recipe on a 32-bit + x86 machine running Linux, the value is + "i686-linux". + + Given a recipe being built for a + little-endian MIPS target running Linux, + the value might be "mipsel-linux". + + + + + + + + + I + + ICECC_DISABLED + + + Disables or enables the icecc + (Icecream) function. + For more information on this function and best practices + for using this variable, see the + "icecc.bbclass" + section. + + + + Setting this variable to "1" in your + local.conf disables the function: + + ICECC_DISABLED ??= "1" + + To enable the function, set the variable as follows: + + ICECC_DISABLED = "" + + + + + + ICECC_ENV_EXEC + + + Points to the icecc-create-env script + that you provide. + This variable is used by the + icecc + class. + You set this variable in your + local.conf file. + + + + If you do not point to a script that you provide, the + OpenEmbedded build system uses the default script provided + by the icecc-create-env.bb recipe, + which is a modified version and not the one that comes with + icecc. + + + + + ICECC_PARALLEL_MAKE + + + Extra options passed to the make + command during the do_compile task + that specify parallel compilation. + This variable usually takes the form of + -j 4, where the number + represents the maximum number of parallel threads + make can run. + + The options passed affect builds on all enabled + machines on the network, which are machines running the + iceccd daemon. + + + + + If your enabled machines support multiple cores, + coming up with the maximum number of parallel threads + that gives you the best performance could take some + experimentation since machine speed, network lag, + available memory, and existing machine loads can all + affect build time. + Consequently, unlike the + PARALLEL_MAKE + variable, there is no rule-of-thumb for setting + ICECC_PARALLEL_MAKE to achieve + optimal performance. + + + + If you do not set ICECC_PARALLEL_MAKE, + the build system does not use it (i.e. the system does + not detect and assign the number of cores as is done with + PARALLEL_MAKE). + + + + + ICECC_PATH + + + The location of the icecc binary. + You can set this variable in your + local.conf file. + If your local.conf file does not define + this variable, the + icecc + class attempts to define it by locating + icecc using which. + + + + + ICECC_USER_CLASS_BL + + + Identifies user classes that you do not want the + Icecream distributed compile support to consider. + This variable is used by the + icecc + class. + You set this variable in your + local.conf file. + + + + When you list classes using this variable, you are + "blacklisting" them from distributed compilation across + remote hosts. + Any classes you list will be distributed and compiled + locally. + + + + + ICECC_USER_PACKAGE_BL + + + Identifies user recipes that you do not want the + Icecream distributed compile support to consider. + This variable is used by the + icecc + class. + You set this variable in your + local.conf file. + + + + When you list packages using this variable, you are + "blacklisting" them from distributed compilation across + remote hosts. + Any packages you list will be distributed and compiled + locally. + + + + + ICECC_USER_PACKAGE_WL + + + Identifies user recipes that use an empty + PARALLEL_MAKE + variable that you want to force remote distributed + compilation on using the Icecream distributed compile + support. + This variable is used by the + icecc + class. + You set this variable in your + local.conf file. + + + + + IMAGE_BASENAME + + + The base name of image output files. + This variable defaults to the recipe name + (${PN}). + + + + + IMAGE_CLASSES + + + A list of classes that all images should inherit. + You typically use this variable to specify the list of + classes that register the different types of images + the OpenEmbedded build system creates. + + + + The default value for IMAGE_CLASSES is + image_types. + You can set this variable in your + local.conf or in a distribution + configuration file. + + + + For more information, see + meta/classes/image_types.bbclass in the + Source Directory. + + + + + IMAGE_FEATURES + + + The primary list of features to include in an image. + Typically, you configure this variable in an image recipe. + Although you can use this variable from your + local.conf file, which is found in the + Build Directory, + best practices dictate that you do not. + + To enable extra features from outside the image recipe, + use the + EXTRA_IMAGE_FEATURES variable. + + For a list of image features that ships with the Yocto + Project, see the + "Image Features" + section. + + + + For an example that shows how to customize your image by + using this variable, see the + "Customizing Images Using Custom IMAGE_FEATURES and EXTRA_IMAGE_FEATURES" + section in the Yocto Project Development Manual. + + + + + IMAGE_FSTYPES + + + Specifies the formats the OpenEmbedded build system uses + during the build when creating the root filesystem. + For example, setting IMAGE_FSTYPES + as follows causes the build system to create root + filesystems using two formats: .ext3 + and .tar.bz2: + + IMAGE_FSTYPES = "ext3 tar.bz2" + + For the complete list of supported image formats from which + you can choose, see + IMAGE_TYPES. + + + + If you add "live" to IMAGE_FSTYPES + inside an image recipe, be sure that you do so prior to the + "inherit image" line of the recipe or the live image will + not build. + + + + Due to the way this variable is processed, it is not + possible to update its contents using + _append or + _prepend. To add one or more + additional options to this variable the + += operator must be used. + + + + + IMAGE_INSTALL + + + Specifies the packages to install into an image. + The IMAGE_INSTALL variable is a + mechanism for an image recipe and you should use it + with care to avoid ordering issues. + + When working with an + core-image-minimal-initramfs + image, do not use the IMAGE_INSTALL + variable to specify packages for installation. + Instead, use the + PACKAGE_INSTALL + variable, which allows the initial RAM disk (initramfs) + recipe to use a fixed set of packages and not be + affected by IMAGE_INSTALL. + + + + + Image recipes set IMAGE_INSTALL + to specify the packages to install into an image through + image.bbclass. + Additionally, "helper" classes exist, such as + core-image.bbclass, that can take + IMAGE_FEATURES + lists and turn these into auto-generated entries in + IMAGE_INSTALL in addition to its + default contents. + + + + Using IMAGE_INSTALL with the + += operator from the + /conf/local.conf file or from within + an image recipe is not recommended as it can cause ordering + issues. + Since core-image.bbclass sets + IMAGE_INSTALL to a default value using + the ?= operator, using a + += operation against + IMAGE_INSTALL will result in + unexpected behavior when used in + conf/local.conf. + Furthermore, the same operation from within an image + recipe may or may not succeed depending on the specific + situation. + In both these cases, the behavior is contrary to how most + users expect the += operator to work. + + + + When you use this variable, it is best to use it as follows: + + IMAGE_INSTALL_append = " package-name" + + Be sure to include the space between the quotation character + and the start of the package name or names. + + + + + IMAGE_LINGUAS + + + Specifies the list of locales to install into the image + during the root filesystem construction process. + The OpenEmbedded build system automatically splits locale + files, which are used for localization, into separate + packages. + Setting the IMAGE_LINGUAS variable + ensures that any locale packages that correspond to packages + already selected for installation into the image are also + installed. + Here is an example: + + IMAGE_LINGUAS = "pt-br de-de" + + In this example, the build system ensures any Brazilian + Portuguese and German locale files that correspond to + packages in the image are installed (i.e. + *-locale-pt-br + and *-locale-de-de as well as + *-locale-pt + and *-locale-de, since some software + packages only provide locale files by language and not by + country-specific language). + + + + + IMAGE_MANIFEST + + + The manifest file for the image. + This file lists all the installed packages that make up + the image. + The file contains package information on a line-per-package + basis as follows: + + <packagename> <packagearch> <version> + + + + + The + image + class defines the manifest file as follows: + + IMAGE_MANIFEST = "${DEPLOY_DIR_IMAGE}/${IMAGE_NAME}.rootfs.manifest" + + The location is derived using the + DEPLOY_DIR_IMAGE + and + IMAGE_NAME + variables. + You can find information on how the image + is created in the + "Image Generation" + section. + + + + + IMAGE_NAME + + + The name of the output image files minus the extension. + This variable is derived using the + IMAGE_BASENAME, + MACHINE, + and + DATETIME + variables: + + IMAGE_NAME = "${IMAGE_BASENAME}-${MACHINE}-${DATETIME}" + + + + + + IMAGE_OVERHEAD_FACTOR + + + Defines a multiplier that the build system applies to the initial image + size for cases when the multiplier times the returned disk usage value + for the image is greater than the sum of + IMAGE_ROOTFS_SIZE + and + IMAGE_ROOTFS_EXTRA_SPACE. + The result of the multiplier applied to the initial image size creates + free disk space in the image as overhead. + By default, the build process uses a multiplier of 1.3 for this variable. + This default value results in 30% free disk space added to the image when this + method is used to determine the final generated image size. + You should be aware that post install scripts and the package management + system uses disk space inside this overhead area. + Consequently, the multiplier does not produce an image with + all the theoretical free disk space. + See IMAGE_ROOTFS_SIZE + for information on how the build system determines the overall image size. + + + + The default 30% free disk space typically gives the image enough room to boot + and allows for basic post installs while still leaving a small amount of + free disk space. + If 30% free space is inadequate, you can increase the default value. + For example, the following setting gives you 50% free space added to the image: + + IMAGE_OVERHEAD_FACTOR = "1.5" + + + + + Alternatively, you can ensure a specific amount of free disk space is added + to the image by using the + IMAGE_ROOTFS_EXTRA_SPACE + variable. + + + + + IMAGE_PKGTYPE + + + Defines the package type (DEB, RPM, IPK, or TAR) used + by the OpenEmbedded build system. + The variable is defined appropriately by the + package_deb, + package_rpm, + package_ipk, + or + package_tar + class. + + + + The + package_sdk_base + and + image + classes use the IMAGE_PKGTYPE for + packaging up images and SDKs. + + + + You should not set the IMAGE_PKGTYPE + manually. + Rather, the variable is set indirectly through the + appropriate + package_* + class using the + PACKAGE_CLASSES + variable. + The OpenEmbedded build system uses the first package type + (e.g. DEB, RPM, or IPK) that appears with the variable + + Files using the .tar format are + never used as a substitute packaging format for DEB, + RPM, and IPK formatted files for your image or SDK. + + + + + + IMAGE_POSTPROCESS_COMMAND + + + Added by classes to run post processing commands once the + OpenEmbedded build system has created the image. + You can specify shell commands separated by semicolons: + + IMAGE_POSTPROCESS_COMMAND += "<shell_command>; ... " + + If you need to pass the path to the root filesystem within + the command, you can use + ${IMAGE_ROOTFS}, which points to + the root filesystem image. + + + + + IMAGE_ROOTFS + + + The location of the root filesystem while it is under + construction (i.e. during do_rootfs). + This variable is not configurable. + Do not change it. + + + + + IMAGE_ROOTFS_EXTRA_SPACE + + + Defines additional free disk space created in the image in Kbytes. + By default, this variable is set to "0". + This free disk space is added to the image after the build system determines + the image size as described in + IMAGE_ROOTFS_SIZE. + + + + This variable is particularly useful when you want to ensure that a + specific amount of free disk space is available on a device after an image + is installed and running. + For example, to be sure 5 Gbytes of free disk space is available, set the + variable as follows: + + IMAGE_ROOTFS_EXTRA_SPACE = "5242880" + + + + + For example, the Yocto Project Build Appliance specifically requests 40 Gbytes + of extra space with the line: + + IMAGE_ROOTFS_EXTRA_SPACE = "41943040" + + + + + + IMAGE_ROOTFS_SIZE + + + Defines the size in Kbytes for the generated image. + The OpenEmbedded build system determines the final size for the generated + image using an algorithm that takes into account the initial disk space used + for the generated image, a requested size for the image, and requested + additional free disk space to be added to the image. + Programatically, the build system determines the final size of the + generated image as follows: + + if (image-du * overhead) < rootfs-size: + internal-rootfs-size = rootfs-size + xspace + else: + internal-rootfs-size = (image-du * overhead) + xspace + + where: + + image-du = Returned value of the du command on + the image. + + overhead = IMAGE_OVERHEAD_FACTOR + + rootfs-size = IMAGE_ROOTFS_SIZE + + internal-rootfs-size = Initial root filesystem + size before any modifications. + + xspace = IMAGE_ROOTFS_EXTRA_SPACE + + See the IMAGE_OVERHEAD_FACTOR + and IMAGE_ROOTFS_EXTRA_SPACE + variables for related information. + + + + + + IMAGE_TYPEDEP + + + Specifies a dependency from one image type on another. + Here is an example from the + image-live + class: + + IMAGE_TYPEDEP_live = "ext3" + + In the previous example, the variable ensures that when + "live" is listed with the + IMAGE_FSTYPES + variable, the OpenEmbedded build system produces an + ext3 image first since one of the + components of the live + image is an ext3 + formatted partition containing the root + filesystem. + + + + + IMAGE_TYPES + + + Specifies the complete list of supported image types + by default: + + jffs2 + jffs2.sum + cramfs + ext2 + ext2.gz + ext2.bz2 + ext3 + ext3.gz + ext2.lzma + btrfs + live + squashfs + squashfs-xz + ubi + ubifs + tar + tar.gz + tar.bz2 + tar.xz + cpio + cpio.gz + cpio.xz + cpio.lzma + vmdk + elf + + For more information on how these types of images, see + meta/classes/image_types*.bbclass + in the + Source Directory. + + + + + INC_PR + + Helps define the recipe revision for recipes that share + a common include file. + You can think of this variable as part of the recipe revision + as set from within an include file. + Suppose, for example, you have a set of recipes that + are used across several projects. + And, within each of those recipes the revision + (its PR + value) is set accordingly. + In this case, when the revision of those recipes changes, + the burden is on you to find all those recipes and + be sure that they get changed to reflect the updated + version of the recipe. + In this scenario, it can get complicated when recipes + that are used in many places and provide common functionality + are upgraded to a new revision. + A more efficient way of dealing with this situation is + to set the INC_PR variable inside + the include files that the recipes + share and then expand the INC_PR + variable within the recipes to help + define the recipe revision. + + + The following provides an example that shows how to use + the INC_PR variable + given a common include file that + defines the variable. + Once the variable is defined in the + include file, you can use the + variable to set the PR values in + each recipe. + You will notice that when you set a recipe's + PR you can provide more granular + revisioning by appending values to the + INC_PR variable: + +recipes-graphics/xorg-font/xorg-font-common.inc:INC_PR = "r2" +recipes-graphics/xorg-font/encodings_1.0.4.bb:PR = "${INC_PR}.1" +recipes-graphics/xorg-font/font-util_1.3.0.bb:PR = "${INC_PR}.0" +recipes-graphics/xorg-font/font-alias_1.0.3.bb:PR = "${INC_PR}.3" + + The first line of the example establishes the baseline + revision to be used for all recipes that use the + include file. + The remaining lines in the example are from individual + recipes and show how the PR value + is set. + + + + INCOMPATIBLE_LICENSE + + + Specifies a space-separated list of license names + (as they would appear in + LICENSE) + that should be excluded from the build. + Recipes that provide no alternatives to listed incompatible + licenses are not built. + Packages that are individually licensed with the specified + incompatible licenses will be deleted. + + + + This functionality is only regularly tested using + the following setting: + + INCOMPATIBLE_LICENSE = "GPLv3" + + Although you can use other settings, you might be required + to remove dependencies on or provide alternatives to + components that are required to produce a functional system + image. + + + + + INHIBIT_DEFAULT_DEPS + + + Prevents the default dependencies, namely the C compiler + and standard C library (libc), from being added to + DEPENDS. + This variable is usually used within recipes that do not + require any compilation using the C compiler. + + + + Set the variable to "1" to prevent the default dependencies + from being added. + + + + + INHIBIT_PACKAGE_STRIP + + + If set to "1", causes the build to not strip binaries in resulting packages. + + + + + INHERIT + + + Causes the named class to be inherited at + this point during parsing. + The variable is only valid in configuration files. + + + + + INHERIT_DISTRO + + + Lists classes that will be inherited at the + distribution level. + It is unlikely that you want to edit this variable. + + + + The default value of the variable is set as follows in the + meta/conf/distro/defaultsetup.conf + file: + + INHERIT_DISTRO ?= "debian devshell sstate license" + + + + + + INITRAMFS_FSTYPES + + + Defines the format for the output image of an initial + RAM disk (initramfs), which is used during boot. + Supported formats are the same as those supported by the + IMAGE_FSTYPES + variable. + + + + + INITRAMFS_IMAGE + + + Causes the OpenEmbedded build system to build an additional + recipe as a dependency to your root filesystem recipe + (e.g. core-image-sato). + The additional recipe is used to create an initial RAM disk + (initramfs) that might be needed during the initial boot of + the target system to accomplish such things as loading + kernel modules prior to mounting the root file system. + + + + When you set the variable, specify the name of the + initramfs you want created. + The following example, which is set in the + local.conf configuration file, causes + a separate recipe to be created that results in an + initramfs image named + core-image-sato-initramfs.bb to be + created: + + INITRAMFS_IMAGE = "core-image-minimal-initramfs" + + By default, the + kernel + class sets this variable to a null string as follows: + + INITRAMFS_IMAGE = "" + + + + + See the + local.conf.sample.extended + file for additional information. + You can also reference the + kernel.bbclass + file to see how the variable is used. + + + + + INITRAMFS_IMAGE_BUNDLE + + + Controls whether or not the image recipe specified by + INITRAMFS_IMAGE + is run through an extra pass during kernel compilation + in order to build a single binary that contains both the + kernel image and the initial RAM disk (initramfs). + Using an extra compilation pass ensures that when a kernel + attempts to use an initramfs, it does not encounter + circular dependencies should the initramfs include kernel + modules. + + + + The combined binary is deposited into the + tmp/deploy directory, which is part + of the + Build Directory. + + + + Setting the variable to "1" in a configuration file causes + the OpenEmbedded build system to make the extra pass during + kernel compilation: + + INITRAMFS_IMAGE_BUNDLE = "1" + + By default, the + kernel + class sets this variable to a null string as follows: + + INITRAMFS_IMAGE_BUNDLE = "" + + + You must set the + INITRAMFS_IMAGE_BUNDLE variable in + a configuration file. + You cannot set the variable in a recipe file. + + See the + local.conf.sample.extended + file for additional information. + + + + + INITRD + + + Indicates a filesystem image to use as an initial RAM + disk (initrd). + + + + The INITRD variable is an optional + variable used with the + buildimg + class. + + + + + INITSCRIPT_NAME + + + The filename of the initialization script as installed to + ${sysconfdir}/init.d. + + + This variable is used in recipes when using update-rc.d.bbclass. + The variable is mandatory. + + + + + INITSCRIPT_PACKAGES + + + A list of the packages that contain initscripts. + If multiple packages are specified, you need to append the package name + to the other INITSCRIPT_* as an override. + + This variable is used in recipes when using update-rc.d.bbclass. + The variable is optional and defaults to the + PN variable. + + + + + INITSCRIPT_PARAMS + + + Specifies the options to pass to update-rc.d. + Here is an example: + + INITSCRIPT_PARAMS = "start 99 5 2 . stop 20 0 1 6 ." + + In this example, the script has a runlevel of 99, + starts the script in initlevels 2 and 5, and + stops the script in levels 0, 1 and 6. + + + The variable is mandatory and is used in recipes when using + update-rc.d.bbclass. + + + + + INSANE_SKIP + + + Specifies the QA checks to skip for a specific package + within a recipe. + For example, to skip the check for symbolic link + .so files in the main package of a + recipe, add the following to the recipe. + The package name override must be used, which in this + example is ${PN}: + + INSANE_SKIP_${PN} += "dev-so" + + + + See the "insane.bbclass" + section for a list of the valid QA checks you can + specify using this variable. + + + + + IPK_FEED_URIS + + + When the IPK backend is in use and package management + is enabled on the target, you can use this variable to + set up opkg in the target image + to point to package feeds on a nominated server. + Once the feed is established, you can perform + installations or upgrades using the package manager + at runtime. + + + + + + + + + + + + K + + KARCH + + + Defines the kernel architecture used when assembling + the configuration. + Architectures supported for this release are: + + powerpc + i386 + x86_64 + arm + qemu + mips + + + + + You define the KARCH variable in the + BSP Descriptions. + + + + + KBRANCH + + + A regular expression used by the build process to explicitly + identify the kernel branch that is validated, patched + and configured during a build. + The KBRANCH variable is optional. + You can use it to trigger checks to ensure the exact kernel + branch you want is being used by the build process. + + + + Values for this variable are set in the kernel's recipe + file and the kernel's append file. + For example, if you are using the Yocto Project kernel that + is based on the Linux 3.10 kernel, the kernel recipe file + is the + meta/recipes-kernel/linux/linux-yocto_3.10.bb + file. + Following is the default value for KBRANCH + and the default override for the architectures the Yocto + Project supports: + + KBRANCH_DEFAULT = "standard/base" + KBRANCH = "${KBRANCH_DEFAULT}" + + This branch exists in the linux-yocto-3.10 + kernel Git repository + . + + + + This variable is also used from the kernel's append file + to identify the kernel branch specific to a particular + machine or target hardware. + The kernel's append file is located in the BSP layer for + a given machine. + For example, the kernel append file for the Crown Bay BSP is in the + meta-intel Git repository and is named + meta-crownbay/recipes-kernel/linux/linux-yocto_3.10.bbappend. + Here are the related statements from the append file: + + COMPATIBLE_MACHINE_crownbay = "crownbay" + KMACHINE_crownbay = "crownbay" + KBRANCH_crownbay = "standard/crownbay" + KERNEL_FEATURES_append_crownbay = " features/drm-emgd/drm-emgd-1.18 cfg/vesafb" + + COMPATIBLE_MACHINE_crownbay-noemgd = "crownbay-noemgd" + KMACHINE_crownbay-noemgd = "crownbay" + KBRANCH_crownbay-noemgd = "standard/crownbay" + KERNEL_FEATURES_append_crownbay-noemgd = " cfg/vesafb" + + The KBRANCH_* statements identify + the kernel branch to use when building for the Crown + Bay BSP. + In this case there are two identical statements: one + for each type of Crown Bay machine. + + + + + KBRANCH_DEFAULT + + + Defines the Linux kernel source repository's default + branch used to build the Linux kernel. + The KBRANCH_DEFAULT value is + the default value for + KBRANCH. + Unless you specify otherwise, + KBRANCH_DEFAULT initializes to + "master". + + + + + KERNEL_EXTRA_ARGS + + + Specifies additional make + command-line arguments the OpenEmbedded build system + passes on when compiling the kernel. + + + + + KERNEL_FEATURES + + Includes additional metadata from the Yocto Project kernel Git repository. + In the OpenEmbedded build system, the default Board Support Packages (BSPs) + Metadata + is provided through + the KMACHINE + and KBRANCH variables. + You can use the KERNEL_FEATURES variable to further + add metadata for all BSPs. + The metadata you add through this variable includes config fragments and + features descriptions, + which usually includes patches as well as config fragments. + You typically override the KERNEL_FEATURES variable + for a specific machine. + In this way, you can provide validated, but optional, sets of kernel + configurations and features. + For example, the following adds netfilter to all + the Yocto Project kernels and adds sound support to the qemux86 + machine: + + # Add netfilter to all linux-yocto kernels + KERNEL_FEATURES="features/netfilter" + + # Add sound support to the qemux86 machine + KERNEL_FEATURES_append_qemux86=" cfg/sound" + + + + + KERNEL_IMAGE_BASE_NAME + + + The base name of the kernel image. + This variable is set in the + kernel class + as follows: + + KERNEL_IMAGE_BASE_NAME ?= "${KERNEL_IMAGETYPE}-${PKGE}-${PKGV}-${PKGR}-${MACHINE}-${DATETIME}" + + See the + KERNEL_IMAGETYPE, + PKGE, + PKGV, + PKGR, + MACHINE, + and + DATETIME + variables for additional information. + + + + + KERNEL_IMAGETYPE + + The type of kernel to build for a device, usually set by the + machine configuration files and defaults to "zImage". + This variable is used + when building the kernel and is passed to make as the target to + build. + + + + KERNEL_PATH + + + The location of the kernel sources. + This variable is set to the value of the + STAGING_KERNEL_DIR + within the module.bbclass class. + For information on how this variable is used, see the + "Incorporating Out-of-Tree Modules" + section. + + + + To help maximize compatibility with out-of-tree drivers + used to build modules, the OpenEmbedded build system also + recognizes and uses the + KERNEL_SRC + variable, which is identical to the + KERNEL_PATH variable. + Both variables are common variables used by external + Makefiles to point to the kernel source directory. + + + + + KERNEL_SRC + + + The location of the kernel sources. + This variable is set to the value of the + STAGING_KERNEL_DIR + within the module.bbclass class. + For information on how this variable is used, see the + "Incorporating Out-of-Tree Modules" + section. + + + + To help maximize compatibility with out-of-tree drivers + used to build modules, the OpenEmbedded build system also + recognizes and uses the + KERNEL_PATH + variable, which is identical to the + KERNEL_SRC variable. + Both variables are common variables used by external + Makefiles to point to the kernel source directory. + + + + + KFEATURE_DESCRIPTION + + + Provides a short description of a configuration fragment. + You use this variable in the .scc + file that describes a configuration fragment file. + Here is the variable used in a file named + smp.scc to describe SMP being + enabled: + + define KFEATURE_DESCRIPTION "Enable SMP" + + + + + + KMACHINE + + + The machine as known by the kernel. + Sometimes the machine name used by the kernel does not match the machine name + used by the OpenEmbedded build system. + For example, the machine name that the OpenEmbedded build system understands as + qemuarm goes by a different name in the Linux Yocto kernel. + The kernel understands that machine as arm_versatile926ejs. + For cases like these, the KMACHINE variable maps the + kernel machine name to the OpenEmbedded build system machine name. + + + + Kernel machine names are initially defined in the + Yocto Linux Kernel's meta branch. + From the meta branch, look in + the meta/cfg/kernel-cache/bsp/<bsp_name>/<bsp-name>-<kernel-type>.scc file. + For example, from the meta branch in the + linux-yocto-3.0 kernel, the + meta/cfg/kernel-cache/bsp/cedartrail/cedartrail-standard.scc file + has the following: + + define KMACHINE cedartrail + define KTYPE standard + define KARCH i386 + + include ktypes/standard + branch cedartrail + + include cedartrail.scc + + You can see that the kernel understands the machine name for + the Cedar Trail Board Support Package (BSP) as + cedartrail. + + + + If you look in the Cedar Trail BSP layer in the + meta-intel + Source Repositories + at meta-cedartrail/recipes-kernel/linux/linux-yocto_3.0.bbappend, + you will find the following statements among others: + + COMPATIBLE_MACHINE_cedartrail = "cedartrail" + KMACHINE_cedartrail = "cedartrail" + KBRANCH_cedartrail = "yocto/standard/cedartrail" + KERNEL_FEATURES_append_cedartrail += "bsp/cedartrail/cedartrail-pvr-merge.scc" + KERNEL_FEATURES_append_cedartrail += "cfg/efi-ext.scc" + + COMPATIBLE_MACHINE_cedartrail-nopvr = "cedartrail" + KMACHINE_cedartrail-nopvr = "cedartrail" + KBRANCH_cedartrail-nopvr = "yocto/standard/cedartrail" + KERNEL_FEATURES_append_cedartrail-nopvr += " cfg/smp.scc" + + The KMACHINE statements in the kernel's append file make sure that + the OpenEmbedded build system and the Yocto Linux kernel understand the same machine + names. + + + + This append file uses two KMACHINE statements. + The first is not really necessary but does ensure that the machine known to the + OpenEmbedded build system as cedartrail maps to the machine + in the kernel also known as cedartrail: + + KMACHINE_cedartrail = "cedartrail" + + + + + The second statement is a good example of why the KMACHINE variable + is needed. + In this example, the OpenEmbedded build system uses the cedartrail-nopvr + machine name to refer to the Cedar Trail BSP that does not support the proprietary + PowerVR driver. + The kernel, however, uses the machine name cedartrail. + Thus, the append file must map the cedartrail-nopvr machine name to + the kernel's cedartrail name: + + KMACHINE_cedartrail-nopvr = "cedartrail" + + + + + BSPs that ship with the Yocto Project release provide all mappings between the Yocto + Project kernel machine names and the OpenEmbedded machine names. + Be sure to use the KMACHINE if you create a BSP and the machine + name you use is different than that used in the kernel. + + + + + KTYPE + + + Defines the kernel type to be used in assembling the + configuration. + The linux-yocto recipes define "standard", "tiny", + and "preempt-rt" kernel types. + See the + "Kernel Types" + section in the Yocto Project Linux Kernel Development + Manual for more information on kernel types. + + + + You define the KTYPE variable in the + BSP Descriptions. + The value you use must match the value used for the + LINUX_KERNEL_TYPE + value used by the kernel recipe. + + + + + + L + + LABELS + + + Provides a list of targets for automatic configuration. + + + + See the + grub-efi + class for more information on how this variable is used. + + + + + LAYERDEPENDS + + Lists the layers that this recipe depends upon, separated by spaces. + Optionally, you can specify a specific layer version for a dependency + by adding it to the end of the layer name with a colon, (e.g. "anotherlayer:3" + to be compared against + LAYERVERSION_anotherlayer + in this case). + An error will be produced if any dependency is missing or + the version numbers do not match exactly (if specified). + This variable is used in the conf/layer.conf file + and must be suffixed with the name of the specific layer (e.g. + LAYERDEPENDS_mylayer). + + + + LAYERDIR + + When used inside the layer.conf configuration + file, this variable provides the path of the current layer. + This variable is not available outside of layer.conf + and references are expanded immediately when parsing of the file completes. + + + + LAYERVERSION + + Optionally specifies the version of a layer as a single number. + You can use this within + LAYERDEPENDS + for another layer in order to depend on a specific version + of the layer. + This variable is used in the conf/layer.conf file + and must be suffixed with the name of the specific layer (e.g. + LAYERVERSION_mylayer). + + + + LEAD_SONAME + + + Specifies the lead (or primary) compiled library file + (.so) that the + debian + class applies its naming policy to given a recipe that + packages multiple libraries. + + + + This variable works in conjunction with the + debian class. + + + + + LIC_FILES_CHKSUM + + Checksums of the license text in the recipe source code. + This variable tracks changes in license text of the source + code files. + If the license text is changed, it will trigger a build + failure, which gives the developer an opportunity to review any + license change. + + This variable must be defined for all recipes (unless + LICENSE + is set to "CLOSED") + For more information, see the + + Tracking License Changes section + + + + LICENSE + + + The list of source licenses for the recipe. + Follow these rules: + + Do not use spaces within individual + license names. + Separate license names using + | (pipe) when there is a choice between licenses. + + Separate license names using + & (ampersand) when multiple licenses exist + that cover different parts of the source. + + You can use spaces between license + names. + For standard licenses, use the names + of the files in + meta/files/common-licenses/ + or the + SPDXLICENSEMAP + flag names defined in + meta/conf/licenses.conf. + + + + + + Here are some examples: + + LICENSE = "LGPLv2.1 | GPLv3" + LICENSE = "MPL-1 & LGPLv2.1" + LICENSE = "GPLv2+" + + The first example is from the recipes for Qt, which the user + may choose to distribute under either the LGPL version + 2.1 or GPL version 3. + The second example is from Cairo where two licenses cover + different parts of the source code. + The final example is from sysstat, + which presents a single license. + + + + You can also specify licenses on a per-package basis to + handle situations where components of the output have + different licenses. + For example, a piece of software whose code is + licensed under GPLv2 but has accompanying documentation + licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License 1.2 could + be specified as follows: + + LICENSE = "GFDL-1.2 & GPLv2" + LICENSE_${PN} = "GPLv2" + LICENSE_${PN}-doc = "GFDL-1.2" + + + + + + LICENSE_PATH + + Path to additional licenses used during the build. + By default, the OpenEmbedded build system uses COMMON_LICENSE_DIR + to define the directory that holds common license text used during the build. + The LICENSE_PATH variable allows you to extend that + location to other areas that have additional licenses: + + LICENSE_PATH += "/path/to/additional/common/licenses" + + + + + LINUX_KERNEL_TYPE + + + Defines the kernel type to be used in assembling the + configuration. + The linux-yocto recipes define "standard", "tiny", and + "preempt-rt" kernel types. + See the + "Kernel Types" + section in the Yocto Project Linux Kernel Development + Manual for more information on kernel types. + + + + If you do not specify a + LINUX_KERNEL_TYPE, it defaults to + "standard". + Together with + KMACHINE, + the LINUX_KERNEL_TYPE variable + defines the search + arguments used by the kernel tools to find the appropriate + description within the kernel + Metadata + with which to build out the sources and configuration. + + + + + LINUX_VERSION + + The Linux version from kernel.org + on which the Linux kernel image being built using the + OpenEmbedded build system is based. + You define this variable in the kernel recipe. + For example, the linux-yocto-3.4.bb + kernel recipe found in + meta/recipes-kernel/linux + defines the variables as follows: + + LINUX_VERSION ?= "3.4.24" + + The LINUX_VERSION variable is used to + define PV + for the recipe: + + PV = "${LINUX_VERSION}+git${SRCPV}" + + + + + LINUX_VERSION_EXTENSION + + A string extension compiled into the version + string of the Linux kernel built with the OpenEmbedded + build system. + You define this variable in the kernel recipe. + For example, the linux-yocto kernel recipes all define + the variable as follows: + + LINUX_VERSION_EXTENSION ?= "-yocto-${LINUX_KERNEL_TYPE}" + + Defining this variable essentially sets the + Linux kernel configuration item + CONFIG_LOCALVERSION, which is visible + through the uname command. + Here is an example that shows the extension assuming it + was set as previously shown: + + $ uname -r + 3.7.0-rc8-custom + + + + + + LOG_DIR + + + Specifies the directory to which the OpenEmbedded build + system writes overall log files. + The default directory is ${TMPDIR}/log. + + + For the directory containing logs specific to each task, + see the T + variable. + + + + + + + M + + MACHINE + + + Specifies the target device for which the image is built. + You define MACHINE in the + local.conf file found in the + Build Directory. + By default, MACHINE is set to + "qemux86", which is an x86-based architecture machine to + be emulated using QEMU: + + MACHINE ?= "qemux86" + + The variable corresponds to a machine configuration file of the + same name, through which machine-specific configurations are set. + Thus, when MACHINE is set to "qemux86" there + exists the corresponding qemux86.conf machine + configuration file, which can be found in the + Source Directory + in meta/conf/machine. + + + + The list of machines supported by the Yocto Project as + shipped include the following: + + MACHINE ?= "qemuarm" + MACHINE ?= "qemumips" + MACHINE ?= "qemuppc" + MACHINE ?= "qemux86" + MACHINE ?= "qemux86-64" + MACHINE ?= "genericx86" + MACHINE ?= "genericx86-64" + MACHINE ?= "beaglebone" + MACHINE ?= "mpc8315e-rdb" + MACHINE ?= "edgerouter" + + The last five are Yocto Project reference hardware boards, which + are provided in the meta-yocto-bsp layer. + Adding additional Board Support Package (BSP) layers + to your configuration adds new possible settings for + MACHINE. + + + + + + MACHINE_ESSENTIAL_EXTRA_RDEPENDS + + + + A list of required machine-specific packages to install as part of + the image being built. + The build process depends on these packages being present. + Furthermore, because this is a "machine essential" variable, the list of + packages are essential for the machine to boot. + The impact of this variable affects images based on + packagegroup-core-boot, + including the core-image-minimal image. + + + This variable is similar to the + MACHINE_ESSENTIAL_EXTRA_RRECOMMENDS + variable with the exception that the image being built has a build + dependency on the variable's list of packages. + In other words, the image will not build if a file in this list is not found. + + + As an example, suppose the machine for which you are building requires + example-init to be run during boot to initialize the hardware. + In this case, you would use the following in the machine's + .conf configuration file: + + MACHINE_ESSENTIAL_EXTRA_RDEPENDS += "example-init" + + + + + + MACHINE_ESSENTIAL_EXTRA_RRECOMMENDS + + + + A list of recommended machine-specific packages to install as part of + the image being built. + The build process does not depend on these packages being present. + However, because this is a "machine essential" variable, the list of + packages are essential for the machine to boot. + The impact of this variable affects images based on + packagegroup-core-boot, + including the core-image-minimal image. + + + This variable is similar to the + MACHINE_ESSENTIAL_EXTRA_RDEPENDS + variable with the exception that the image being built does not have a build + dependency on the variable's list of packages. + In other words, the image will still build if a package in this list is not found. + Typically, this variable is used to handle essential kernel modules, whose + functionality may be selected to be built into the kernel rather than as a module, + in which case a package will not be produced. + + + Consider an example where you have a custom kernel where a specific touchscreen + driver is required for the machine to be usable. + However, the driver can be built as a module or + into the kernel depending on the kernel configuration. + If the driver is built as a module, you want it to be installed. + But, when the driver is built into the kernel, you still want the + build to succeed. + This variable sets up a "recommends" relationship so that in the latter case, + the build will not fail due to the missing package. + To accomplish this, assuming the package for the module was called + kernel-module-ab123, you would use the + following in the machine's .conf configuration + file: + + MACHINE_ESSENTIAL_EXTRA_RRECOMMENDS += "kernel-module-ab123" + + + + Some examples of these machine essentials are flash, screen, keyboard, mouse, + or touchscreen drivers (depending on the machine). + + + + + MACHINE_EXTRA_RDEPENDS + + + A list of machine-specific packages to install as part of the + image being built that are not essential for the machine to boot. + However, the build process for more fully-featured images + depends on the packages being present. + + + This variable affects all images based on + packagegroup-base, which does not include the + core-image-minimal or core-image-full-cmdline + images. + + + The variable is similar to the + MACHINE_EXTRA_RRECOMMENDS + variable with the exception that the image being built has a build + dependency on the variable's list of packages. + In other words, the image will not build if a file in this list is not found. + + + An example is a machine that has WiFi capability but is not + essential for the machine to boot the image. + However, if you are building a more fully-featured image, you want to enable + the WiFi. + The package containing the firmware for the WiFi hardware is always + expected to exist, so it is acceptable for the build process to depend upon + finding the package. + In this case, assuming the package for the firmware was called + wifidriver-firmware, you would use the following in the + .conf file for the machine: + + MACHINE_EXTRA_RDEPENDS += "wifidriver-firmware" + + + + + + MACHINE_EXTRA_RRECOMMENDS + + + + A list of machine-specific packages to install as part of the + image being built that are not essential for booting the machine. + The image being built has no build dependency on this list of packages. + + + This variable affects only images based on + packagegroup-base, which does not include the + core-image-minimal or core-image-full-cmdline + images. + + + This variable is similar to the + MACHINE_EXTRA_RDEPENDS + variable with the exception that the image being built does not have a build + dependency on the variable's list of packages. + In other words, the image will build if a file in this list is not found. + + + An example is a machine that has WiFi capability but is not essential + For the machine to boot the image. + However, if you are building a more fully-featured image, you want to enable + WiFi. + In this case, the package containing the WiFi kernel module will not be produced + if the WiFi driver is built into the kernel, in which case you still want the + build to succeed instead of failing as a result of the package not being found. + To accomplish this, assuming the package for the module was called + kernel-module-examplewifi, you would use the + following in the .conf file for the machine: + + MACHINE_EXTRA_RRECOMMENDS += "kernel-module-examplewifi" + + + + + + MACHINE_FEATURES + + + Specifies the list of hardware features the + MACHINE is capable + of supporting. + For related information on enabling features, see the + DISTRO_FEATURES, + COMBINED_FEATURES, + and + IMAGE_FEATURES + variables. + + + + For a list of hardware features supported by the Yocto + Project as shipped, see the + "Machine Features" + section. + + + + + MACHINE_FEATURES_BACKFILL + + Features to be added to + MACHINE_FEATURES + if not also present in + MACHINE_FEATURES_BACKFILL_CONSIDERED. + + + + This variable is set in the meta/conf/bitbake.conf file. + It is not intended to be user-configurable. + It is best to just reference the variable to see which machine features are + being backfilled for all machine configurations. + See the "Feature backfilling" section for + more information. + + + + + MACHINE_FEATURES_BACKFILL_CONSIDERED + + Features from + MACHINE_FEATURES_BACKFILL + that should not be backfilled (i.e. added to + MACHINE_FEATURES) + during the build. + See the "Feature backfilling" section for + more information. + + + + + MACHINEOVERRIDES + + + Lists overrides specific to the current machine. + By default, this list includes the value + of MACHINE. + You can extend the list to apply variable overrides for + classes of machines. + For example, all QEMU emulated machines (e.g. qemuarm, + qemux86, and so forth) include a common file named + meta/conf/machine/include/qemu.inc + that prepends MACHINEOVERRIDES with + the following variable override: + + MACHINEOVERRIDES =. "qemuall:" + + Applying an override like qemuall + affects all QEMU emulated machines elsewhere. + Here is an example from the + connman-conf recipe: + + SRC_URI_append_qemuall = "file://wired.config \ + file://wired-setup \ + " + + + + + + MAINTAINER + + The email address of the distribution maintainer. + + + + MIRRORS + + + Specifies additional paths from which the OpenEmbedded + build system gets source code. + When the build system searches for source code, it first + tries the local download directory. + If that location fails, the build system tries locations + defined by + PREMIRRORS, + the upstream source, and then locations specified by + MIRRORS in that order. + + + + Assuming your distribution + (DISTRO) + is "poky", the default value for + MIRRORS is defined in the + conf/distro/poky.conf file in the + meta-yocto Git repository. + + + + + MLPREFIX + + + Specifies a prefix has been added to + PN to create a special version + of a recipe or package, such as a Multilib version. + The variable is used in places where the prefix needs to be + added to or removed from a the name (e.g. the + BPN variable). + MLPREFIX gets set when a prefix has been + added to PN. + + + + + module_autoload + + + Lists kernel modules that need to be auto-loaded during + boot. + + + + You can use this variable anywhere that it can be + recognized by the kernel recipe or out-of-tree kernel + module recipe (e.g. a machine configuration file, a + distribution configuration file, an append file for the + recipe, or the recipe itself). + + + + Specify it as follows: + + module_autoload_<modname> = "modname1 modname2 modname3" + + You must use the kernel module name override. + + + + Including module_autoload causes the + OpenEmbedded build system to populate the + /etc/modules-load.d/modname.conf + file with the list of modules to be auto-loaded on boot. + The modules appear one-per-line in the file. + Here is an example of the most common use case: + + module_autoload_modname = "modname" + + + + + For information on how to populate the + modname.conf file with + modprobe.d syntax lines, see the + module_conf + variable. + + + + + module_conf + + + Specifies modprobe.d syntax lines + for inclusion in the + /etc/modprobe.d/modname.conf file. + + + + You can use this variable anywhere that it can be + recognized by the kernel recipe or out-of-tree kernel + module recipe (e.g. a machine configuration file, a + distribution configuration file, an append file for the + recipe, or the recipe itself). + + + + Here is the general syntax: + + module_conf_<modname> = "modprobe.d-syntax" + + You must use the kernel module name override. + + + + Run man modprobe.d in the shell to + find out more information on the exact syntax for lines + you want to provide with module_conf. + + + + Including module_conf causes the + OpenEmbedded build system to populate the + /etc/modprobe.d/modname.conf + file with modprobe.d syntax lines. + Here is an example: + + module_conf_<modname> = "options modname arg1=val1 arg2=val2" + + + + + For information on how to specify kernel modules to + auto-load on boot, see the + module_autoload + variable. + + + + + MODULE_IMAGE_BASE_NAME + + + The base name of the kernel modules tarball. + This variable is set in the + kernel class + as follows: + + MODULE_IMAGE_BASE_NAME ?= "modules-${PKGE}-${PKGV}-${PKGR}-${MACHINE}-${DATETIME}" + + See the + PKGE, + PKGV, + PKGR, + MACHINE, + and + DATETIME + variables for additional information. + + + + + MODULE_TARBALL_DEPLOY + + + Controls creation of the modules-*.tgz + file. + Set this variable to "0" to disable creation of this + file, which contains all of the kernel modules resulting + from a kernel build. + + + + + MULTIMACH_TARGET_SYS + + + Separates files for different machines such that you can build + for multiple target machines using the same output directories. + See the STAMP variable + for an example. + + + + + + + N + + NATIVELSBSTRING + + + A string identifying the host distribution. + Strings consist of the host distributor ID + followed by the release, as reported by the + lsb_release tool + or as read from /etc/lsb-release. + For example, when running a build on Ubuntu 12.10, the value + is "Ubuntu-12.10". + If this information is unable to be determined, the value + resolves to "Unknown". + + + This variable is used by default to isolate native shared + state packages for different distributions (e.g. to avoid + problems with glibc version + incompatibilities). + Additionally, the variable is checked against + SANITY_TESTED_DISTROS + if that variable is set. + + + + + NO_RECOMMENDATIONS + + + Prevents installation of all "recommended-only" packages. + Recommended-only packages are packages installed only + through the + RRECOMMENDS + variable). + Setting the NO_RECOMMENDATIONS variable + to "1" turns this feature on: + + NO_RECOMMENDATIONS = "1" + + You can set this variable globally in your + local.conf file or you can attach it to + a specific image recipe by using the recipe name override: + + NO_RECOMMENDATIONS_pn-<target_image> = "<package_name>" + + + + + It is important to realize that if you choose to not install + packages using this variable and some other packages are + dependent on them (i.e. listed in a recipe's + RDEPENDS + variable), the OpenEmbedded build system ignores your + request and will install the packages to avoid dependency + errors. + + Some recommended packages might be required for certain + system functionality, such as kernel modules. + It is up to you to add packages with the + IMAGE_INSTALL + variable. + + + + + Support for this variable exists only when using the + IPK and RPM packaging backend. + Support does not exist for DEB. + + + + See the + BAD_RECOMMENDATIONS + and the + PACKAGE_EXCLUDE + variables for related information. + + + + + NOHDD + + + Causes the OpenEmbedded build system to skip building the + .hddimg image. + The NOHDD variable is used with the + buildimg + class. + Set the variable to "1" to prevent the + .hddimg image from being built. + + + + + NOISO + + + Causes the OpenEmbedded build system to skip building the + ISO image. + The NOISO variable is used with the + buildimg + class. + Set the variable to "1" to prevent the ISO image from + being built. + To enable building an ISO image, set the variable to "0". + + + + + + + O + + OE_BINCONFIG_EXTRA_MANGLE + + + When a recipe inherits the + binconfig.bbclass class, this variable + specifies additional arguments passed to the "sed" command. + The sed command alters any paths in configuration scripts + that have been set up during compilation. + Inheriting this class results in all paths in these scripts + being changed to point into the + sysroots/ directory so that all builds + that use the script will use the correct directories + for the cross compiling layout. + + + + See the meta/classes/binconfig.bbclass + in the + Source Directory + for details on how this class applies these additional + sed command arguments. + For general information on the + binconfig.bbclass class, see the + "Binary Configuration Scripts - binconfig.bbclass" + section. + + + + + OE_IMPORTS + + + An internal variable used to tell the OpenEmbedded build + system what Python modules to import for every Python + function run by the system. + + + + Do not set this variable. + It is for internal use only. + + + + + OE_TERMINAL + + + Controls how the OpenEmbedded build system spawns + interactive terminals on the host development system + (e.g. using the BitBake command with the + -c devshell command-line option). + For more information, see the + "Using a Development Shell" section + in the Yocto Project Development Manual. + + + + You can use the following values for the + OE_TERMINAL variable: + + auto + gnome + xfce + rxvt + screen + konsole + none + + Konsole support only works for KDE 3.x. + Also, "auto" is the default behavior for + OE_TERMINAL + + + + + OEROOT + + + The directory from which the top-level build environment + setup script is sourced. + The Yocto Project makes two top-level build environment + setup scripts available: + &OE_INIT_FILE; + and + oe-init-build-env-memres. + When you run one of these scripts, the + OEROOT variable resolves to the + directory that contains the script. + + + + For additional information on how this variable is used, + see the initialization scripts. + + + + + OLDEST_KERNEL + + + Declares the oldest version of the Linux kernel that the + produced binaries must support. + This variable is passed into the build of the Embedded + GNU C Library (eglibc). + + + + The default for this variable comes from the + meta/conf/bitbake.conf configuration + file. + You can override this default by setting the variable + in a custom distribution configuration file. + + + + + OVERRIDES + + + BitBake uses OVERRIDES to control + what variables are overridden after BitBake parses + recipes and configuration files. + You can find more information on how overrides are handled + in the BitBake Manual that is located at + bitbake/doc/manual in the + Source Directory. + + + + + + P + + P + + The recipe name and version. + P is comprised of the following: + + ${PN}-${PV} + + + + + PACKAGE_ARCH + + The architecture of the resulting package or packages. + + + + PACKAGE_BEFORE_PN + + Enables easily adding packages to + PACKAGES + before ${PN} + so that those added packages can pick up files that would normally be + included in the default package. + + + + PACKAGE_CLASSES + + + This variable, which is set in the + local.conf configuration file found in + the conf folder of the + Build Directory, + specifies the package manager the OpenEmbedded build system + uses when packaging data. + + + + You can provide one or more of the following arguments for + the variable: + + PACKAGE_CLASSES ?= "package_rpm package_deb package_ipk package_tar" + + The build system uses only the first argument in the list + as the package manager when creating your image or SDK. + However, packages will be created using any additional + packaging classes you specify. + For example, if you use the following in your + local.conf file: + + PACKAGE_CLASSES ?= "package_ipk package_tar" + + The OpenEmbedded build system uses the IPK package manager + to create your image or SDK as well as generating + TAR packages. + + + + You cannot specify the + package_tar + class first in the list. + Files using the .tar format cannot + be used as a substitute packaging format + for DEB, RPM, and IPK formatted files for your image or SDK. + + + + For information on packaging and build performance effects + as a result of the package manager in use, see the + "package.bbclass" + section. + + + + + PACKAGE_EXCLUDE + + + Lists packages that should not be installed into an image. + For example: + + PACKAGE_EXCLUDE = "<package_name> <package_name> <package_name> ..." + + You can set this variable globally in your + local.conf file or you can attach it to + a specific image recipe by using the recipe name override: + + PACKAGE_EXCLUDE_pn-<target_image> = "<package_name>" + + + + + If you choose to not install + a package using this variable and some other package is + dependent on it (i.e. listed in a recipe's + RDEPENDS + variable), the OpenEmbedded build system generates a fatal + installation error. + Because the build system halts the process with a fatal + error, you can use the variable with an iterative + development process to remove specific components from a + system. + + + + Support for this variable exists only when using the + IPK and RPM packaging backend. + Support does not exist for DEB. + + + + See the + NO_RECOMMENDATIONS + and the + BAD_RECOMMENDATIONS + variables for related information. + + + + + PACKAGE_EXTRA_ARCHS + + Specifies the list of architectures compatible with the device CPU. + This variable is useful when you build for several different devices that use + miscellaneous processors such as XScale and ARM926-EJS). + + + + PACKAGE_GROUP + + + + The PACKAGE_GROUP variable has been + renamed to + FEATURE_PACKAGES. + See the variable description for + FEATURE_PACKAGES for information. + + + + If if you use the PACKAGE_GROUP + variable, the OpenEmbedded build system issues a warning + message. + + + + + PACKAGE_INSTALL + + + The final list of packages passed to the package manager + for installation into the image. + + + + Because the package manager controls actual installation + of all packages, the list of packages passed using + PACKAGE_INSTALL is not the final list + of packages that are actually installed. + This variable is internal to the image construction + code. + Consequently, in general, you should use the + IMAGE_INSTALL + variable to specify packages for installation. + The exception to this is when working with + the + core-image-minimal-initramfs + image. + When working with an initial RAM disk (initramfs) + image, use the PACKAGE_INSTALL + variable. + + + + + PACKAGECONFIG + + + This variable provides a means of enabling or disabling + features of a recipe on a per-recipe basis. + PACKAGECONFIG blocks are defined + in recipes when you specify features and then arguments + that define feature behaviors. + Here is the basic block structure: + + PACKAGECONFIG ??= "f1 f2 f3 ..." + PACKAGECONFIG[f1] = "--with-f1,--without-f1,build-deps-f1,rt-deps-f1" + PACKAGECONFIG[f2] = "--with-f2,--without-f2,build-deps-f2,rt-deps-f2" + PACKAGECONFIG[f3] = "--with-f3,--without-f3,build-deps-f3,rt-deps-f3" + + The PACKAGECONFIG + variable itself specifies a space-separated list of the + features to enable. + Following the features, you can determine the behavior of + each feature by providing up to four order-dependent + arguments, which are separated by commas. + You can omit any argument you like but must retain the + separating commas. + The order is important and specifies the following: + + Extra arguments + that should be added to the configure script + argument list + (EXTRA_OECONF) + if the feature is enabled. + Extra arguments + that should be added to EXTRA_OECONF + if the feature is disabled. + + Additional build dependencies + (DEPENDS) + that should be added if the feature is enabled. + + Additional runtime dependencies + (RDEPENDS) + that should be added if the feature is enabled. + + + + + + Consider the following + PACKAGECONFIG block taken from the + librsvg recipe. + In this example the feature is croco, + which has three arguments that determine the feature's + behavior. + + PACKAGECONFIG ??= "croco" + PACKAGECONFIG[croco] = "--with-croco,--without-croco,libcroco" + + The --with-croco and + libcroco arguments apply only if + the feature is enabled. + In this case, --with-croco is + added to the configure script argument list and + libcroco is added to + DEPENDS. + On the other hand, if the feature is disabled say through + a .bbappend file in another layer, then + the second argument --without-croco is + added to the configure script rather than + --with-croco. + + + + The basic PACKAGECONFIG structure + previously described holds true regardless of whether you + are creating a block or changing a block. + When creating a block, use the structure inside your + recipe. + + + + If you want to change an existing + PACKAGECONFIG block, you can do so + one of two ways: + + Append file: + Create an append file named + <recipename>.bbappend in your + layer and override the value of + PACKAGECONFIG. + You can either completely override the variable: + + PACKAGECONFIG="f4 f5" + + Or, you can just append the variable: + + PACKAGECONFIG_append = " f4" + + Configuration file: + This method is identical to changing the block + through an append file except you edit your + local.conf or + <mydistro>.conf file. + As with append files previously described, + you can either completely override the variable: + + PACKAGECONFIG_pn-<recipename>="f4 f5" + + Or, you can just amend the variable: + + PACKAGECONFIG_append_pn-<recipename> = " f4" + + + + + + + PACKAGES + + The list of packages to be created from the recipe. + The default value is the following: + + ${PN}-dbg ${PN}-staticdev ${PN}-dev ${PN}-doc ${PN}-locale ${PACKAGE_BEFORE_PN} ${PN} + + + + + PACKAGES_DYNAMIC + + + A promise that your recipe satisfies runtime dependencies + for optional modules that are found in other recipes. + PACKAGES_DYNAMIC + does not actually satisfy the dependencies, it only states that + they should be satisfied. + For example, if a hard, runtime dependency + (RDEPENDS) + of another package is satisfied + at build time through the PACKAGES_DYNAMIC + variable, but a package with the module name is never actually + produced, then the other package will be broken. + Thus, if you attempt to include that package in an image, + you will get a dependency failure from the packaging system + during do_rootfs. + + + Typically, if there is a chance that such a situation can + occur and the package that is not created is valid + without the dependency being satisfied, then you should use + RRECOMMENDS + (a soft runtime dependency) instead of + RDEPENDS. + + + + For an example of how to use the PACKAGES_DYNAMIC + variable when you are splitting packages, see the + "Handling Optional Module Packaging" section + in the Yocto Project Development Manual. + + + + + PARALLEL_MAKE + + + Extra options passed to the make + command during the do_compile task + in order to specify parallel compilation on the local + build host. + This variable is usually in the form "-j <x>", + where x represents the maximum number of parallel threads + make can run. + + + + If your development host supports multiple cores, a good + rule of thumb is to set this variable to twice the number + of cores on the host. + If you do not set PARALLEL_MAKE, it + defaults to the number of cores your build system has. + + Individual recipes might clear out this variable if + the software being built has problems running its + make process in parallel. + + + + + + PARALLEL_MAKEINST + + + Extra options passed to the + make install command during the + do_install task in order to specify + parallel installation. + This variable defaults to the value of + PARALLEL_MAKE. + + Individual recipes might clear out this variable if + the software being built has problems running its + make install process in parallel. + + + + + + PATCHRESOLVE + + + Determines the action to take when a patch fails. + You can set this variable to one of two values: "noop" and + "user". + + + + The default value of "noop" causes the build to simply fail + when the OpenEmbedded build system cannot successfully + apply a patch. + Setting the value to "user" causes the build system to + launch a shell and places you in the right location so that + you can manually resolve the conflicts. + + + + Set this variable in your + local.conf file. + + + + + PATCHTOOL + + + Specifies the utility used to apply patches for a recipe + during do_patch. + You can specify one of three utilities: "patch", "quilt", or + "git". + The default utility used is "quilt" except for the + quilt-native recipe itself. + Because the quilt tool is not available at the + time quilt-native is being patched, it uses "patch". + + + + If you wish to use an alternative patching tool, set the + variable in the recipe using one of the following: + + PATCHTOOL = "patch" + PATCHTOOL = "quilt" + PATCHTOOL = "git" + + + + + + PE + + + The epoch of the recipe. + By default, this variable is unset. + The variable is used to make upgrades possible when the + versioning scheme changes in some backwards incompatible + way. + + + + + PF + + Specifies the recipe or package name and includes all version and revision + numbers (i.e. eglibc-2.13-r20+svnr15508/ and + bash-4.2-r1/). + This variable is comprised of the following: + + ${PN}-${EXTENDPE}${PV}-${PR} + + + + + PIXBUF_PACKAGES + + + When a recipe inherits the + pixbufcache + class, this variable identifies packages that contain + the pixbuf loaders used with + gdk-pixbuf. + By default, the pixbufcache class + assumes that the loaders are in the recipe's main package + (i.e. ${PN}). + Use this variable if the loaders you need are in a package + other than that main package. + + + + + PKG + + + The name of the resulting package created by the + OpenEmbedded build system. + + When using the PKG variable, you + must use a package name override. + + For example, when the + debian + class renames the output package, it does so by setting + PKG_<packagename>. + + + + + PKGD + + + Points to the destination directory for files to be + packaged before they are split into individual packages. + This directory defaults to the following: + + ${WORKDIR}/package + + Do not change this default. + + + + + PKGDATA_DIR + + + Points to a shared, global-state directory that holds data + generated during the packaging process. + During the packaging process, the + do_packagedata task packages + data for each recipe and installs it into this temporary, + shared area. + This directory defaults to the following: + + ${STAGING_DIR_HOST}/pkgdata + + Do not change this default. + + + + + PKGDEST + + + Points to the parent directory for files to be packaged + after they have been split into individual packages. + This directory defaults to the following: + + ${WORKDIR}/packages-split + + Under this directory, the build system creates + directories for each package specified in + PACKAGES. + Do not change this default. + + + + + PKGDESTWORK + + + Points to a temporary work area used by the + do_package task to write output + from the do_packagedata task. + The PKGDESTWORK location defaults to + the following: + + ${WORKDIR}/pkgdata + + The do_packagedata task then packages + the data in the temporary work area and installs it into a + shared directory pointed to by + PKGDATA_DIR. + + + + Do not change this default. + + + + + PKGE + + + The epoch of the output package built by the + OpenEmbedded build system. + By default, PKGE is set to + PE. + + + + + PKGR + + + The revision of the output package built by the + OpenEmbedded build system. + By default, PKGR is set to + PR. + + + + + PKGV + + + The version of the output package built by the + OpenEmbedded build system. + By default, PKGV is set to + PV. + + + + + PN + + This variable can have two separate functions depending on the context: a recipe + name or a resulting package name. + PN refers to a recipe name in the context of a file used + by the OpenEmbedded build system as input to create a package. + The name is normally extracted from the recipe file name. + For example, if the recipe is named + expat_2.0.1.bb, then the default value of PN + will be "expat". + + The variable refers to a package name in the context of a file created or produced by the + OpenEmbedded build system. + If applicable, the PN variable also contains any special + suffix or prefix. + For example, using bash to build packages for the native + machine, PN is bash-native. + Using bash to build packages for the target and for Multilib, + PN would be bash and + lib64-bash, respectively. + + + + + PNBLACKLIST + + + Lists recipes you do not want the OpenEmbedded build system + to build. + This variable works in conjunction with the + blacklist + class, which the recipe must inherit globally. + + + + To prevent a recipe from being built, inherit the class + globally and use the variable in your + local.conf file. + Here is an example that prevents + myrecipe from being built: + + INHERIT += "blacklist" + PNBLACKLIST[myrecipe] = "Not supported by our organization." + + + + + + PR + + + The revision of the recipe. + The default value for this variable is "r0". + + + + + PREFERRED_PROVIDER + + + If multiple recipes provide an item, this variable + determines which recipe should be given preference. + You should always suffix the variable with the name of the + provided item, and you should set it to the + PN + of the recipe to which you want to give precedence. + Some examples: + + PREFERRED_PROVIDER_virtual/kernel ?= "linux-yocto" + PREFERRED_PROVIDER_virtual/xserver = "xserver-xf86" + PREFERRED_PROVIDER_virtual/libgl ?= "mesa" + + + + + + PREFERRED_VERSION + + + If there are multiple versions of recipes available, this + variable determines which recipe should be given preference. + You must always suffix the variable with the + PN + you want to select, and you should set the + PV + accordingly for precedence. + You can use the "%" character as a + wildcard to match any number of characters, which can be + useful when specifying versions that contain long revision + numbers that could potentially change. + Here are two examples: + + PREFERRED_VERSION_python = "2.7.3" + PREFERRED_VERSION_linux-yocto = "3.10%" + + + + + + PREMIRRORS + + + Specifies additional paths from which the OpenEmbedded + build system gets source code. + When the build system searches for source code, it first + tries the local download directory. + If that location fails, the build system tries locations + defined by PREMIRRORS, the upstream + source, and then locations specified by + MIRRORS + in that order. + + + + Assuming your distribution + (DISTRO) + is "poky", the default value for + PREMIRRORS is defined in the + conf/distro/poky.conf file in the + meta-yocto Git repository. + + + + Typically, you could add a specific server for the + build system to attempt before any others by adding + something like the following to the + local.conf configuration file in the + Build Directory: + + PREMIRRORS_prepend = "\ + git://.*/.* http://www.yoctoproject.org/sources/ \n \ + ftp://.*/.* http://www.yoctoproject.org/sources/ \n \ + http://.*/.* http://www.yoctoproject.org/sources/ \n \ + https://.*/.* http://www.yoctoproject.org/sources/ \n" + + These changes cause the build system to intercept + Git, FTP, HTTP, and HTTPS requests and direct them to + the http:// sources mirror. + You can use file:// URLs to point + to local directories or network shares as well. + + + + + PRINC + + + + The PRINC variable has been deprecated + and triggers a warning if detected during a build. + For + PR + increments on changes, use the PR service instead. + You can find out more about this service in the + "Working With a PR Service" + section in the Yocto Project Development Manual. + + + + + + PROVIDES + + + A list of aliases that a recipe also provides. + These aliases are useful for satisfying dependencies of + other recipes during the build (as specified by + DEPENDS). + + A recipe's own + PN + is implicitly already in its + PROVIDES list. + + + + + + PRSERV_HOST + + + The network based + PR + service host and port. + + + + The conf/local.conf.sample.extended + configuration file in the + Source Directory + shows how the PRSERV_HOST variable is + set: + + PRSERV_HOST = "localhost:0" + + You must set the variable if you want to automatically + start a local + PR service. + You can set PRSERV_HOST to other + values to use a remote PR service. + + + + + PV + + + The version of the recipe. + The version is normally extracted from the recipe filename. + For example, if the recipe is named + expat_2.0.1.bb, then the default value of PV + will be "2.0.1". + PV is generally not overridden within + a recipe unless it is building an unstable (i.e. development) version from a source code repository + (e.g. Git or Subversion). + + + + + PYTHON_ABI + + + When used by recipes that inherit the + distutils3, + setuptools3, + distutils, + or + setuptools + classes, denotes the Application Binary Interface (ABI) + currently in use for Python. + By default, the ABI is "m". + You do not have to set this variable as the OpenEmbedded + build system sets it for you. + + + + The OpenEmbedded build system uses the ABI to construct + directory names used when installing the Python headers + and libraries in sysroot + (e.g. .../python3.3m/...). + + + + Recipes that inherit the + distutils + class during cross-builds also use this variable to + locate the headers and libraries of the appropriate Python + that the extension is targeting. + + + + + PYTHON_PN + + + When used by recipes that inherit the + distutils3, + setuptools3, + distutils, + or + setuptools + classes, specifies the major Python version being built. + For Python 2.x, PYTHON_PN would + be "python2". For Python 3.x, the variable would be + "python3". + You do not have to set this variable as the + OpenEmbedded build system automatically sets it for you. + + + + The variable allows recipes to use common infrastructure + such as the following: + + DEPENDS += "${PYTHON_PN}-native" + + In the previous example, the version of the dependency + is PYTHON_PN. + + + + + + + Q + + QMAKE_PROFILES + + + Specifies your own subset of .pro + files to be built for use with + qmake. + If you do not set this variable, all + .pro files in the directory pointed to + by S + will be built by default. + + + + This variable is used with recipes that inherit the + qmake_base + class or other classes that inherit + qmake_base. + + + + + + + R + + RCONFLICTS + + + The list of packages that conflict with packages. + Note that packages will not be installed if conflicting + packages are not first removed. + + + + Like all package-controlling variables, you must always use + them in conjunction with a package name override. + Here is an example: + + RCONFLICTS_${PN} = "another-conflicting-package-name" + + + + + BitBake, which the OpenEmbedded build system uses, supports + specifying versioned dependencies. + Although the syntax varies depending on the packaging + format, BitBake hides these differences from you. + Here is the general syntax to specify versions with + the RCONFLICTS variable: + + RCONFLICTS_${PN} = "<package> (<operator> <version>)" + + For operator, you can specify the + following: + + = + < + > + <= + >= + + For example, the following sets up a dependency on version + 1.2 or greater of the package foo: + + RCONFLICTS_${PN} = "foo (>= 1.2)" + + + + + + RDEPENDS + + + Lists a package's runtime dependencies (i.e. other packages) + that must be installed in order for the built package to run + correctly. + If a package in this list cannot be found during the build, + you will get a build error. + + + + When you use the RDEPENDS variable + in a recipe, you are essentially stating that the recipe's + do_build task depends on the existence + of a specific package. + Consider this simple example for two recipes named "a" and + "b" that produce similarly named IPK packages. + In this example, the RDEPENDS + statement appears in the "a" recipe: + + RDEPENDS_${PN} = "b" + + Here, the dependency is such that the + do_build task for recipe "a" depends + on the do_package_write_ipk task + of recipe "b". + This means the package file for "b" must be available when + the output for recipe "a" has been completely built. + More importantly, package "a" will be marked as depending + on package "b" in a manner that is understood by the + package manager. + + + + The names of the packages you list within + RDEPENDS must be the names of other + packages - they cannot be recipe names. + Although package names and recipe names usually match, + the important point here is that you are + providing package names within the + RDEPENDS variable. + For an example of the default list of packages created from + a recipe, see the + PACKAGES + variable. + + + + Because the RDEPENDS variable applies + to packages being built, you should always use the variable + in a form with an attached package name. + For example, suppose you are building a development package + that depends on the perl package. + In this case, you would use the following + RDEPENDS statement: + + RDEPENDS_${PN}-dev += "perl" + + In the example, the development package depends on + the perl package. + Thus, the RDEPENDS variable has the + ${PN}-dev package name as part of the + variable. + + + + The package name you attach to the + RDEPENDS variable must appear + as it would in the PACKAGES + namespace before any renaming of the output package by + classes like debian.bbclass. + + + + In many cases you do not need to explicitly add + runtime dependencies using + RDEPENDS since some automatic + handling occurs: + + shlibdeps: If + a runtime package contains a shared library + (.so), the build + processes the library in order to determine other + libraries to which it is dynamically linked. + The build process adds these libraries to + RDEPENDS when creating the runtime + package. + pcdeps: If + the package ships a pkg-config + information file, the build process uses this file + to add items to the RDEPENDS + variable to create the runtime packages. + + + + + + BitBake, which the OpenEmbedded build system uses, supports + specifying versioned dependencies. + Although the syntax varies depending on the packaging + format, BitBake hides these differences from you. + Here is the general syntax to specify versions with + the RDEPENDS variable: + + RDEPENDS_${PN} = "<package> (<operator> <version>)" + + For operator, you can specify the + following: + + = + < + > + <= + >= + + For example, the following sets up a dependency on version + 1.2 or greater of the package foo: + + RDEPENDS_${PN} = "foo (>= 1.2)" + + + + + For information on build-time dependencies, see the + DEPENDS + variable. + + + + + REQUIRED_DISTRO_FEATURES + + + When a recipe inherits the + distro_features_check class, this + variable identifies distribution features that must + exist in the current configuration in order for the + OpenEmbedded build system to build the recipe. + In other words, if the + REQUIRED_DISTRO_FEATURES variable + lists a feature that does not appear in + DISTRO_FEATURES within the + current configuration, an error occurs and the + build stops. + + + + + RM_OLD_IMAGE + + + Reclaims disk space by removing previously built + versions of the same image from the + images directory pointed to by the + DEPLOY_DIR + variable. + + + + Set this variable to "1" in your + local.conf file to remove these + images. + + + + + RM_WORK_EXCLUDE + + + With rm_work enabled, this + variable specifies a list of recipes whose work directories + should not be removed. + See the "rm_work.bbclass" + section for more details. + + + + + ROOT_HOME + + + Defines the root home directory. + By default, this directory is set as follows in the + BitBake configuration file: + + ROOT_HOME ??= "/home/root" + + + This default value is likely used because some + embedded solutions prefer to have a read-only root + filesystem and prefer to keep writeable data in one + place. + + + + + You can override the default by setting the variable + in any layer or in the local.conf file. + Because the default is set using a "weak" assignment + (i.e. "??="), you can use either of the following forms + to define your override: + + ROOT_HOME = "/root" + ROOT_HOME ?= "/root" + + These override examples use /root, + which is probably the most commonly used override. + + + + + ROOTFS + + + Indicates a filesystem image to include as the root + filesystem. + + + + The ROOTFS variable is an optional + variable used with the + buildimg + class. + + + + + ROOTFS_POSTPROCESS_COMMAND + + + Added by classes to run post processing commands once the + OpenEmbedded build system has created the root filesystem. + You can specify shell commands separated by semicolons: + + ROOTFS_POSTPROCESS_COMMAND += "<shell_command>; ... " + + If you need to pass the path to the root filesystem within + the command, you can use + ${IMAGE_ROOTFS}, which points to + the root filesystem image. + + + + + RPROVIDES + + + A list of package name aliases that a package also provides. + These aliases are useful for satisfying runtime dependencies + of other packages both during the build and on the target + (as specified by + RDEPENDS). + + A package's own name is implicitly already in its + RPROVIDES list. + + + + As with all package-controlling variables, you must always + use the variable in conjunction with a package name override. + Here is an example: + + RPROVIDES_${PN} = "widget-abi-2" + + + + + + RRECOMMENDS + + + A list of packages that extends the usability of a package + being built. + The package being built does not depend on this list of + packages in order to successfully build, but needs them for + the extended usability. + To specify runtime dependencies for packages, see the + RDEPENDS + variable. + + + + The OpenEmbedded build process automatically installs the + list of packages as part of the built package. + However, you can remove these packages later if you want. + If, during the build, a package from the + RRECOMMENDS list cannot be + found, the build process continues without an error. + + + + You can also prevent packages in the list from being + installed by using several variables. + See the + BAD_RECOMMENDATIONS, + NO_RECOMMENDATIONS, + and + PACKAGE_EXCLUDE + variables for more information. + + + + Because the RRECOMMENDS variable + applies to packages being built, you should always attach + an override to the variable to specify the particular + package whose usability is being extended. + For example, suppose you are building a development package + that is extended to support wireless functionality. + In this case, you would use the following: + + RRECOMMENDS_${PN}-dev += "<wireless_package_name>" + + In the example, the package name + (${PN}-dev) + must appear as it would in the + PACKAGES + namespace before any renaming of the output package by + classes such as debian.bbclass. + + + + BitBake, which the OpenEmbedded build system uses, supports + specifying versioned recommends. + Although the syntax varies depending on the packaging + format, BitBake hides these differences from you. + Here is the general syntax to specify versions with + the RRECOMMENDS variable: + + RRECOMMENDS_${PN} = "<package> (<operator> <version>)" + + For operator, you can specify the + following: + + = + < + > + <= + >= + + For example, the following sets up a recommend on version + 1.2 or greater of the package foo: + + RRECOMMENDS_${PN} = "foo (>= 1.2)" + + + + + + RREPLACES + + + A list of packages replaced by a package. + The package manager uses this variable to determine which + package should be installed to replace other package(s) + during an upgrade. + In order to also have the other package(s) removed at the + same time, you must add the name of the other + package to the + RCONFLICTS variable. + + + As with all package-controlling variables, you must use + this variable in conjunction with a package name + override. + Here is an example: + + RREPLACES_${PN} = "other-package-being-replaced" + + + + + BitBake, which the OpenEmbedded build system uses, supports + specifying versioned replacements. + Although the syntax varies depending on the packaging + format, BitBake hides these differences from you. + Here is the general syntax to specify versions with + the RREPLACES variable: + + RREPLACES_${PN} = "<package> (<operator> <version>)" + + For operator, you can specify the + following: + + = + < + > + <= + >= + + For example, the following sets up a replacement using + version 1.2 or greater of the package + foo: + + RREPLACES_${PN} = "foo (>= 1.2)" + + + + + + RSUGGESTS + + + A list of additional packages that you can suggest for + installation by the package manager at the time a package + is installed. + Not all package managers support this functionality. + + + As with all package-controlling variables, you must always + use this variable in conjunction with a package name + override. + Here is an example: + + RSUGGESTS_${PN} = "useful-package another-package" + + + + + + + + S + + S + + + The location in the + Build Directory + where unpacked recipe source code resides. + This location is within the work directory + (WORKDIR), + which is not static. + The unpacked source location depends on the recipe name + (PN) and + recipe version + (PV) as + follows: + + ${WORKDIR}/${PN}-${PV} + + As an example, assume a + Source Directory + top-level folder named poky and a + default Build Directory at poky/build. + In this case, the work directory the build system uses + to keep the unpacked recipe for db + is the following: + + poky/build/tmp/work/qemux86-poky-linux/db/5.1.19-r3/db-5.1.19 + + + + + + SANITY_TESTED_DISTROS + + + A list of the host distribution identifiers that the + build system has been tested against. + Identifiers consist of the host distributor ID + followed by the release, + as reported by the lsb_release tool + or as read from /etc/lsb-release. + Separate the list items with explicit newline + characters (\n). + If SANITY_TESTED_DISTROS is not empty + and the current value of + NATIVELSBSTRING + does not appear in the list, then the build system reports + a warning that indicates the current host distribution has + not been tested as a build host. + + + + + SDK_ARCH + + + The target architecture for the SDK. + Typically, you do not directly set this variable. + Instead, use + SDKMACHINE. + + + + + SDK_DEPLOY + + + The directory set up and used by the + populate_sdk_base + to which the SDK is deployed. + The populate_sdk_base class defines + SDK_DEPLOY as follows: + + SDK_DEPLOY = "${TMPDIR}/deploy/sdk" + + + + + + SDK_DIR + + + The parent directory used by the OpenEmbedded build system + when creating SDK output. + The + populate_sdk_base + class defines the variable as follows: + + SDK_DIR = "${WORKDIR}/sdk" + + + The SDK_DIR directory is a + temporary directory as it is part of + WORKDIR. + The final output directory is + SDK_DEPLOY. + + + + + + SDK_NAME + + + The base name for SDK output files. + The name is derived from the + DISTRO, + TCLIBC, + SDK_ARCH, + IMAGE_BASENAME, + and + TUNE_PKGARCH + variables: + + SDK_NAME = "${DISTRO}-${TCLIBC}-${SDK_ARCH}-${IMAGE_BASENAME}-${TUNE_PKGARCH}" + + + + + + SDK_OUTPUT + + + The location used by the OpenEmbedded build system when + creating SDK output. + The + populate_sdk_base + class defines the variable as follows: + + SDK_OUTPUT = "${SDK_DIR}/image" + + + The SDK_OUTPUT directory is a + temporary directory as it is part of + WORKDIR by way of + SDK_DIR. + The final output directory is + SDK_DEPLOY. + + + + + + + SDKIMAGE_FEATURES + + Equivalent to + IMAGE_FEATURES. + However, this variable applies to the SDK generated from an + image using the following command: + + $ bitbake -c populate_sdk imagename + + + + + + SDKMACHINE + + + The architecture of the machine that runs Application + Development Toolkit (ADT) items. + In other words, packages are built so that they will run + on the target you specify with the argument. + This implies that you can build out ADT/SDK items that + run on an architecture other than that of your build host. + For example, you can use an x86_64-based build host to + create packages that will run on an i686-based + SDK Machine. + + + + You can use "i686" and "x86_64" as possible values for this + variable. + The variable defaults to "i686" and is set in the + local.conf file in the + Build Directory. + + SDKMACHINE ?= "i686" + + + You cannot set the SDKMACHINE + variable in your distribution configuration file. + If you do, the configuration will not take affect. + + + + + + SDKPATH + + + Defines the path offered to the user for installation + of the SDK that is generated by the OpenEmbedded build + system. + The path appears as the default location for installing + the SDK when you run the SDK's installation script. + You can override the offered path when you run the + script. + + + + + SECTION + + The section in which packages should be categorized. + Package management utilities can make use of this variable. + + + + SELECTED_OPTIMIZATION + + + The variable takes the value of + FULL_OPTIMIZATION + unless DEBUG_BUILD = "1". + In this case the value of + DEBUG_OPTIMIZATION is used. + + + + + SERIAL_CONSOLE + + + Defines a serial console (TTY) to enable using getty. + Provide a value that specifies the baud rate followed by + the TTY device name separated by a space. + You cannot specify more than one TTY device: + + SERIAL_CONSOLE = "115200 ttyS0" + + + The SERIAL_CONSOLE variable + is deprecated. + Please use the + SERIAL_CONSOLES + variable. + + + + + + SERIAL_CONSOLES + + + Defines the serial consoles (TTYs) to enable using getty. + Provide a value that specifies the baud rate followed by + the TTY device name separated by a semicolon. + Use spaces to separate multiple devices: + + SERIAL_CONSOLES = "115200;ttyS0 115200;ttyS1" + + + + + + SERIAL_CONSOLES_CHECK + + + Similar to + SERIAL_CONSOLES + except the device is checked for existence before attempting + to enable it. + This variable is currently only supported with SysVinit + (i.e. not with systemd). + + + + + SIGGEN_EXCLUDE_SAFE_RECIPE_DEPS + + + A list of recipe dependencies that should not be used to + determine signatures of tasks from one recipe when they + depend on tasks from another recipe. + For example: + + SIGGEN_EXCLUDE_SAFE_RECIPE_DEPS += "intone->mplayer2" + + In this example, intone depends on + mplayer2. + + + + Use of this variable is one mechanism to remove dependencies + that affect task signatures and thus force rebuilds when a + recipe changes. + Caution + If you add an inappropriate dependency for a recipe + relationship, the software might break during + runtime if the interface of the second recipe was + changed after the first recipe had been built. + + + + + + SIGGEN_EXCLUDERECIPES_ABISAFE + + + A list of recipes that are completely stable and will + never change. + The ABI for the recipes in the list are presented by + output from the tasks run to build the recipe. + Use of this variable is one way to remove dependencies from + one recipe on another that affect task signatures and + thus force rebuilds when the recipe changes. + Caution + If you add an inappropriate variable to this list, + the software might break at runtime if the + interface of the recipe was changed after the other + had been built. + + + + + + SITEINFO_BITS + + + Specifies the number of bits for the target system CPU. + The value should be either "32" or "64". + + + + + SITEINFO_ENDIANNESS + + + Specifies the endian byte order of the target system. + The value should be either "le" for little-endian or "be" for big-endian. + + + + + SOC_FAMILY + + + Groups together machines based upon the same family + of SOC (System On Chip). + You typically set this variable in a common + .inc file that you include in the + configuration files of all the machines. + + You must include + conf/machine/include/soc-family.inc + for this variable to appear in + MACHINEOVERRIDES. + + + + + + SOLIBS + + + Defines the suffix for shared libraries used on the + target platform. + By default, this suffix is ".so.*" for all Linux-based + systems and is defined in the + meta/conf/bitbake.conf configuration + file. + + + + You will see this variable referenced in the default values + of FILES_${PN}. + + + + + SOLIBSDEV + + + Defines the suffix for the development symbolic link + (symlink) for shared libraries on the target platform. + By default, this suffix is ".so" for Linux-based + systems and is defined in the + meta/conf/bitbake.conf configuration + file. + + + + You will see this variable referenced in the default values + of FILES_${PN}-dev. + + + + + SOURCE_MIRROR_URL + + + Defines your own + PREMIRRORS + from which to first fetch source before attempting to fetch + from the upstream specified in + SRC_URI. + + + + To use this variable, you must globally inherit the + own-mirrors + class and then provide the URL to your mirrors. + Here is an example: + + INHERIT += "own-mirrors" + SOURCE_MIRROR_URL = "http://example.com/my-source-mirror" + + + You can specify only a single URL in + SOURCE_MIRROR_URL. + + + + + + SPDXLICENSEMAP + + + Maps commonly used license names to their SPDX counterparts + found in meta/files/common-licenses/. + For the default SPDXLICENSEMAP + mappings, see the + meta/conf/licenses.conf file. + + + + For additional information, see the + LICENSE + variable. + + + + + SPECIAL_PKGSUFFIX + + + A list of prefixes for PN used by the + OpenEmbedded build system to create variants of recipes or packages. + The list specifies the prefixes to strip off during certain circumstances + such as the generation of the BPN variable. + + + + + SRC_URI + + The list of source files - local or remote. + This variable tells the OpenEmbedded build system which bits + to pull in for the build and how to pull them in. + For example, if the recipe or append file only needs to + fetch a tarball from the Internet, the recipe or + append file uses a single SRC_URI + entry. + On the other hand, if the recipe or append file needs to + fetch a tarball, apply two patches, and include a custom + file, the recipe or append file would include four + instances of the variable. + The following list explains the available URI protocols: + + file:// - + Fetches files, which are usually files shipped with + the + Metadata, + from the local machine. + The path is relative to the + FILESPATH + variable. + Thus, the build system searches, in order, from the + following directories, which are assumed to be a + subdirectories of the directory in which the + recipe file (.bb) or + append file (.bbappend) + resides: + + ${BPN} - + The base recipe name without any special + suffix or version numbers. + + ${BP} - + ${BPN}-${PV}. + The base recipe name and version but without + any special package name suffix. + + files - + Files within a directory, which is named + files and is also + alongside the recipe or append file. + + + + If you want the build system to pick up files + specified through a + SRC_URI + statement from your append file, you need to be + sure to extend the + FILESPATH + variable by also using the + FILESEXTRAPATHS + variable from within your append file. + + + bzr:// - Fetches files from a + Bazaar revision control repository. + git:// - Fetches files from a + Git revision control repository. + osc:// - Fetches files from + an OSC (OpenSUSE Build service) revision control repository. + repo:// - Fetches files from + a repo (Git) repository. + svk:// - Fetches files from + an SVK revision control repository. + http:// - Fetches files from + the Internet using http. + https:// - Fetches files + from the Internet using https. + ftp:// - Fetches files + from the Internet using ftp. + cvs:// - Fetches files from + a CVS revision control repository. + hg:// - Fetches files from + a Mercurial (hg) revision control repository. + p4:// - Fetches files from + a Perforce (p4) revision control repository. + ssh:// - Fetches files from + a secure shell. + svn:// - Fetches files from + a Subversion (svn) revision control repository. + + + Standard and recipe-specific options for SRC_URI exist. + Here are standard options: + + apply - Whether to apply + the patch or not. + The default action is to apply the patch. + striplevel - Which + striplevel to use when applying the patch. + The default level is 1. + patchdir - Specifies + the directory in which the patch should be applied. + The default is ${S}. + + + + Here are options specific to recipes building code from a revision control system: + + mindate - + Apply the patch only if + SRCDATE + is equal to or greater than mindate. + + maxdate - + Apply the patch only if SRCDATE + is not later than mindate. + + minrev - + Apply the patch only if SRCREV + is equal to or greater than minrev. + + maxrev - + Apply the patch only if SRCREV + is not later than maxrev. + + rev - + Apply the patch only if SRCREV + is equal to rev. + + notrev - + Apply the patch only if SRCREV + is not equal to rev. + + + + Here are some additional options worth mentioning: + + unpack - Controls + whether or not to unpack the file if it is an archive. + The default action is to unpack the file. + subdir - Places the file + (or extracts its contents) into the specified + subdirectory of WORKDIR. + This option is useful for unusual tarballs or other archives that + do not have their files already in a subdirectory within the archive. + + name - Specifies a + name to be used for association with SRC_URI checksums + when you have more than one file specified in SRC_URI. + + downloadfilename - Specifies + the filename used when storing the downloaded file. + + + + + + SRC_URI_OVERRIDES_PACKAGE_ARCH + + + + By default, the OpenEmbedded build system automatically detects whether + SRC_URI + contains files that are machine-specific. + If so, the build system automatically changes + PACKAGE_ARCH. + Setting this variable to "0" disables this behavior. + + + + + SRCDATE + + + The date of the source code used to build the package. + This variable applies only if the source was fetched from a Source Code Manager (SCM). + + + + + SRCPV + + + Returns the version string of the current package. + This string is used to help define the value of + PV. + + + + The SRCPV variable is defined in the + meta/conf/bitbake.conf configuration + file in the + Source Directory + as follows: + + SRCPV = "${@bb.fetch2.get_srcrev(d)}" + + + + + Recipes that need to define PV do so + with the help of the SRCPV. + For example, the ofono recipe + (ofono_git.bb) located in + meta/recipes-connectivity in the + Source Directory defines PV as + follows: + + PV = "0.12-git${SRCPV}" + + + + + + SRCREV + + + The revision of the source code used to build the package. + This variable applies to Subversion, Git, Mercurial and Bazaar + only. + Note that if you wish to build a fixed revision and you wish + to avoid performing a query on the remote repository every time + BitBake parses your recipe, you should specify a SRCREV that is a + full revision identifier and not just a tag. + + + + + SSTATE_DIR + + The directory for the shared state cache. + + + + SSTATE_MIRRORS + + + Configures the OpenEmbedded build system to search other + mirror locations for prebuilt cache data objects before + building out the data. + This variable works like fetcher + MIRRORS + and PREMIRRORS + and points to the cache locations to check for the shared + objects. + + + + You can specify a filesystem directory or a remote URL such + as HTTP or FTP. + The locations you specify need to contain the shared state + cache (sstate-cache) results from previous builds. + The sstate-cache you point to can also be from builds on + other machines. + + + + If a mirror uses the same structure as + SSTATE_DIR, + you need to add + "PATH" at the end as shown in the examples below. + The build system substitutes the correct path within the + directory structure. + + SSTATE_MIRRORS ?= "\ + file://.* http://someserver.tld/share/sstate/PATH \n \ + file://.* file:///some/local/dir/sstate/PATH" + + + + + + STAGING_KERNEL_DIR + + + The directory with kernel headers that are required to build out-of-tree + modules. + + + + + STAMP + + + Specifies the base path used to create recipe stamp files. + The path to an actual stamp file is constructed by evaluating this + string and then appending additional information. + Currently, the default assignment for STAMP + as set in the meta/conf/bitbake.conf file + is: + + STAMP = "${STAMPS_DIR}/${MULTIMACH_TARGET_SYS}/${PN}/${EXTENDPE}${PV}-${PR}" + + See STAMPS_DIR, + MULTIMACH_TARGET_SYS, + PN, + EXTENDPE, + PV, and + PR for related variable + information. + + + + + STAMPS_DIR + + + Specifies the base directory in which the OpenEmbedded + build system places stamps. + The default directory is + ${TMPDIR}/stamps. + + + + + SUMMARY + + The short (72 characters or less) summary of the binary package for packaging + systems such as opkg, rpm or + dpkg. + By default, SUMMARY is used to define + the DESCRIPTION + variable if DESCRIPTION is not set + in the recipe. + + + + + SYSLINUX_DEFAULT_CONSOLE + + + Specifies the kernel boot default console. + If you want to use a console other than the default, + set this variable in your recipe as follows where "X" is + the console number you want to use: + + SYSLINUX_DEFAULT_CONSOLE = "console=ttyX" + + + + + The + syslinux + class initially sets this variable to null but then checks + for a value later. + + + + + SYSLINUX_OPTS + + + Lists additional options to add to the syslinux file. + You need to set this variable in your recipe. + If you want to list multiple options, separate the options + with a semicolon character (;). + + + + The + syslinux + class uses this variable to create a set of options. + + + + + SYSLINUX_SERIAL + + + Specifies the alternate serial port or turns it off. + To turn off serial, set this variable to an empty string + in your recipe. + The variable's default value is set in the + syslinux + as follows: + + SYSLINUX_SERIAL ?= "0 115200" + + The class checks for and uses the variable as needed. + + + + SYSLINUX_SPLASH + + + An .LSS file used as the background + for the VGA boot menu when you are using the boot menu. + You need to set this variable in your recipe. + + + + The + syslinux + class checks for this variable and if found, the + OpenEmbedded build system installs the splash screen. + + + + + SYSLINUX_SERIAL_TTY + + + Specifies the alternate console=tty... kernel boot argument. + The variable's default value is set in the + syslinux + as follows: + + SYSLINUX_SERIAL_TTY ?= "console=ttyS0,115200" + + The class checks for and uses the variable as needed. + + + + + SYSROOT_PREPROCESS_FUNCS + + + A list of functions to execute after files are staged into + the sysroot. + These functions are usually used to apply additional + processing on the staged files, or to stage additional + files. + + + + + SYSTEMD_AUTO_ENABLE + + + For recipes that inherit the + systemd + class, this variable specifies whether the service you have + specified in + SYSTEMD_SERVICE + should be started automatically or not. + By default, the service is enabled to automatically start + at boot time. + The default setting is in the + systemd + class as follows: + + SYSTEMD_AUTO_ENABLE ??= "enable" + + You can disable the service by setting the variable to + "disable". + + + + + SYSTEMD_PACKAGES + + + For recipes that inherit the + systemd + class, this variable locates the systemd unit files when + they are not found in the main recipe's package. + By default, the + SYSTEMD_PACKAGES variable is set + such that the systemd unit files are assumed to reside in + the recipes main package: + + SYSTEMD_PACKAGES ?= "${PN}" + + If these unit files are not in this recipe's main + package, you need to use + SYSTEMD_PACKAGES to list the package + or packages in which the build system can find the systemd + unit files. + + + + + SYSTEMD_SERVICE + + + For recipes that inherit the + systemd + class, this variable specifies the systemd service name for + a package. + + + + When you specify this file in your recipe, use a package + name override to indicate the package to which the value + applies. + Here is an example from the connman recipe: + + SYSTEMD_SERVICE_${PN} = "connman.service" + + + + + + + + T + + T + + This variable points to a directory were BitBake places + temporary files, which consist mostly of task logs and + scripts, when building a particular recipe. + The variable is typically set as follows: + + T = "${WORKDIR}/temp" + + The WORKDIR + is the directory into which BitBake unpacks and builds the + recipe. + The default bitbake.conf file sets this variable. + The T variable is not to be confused with + the TMPDIR variable, + which points to the root of the directory tree where BitBake + places the output of an entire build. + + + + + TARGET_ARCH + + + The target machine's architecture. + The OpenEmbedded build system supports many + architectures. + Here is an example list of architectures supported. + This list is by no means complete as the architecture + is configurable: + + arm + i586 + x86_64 + powerpc + powerpc64 + mips + mipsel + + + + + + TARGET_CFLAGS + + + Flags passed to the C compiler for the target system. + This variable evaluates to the same as + CFLAGS. + + + + + + TARGET_FPU + + Specifies the method for handling FPU code. + For FPU-less targets, which include most ARM CPUs, the variable must be + set to "soft". + If not, the kernel emulation gets used, which results in a performance penalty. + + + + TARGET_OS + + Specifies the target's operating system. + The variable can be set to "linux" for eglibc-based systems and + to "linux-uclibc" for uclibc. + For ARM/EABI targets, there are also "linux-gnueabi" and + "linux-uclibc-gnueabi" values possible. + + + + TCLIBC + + + Specifies the GNU standard C library (libc) + variant to use during the build process. + This variable replaces POKYLIBC, which is no longer + supported. + + + You can select "eglibc" or "uclibc". + + This release of the Yocto Project does not support the + glibc implementation of libc. + + + + + + TCMODE + + + Specifies the toolchain selector. + TCMODE controls the characteristics + of the generated packages and images by telling the + OpenEmbedded build system which toolchain profile to use. + By default, the OpenEmbedded build system builds its own + internal toolchain. + The variable's default value is "default", which uses + that internal toolchain. + + If TCMODE is set to a value + other than "default", then it is your responsibility + to ensure that the toolchain is compatible with the + default toolchain. + Using older or newer versions of these components + might cause build problems. + See the + Release Notes + for the specific components with which the toolchain + must be compatible. + + + + + With additional layers, it is possible to use a pre-compiled + external toolchain. + One example is the Sourcery G++ Toolchain. + The support for this toolchain resides in the separate + meta-sourcery layer at + . + You can use meta-sourcery as a + template for adding support for other external toolchains. + + + + The TCMODE variable points the build + system to a file in + conf/distro/include/tcmode-${TCMODE}.inc. + Thus, for meta-sourcery, + which has conf/distro/include/tcmode-external-sourcery.inc, + you would set the variable as follows: + + TCMODE ?= "external-sourcery" + + + + + The variable is similar to + TCLIBC, + which controls the variant of the GNU standard C library + (libc) used during the build process: + eglibc or uclibc. + + + + + TEST_EXPORT_DIR + + + The location the OpenEmbedded build system uses to export + tests when the + TEST_EXPORT_ONLY + variable is set to "1". + + + + The TEST_EXPORT_DIR variable defaults + to "${TMPDIR}/testimage/${PN}". + + + + + TEST_EXPORT_ONLY + + + Specifies to export the tests only. + Set this variable to "1" if you do not want to run the + tests but you want them to be exported in a manner that + you to run them outside of the build system. + + + + + TEST_IMAGE + + + Automatically runs the series of automated tests for + images when an image is successfully built. + + + + These tests are written in Python making use of the + unittest module, and the majority of + them run commands on the target system over + ssh. + You can set this variable to "1" in your + local.conf file in the + Build Directory + to have the OpenEmbedded build system automatically run + these tests after an image successfully builds: + + TEST_IMAGE = "1" + + For more information on enabling, running, and writing + these tests, see the + "Performing Automated Runtime Testing" + section in the Yocto Project Development Manual and the + "testimage.bbclass" + section. + + + + + TEST_LOG_DIR + + + Holds the SSH log and the boot log for QEMU machines. + The TEST_LOG_DIR variable defaults + to "${WORKDIR}/testimage". + + Actual test results reside in the task log + (log.do_testimage), which is in + the ${WORKDIR}/temp/ directory. + + + + + + TEST_QEMUBOOT_TIMEOUT + + + The time in seconds allowed for an image to boot before + automated runtime tests begin to run against an + image. + The default timeout period to allow the boot process to + reach the login prompt is 500 seconds. + You can specify a different value in the + local.conf file. + + + + For more information on testing images, see the + "Performing Automated Runtime Testing" + section in the Yocto Project Development Manual. + + + + + TEST_SERVER_IP + + + The IP address of the build machine (host machine). + This IP address is usually automatically detected. + However, if detection fails, this variable needs to be set + to the IP address of the build machine (i.e. where + the build is taking place). + + The TEST_SERVER_IP variable + is only used for a small number of tests such as + the "smart" test suite, which needs to download + packages from DEPLOY_DIR/rpm. + + + + + + TEST_TARGET + + + Specifies the target controller to use when running tests + against a test image. + The default controller to use is "qemu": + + TEST_TARGET = "qemu" + + A target controller is a class that defines how an + image gets deployed on a target and how a target is started. + A layer can extend the controllers by adding a module + in the layer's /lib/oeqa/controllers + directory and by inheriting the + BaseTarget class, which is an abstract + class that cannot be used as a value of + TEST_TARGET. + + + + You can provide the following arguments with + TEST_TARGET: + + "qemu" and "QemuTarget": + Boots a QEMU image and runs the tests. + See the + "Enabling Runtime Tests on QEMU" + section in the Yocto Project Development Manual for + more information. + + "simpleremote" and "SimpleRemoteTarget": + Runs the tests on target hardware that is already + up and running. + The hardware can be on the network or it can be + a device running an image on QEMU. + You must also set + TEST_TARGET_IP + when you use "simpleremote" or "SimpleRemoteTarget". + + This argument is defined in + meta/lib/oeqa/targetcontrol.py. + The small caps names are kept for compatibility + reasons. + + + "GummibootTarget": + Automatically deploys and runs tests on an + EFI-enabled machine that has a master image + installed. + + This argument is defined in + meta/lib/oeqa/controllers/masterimage.py. + + + + + + + For information on running tests on hardware, see the + "Enabling Runtime Tests on Hardware" + section in the Yocto Project Development Manual. + + + + + TEST_TARGET_IP + + + The IP address of your hardware under test. + The TEST_TARGET_IP variable has no + effect when + TEST_TARGET + is set to "qemu". + + + + When you specify the IP address, you can also include a + port. + Here is an example: + + TEST_TARGET_IP = "192.168.1.4:2201" + + Specifying a port is useful when SSH is started on a + non-standard port or in cases when your hardware under test + is behind a firewall or network that is not directly + accessible from your host and you need to do port address + translation. + + + + + TEST_SUITES + + + An ordered list of tests (modules) to run against + an image when performing automated runtime testing. + + + + The OpenEmbedded build system provides a core set of tests + that can be used against images. + + Currently, there is only support for running these tests + under QEMU. + + Tests include ping, + ssh, df among + others. + You can add your own tests to the list of tests by + appending TEST_SUITES as follows: + + TEST_SUITES_append = " mytest" + + Alternatively, you can provide the "auto" option to + have all applicable tests run against the image. + + TEST_SUITES_append = " auto" + + Using this option causes the build system to automatically + run tests that are applicable to the image. + Tests that are not applicable are skipped. + + + + The order in which tests are run is important. + Tests that depend on another test must appear later in the + list than the test on which they depend. + For example, if you append the list of tests with two + tests (test_A and + test_B) where + test_B is dependent on + test_A, then you must order the tests + as follows: + + TEST_SUITES = " test_A test_B" + + + + + For more information on testing images, see the + "Performing Automated Runtime Testing" + section in the Yocto Project Development Manual. + + + + + THISDIR + + + The directory in which the file BitBake is currently + parsing is located. + Do not manually set this variable. + + + + + TMPDIR + + + This variable is the base directory the OpenEmbedded + build system uses for all build output and intermediate + files (other than the shared state cache). + By default, the TMPDIR variable points + to tmp within the + Build Directory. + + + + If you want to establish this directory in a location other + than the default, you can uncomment and edit the following + statement in the + conf/local.conf file in the + Source Directory: + + #TMPDIR = "${TOPDIR}/tmp" + + An example use for this scenario is to set + TMPDIR to a local disk, which does + not use NFS, while having the Build Directory use NFS. + + + + The filesystem used by TMPDIR must + have standard filesystem semantics (i.e. mixed-case files + are unique, POSIX file locking, and persistent inodes). + Due to various issues with NFS and bugs in some + implementations, NFS does not meet this minimum + requirement. + Consequently, TMPDIR cannot be on + NFS. + + + + + TOOLCHAIN_HOST_TASK + + + This variable lists packages the OpenEmbedded build system + uses when building an SDK, which contains a + cross-development environment. + The packages specified by this variable are part of the + toolchain set that runs on the + SDKMACHINE, + and each package should usually have the prefix + "nativesdk-". + When building an SDK using + bitbake -c populate_sdk <imagename>, + a default list of packages is set in this variable, but + you can add additional packages to the list. + + + + For background information on cross-development toolchains + in the Yocto Project development environment, see the + "Cross-Development Toolchain Generation" + section. + For information on setting up a cross-development + environment, see the + "Installing the ADT and Toolchains" + section in the Yocto Project Application Developer's Guide. + + + + + TOOLCHAIN_TARGET_TASK + + + This variable lists packages the OpenEmbedded build system + uses when it creates the target part of an SDK + (i.e. the part built for the target hardware), which + includes libraries and headers. + + + + For background information on cross-development toolchains + in the Yocto Project development environment, see the + "Cross-Development Toolchain Generation" + section. + For information on setting up a cross-development + environment, see the + "Installing the ADT and Toolchains" + section in the Yocto Project Application Developer's Guide. + + + + + TOPDIR + + + The top-level + Build Directory. + BitBake automatically sets this variable when you + initialize your build environment using either + &OE_INIT_FILE; + or + oe-init-build-env-memres. + + + + + TRANSLATED_TARGET_ARCH + + + A sanitized version of + TARGET_ARCH. + This variable is used where the architecture is needed in + a value where underscores are not allowed, for example + within package filenames. + In this case, dash characters replace any underscore + characters used in TARGET_ARCH. + + + + Do not edit this variable. + + + + + TUNE_PKGARCH + + + The package architecture understood by the packaging + system to define the architecture, ABI, and tuning of + output packages. + + + + + + + U + + UBOOT_CONFIG + + + Configures the + UBOOT_MACHINE + and can also define + IMAGE_FSTYPES + for individual cases. + + + + Following is an example from the + meta-fsl-arm layer. + + UBOOT_CONFIG ??= "sd" + UBOOT_CONFIG[sd] = "mx6qsabreauto_config,sdcard" + UBOOT_CONFIG[eimnor] = "mx6qsabreauto_eimnor_config" + UBOOT_CONFIG[nand] = "mx6qsabreauto_nand_config,ubifs" + UBOOT_CONFIG[spinor] = "mx6qsabreauto_spinor_config" + + In this example, "sd" is selected as the configuration + of the possible four for the + UBOOT_MACHINE. + The "sd" configuration defines "mx6qsabreauto_config" + as the value for UBOOT_MACHINE, while + the "sdcard" specifies the + IMAGE_FSTYPES to use for the U-boot + image. + + + + For more information on how the + UBOOT_CONFIG is handled, see the + uboot-config + class. + + + + + UBOOT_ENTRYPOINT + + + Specifies the entry point for the U-Boot image. + During U-Boot image creation, the + UBOOT_ENTRYPOINT variable is passed + as a command-line parameter to the + uboot-mkimage utility. + + + + + UBOOT_LOADADDRESS + + + Specifies the load address for the U-Boot image. + During U-Boot image creation, the + UBOOT_LOADADDRESS variable is passed + as a command-line parameter to the + uboot-mkimage utility. + + + + + UBOOT_LOCALVERSION + + + Appends a string to the name of the local version of the + U-Boot image. + For example, assuming the version of the U-Boot image + built was "2013.10, the full version string reported by + U-Boot would be "2013.10-yocto" given the following + statement: + + UBOOT_LOCALVERSION = "-yocto" + + + + + + UBOOT_MACHINE + + + Specifies the value passed on the + make command line when building + a U-Boot image. + The value indicates the target platform configuration. + You typically set this variable from the machine + configuration file (i.e. + conf/machine/<machine_name>.conf). + + + + + UBOOT_MAKE_TARGET + + + Specifies the target called in the + Makefile. + The default target is "all". + + + + + UBOOT_SUFFIX + + + Points to the generated U-Boot extension. + For example, u-boot.sb has a + .sb extension. + + + + The default U-Boot extension is + .bin + + + + + UBOOT_TARGET + + + Specifies the target used for building U-Boot. + The target is passed directly as part of the "make" command + (e.g. SPL and AIS). + If you do not specifically set this variable, the + OpenEmbedded build process passes and uses "all" for the + target during the U-Boot building process. + + + + + USER_CLASSES + + + A list of classes to globally inherit. + These classes are used by the OpenEmbedded build system + to enable extra features (e.g. + buildstats, + image-mklibs, and so forth). + + + + The default list is set in your + local.conf file: + + USER_CLASSES ?= "buildstats image-mklibs image-prelink" + + For more information, see + meta-yocto/conf/local.conf.sample in + the + Source Directory. + + + + + USERADD_ERROR_DYNAMIC + + + Forces the OpenEmbedded build system to produce an error + if the user identification (uid) and + group identification (gid) values + are not defined in files/passwd + and files/group files. + + + + The default behavior for the build system is to dynamically + apply uid and + gid values. + Consequently, the USERADD_ERROR_DYNAMIC + variable is by default not set. + If you plan on using statically assigned + gid and uid + values, you should set + the USERADD_ERROR_DYNAMIC variable in + your local.conf file as + follows: + + USERADD_ERROR_DYNAMIC = "1" + + Overriding the default behavior implies you are going to + also take steps to set static uid and + gid values through use of the + USERADDEXTENSION, + USERADD_UID_TABLES, + and + USERADD_GID_TABLES + variables. + + + + + USERADD_GID_TABLES + + + Specifies a password file to use for obtaining static + group identification (gid) values + when the OpenEmbedded build system adds a group to the + system during package installation. + + + + When applying static group identification + (gid) values, the OpenEmbedded build + system looks in + BBPATH + for a files/group file and then applies + those uid values. + Set the variable as follows in your + local.conf file: + + USERADD_GID_TABLES = "files/group" + + + + + Setting the + USERADDEXTENSION + variable to "useradd-staticids" causes the build system + to use static gid values. + + + + + USERADD_UID_TABLES + + + Specifies a password file to use for obtaining static + user identification (uid) values + when the OpenEmbedded build system adds a user to the + system during package installation. + + + + When applying static user identification + (uid) values, the OpenEmbedded build + system looks in + BBPATH + for a files/passwd file and then applies + those uid values. + Set the variable as follows in your + local.conf file: + + USERADD_UID_TABLES = "files/passwd" + + + + + Setting the + USERADDEXTENSION + variable to "useradd-staticids" causes the build system + to use static uid values. + + + + + USERADD_PACKAGES + + + When a recipe inherits the + useradd class, this variable + specifies the individual packages within the recipe that + require users and/or groups to be added. + + + + You must set this variable if the recipe inherits the + class. + For example, the following enables adding a user for the + main package in a recipe: + + USERADD_PACKAGES = "${PN}" + + + If follows that if you are going to use the + USERADD_PACKAGES variable, + you need to set one or more of the + USERADD_PARAM, + GROUPADD_PARAM, + or + GROUPMEMS_PARAM + variables. + + + + + + + USERADD_PARAM + + + When a recipe inherits the + useradd class, this variable + specifies for a package what parameters should be passed + to the useradd command + if you wish to add a user to the system when the package + is installed. + + + + Here is an example from the dbus + recipe: + + USERADD_PARAM_${PN} = "--system --home ${localstatedir}/lib/dbus \ + --no-create-home --shell /bin/false \ + --user-group messagebus" + + For information on the standard Linux shell command + useradd, see + . + + + + + USERADDEXTENSION + + + When set to "useradd-staticids", causes the + OpenEmbedded build system to base all user and group + additions on a static + passwd and + group files found in + BBPATH. + + + + To use static user identification (uid) + and group identification (gid) + values, set the variable + as follows in your local.conf file: + + USERADDEXTENSION = "useradd-staticids" + + + Setting this variable to use static + uid and gid + values causes the OpenEmbedded build system to employ + the + useradd-staticids + class. + + + + + If you use static uid and + gid information, you must also + specify the files/passwd and + files/group files by setting the + USERADD_UID_TABLES + and + USERADD_GID_TABLES + variables. + Additionally, you should also set the + USERADD_ERROR_DYNAMIC + variable. + + + + + + + + + + W + + WARN_QA + + + Specifies the quality assurance checks whose failures are + reported as warnings by the OpenEmbedded build system. + You set this variable in your distribution configuration + file. + For a list of the checks you can control with this variable, + see the + "insane.bbclass" + section. + + + + + WORKDIR + + + The pathname of the work directory in which the OpenEmbedded + build system builds a recipe. + This directory is located within the + TMPDIR + directory structure and is specific to the recipe being + built and the system for which it is being built. + + + + The WORKDIR directory is defined as + follows: + + ${TMPDIR}/work/${MULTIMACH_TARGET_SYS}/${PN}/${EXTENDPE}${PV}-${PR} + + The actual directory depends on several things: + + TMPDIR: + The top-level build output directory + MULTIMACH_TARGET_SYS: + The target system identifier + PN: + The recipe name + EXTENDPE: + The epoch - (if + PE + is not specified, which is usually the case for most + recipes, then EXTENDPE is blank) + PV: + The recipe version + PR: + The recipe revision + + + + + As an example, assume a Source Directory top-level folder + name poky, a default Build Directory at + poky/build, and a + qemux86-poky-linux machine target + system. + Furthermore, suppose your recipe is named + foo_1.3.0-r0.bb. + In this case, the work directory the build system uses to + build the package would be as follows: + + poky/build/tmp/work/qemux86-poky-linux/foo/1.3.0-r0 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/documentation/ref-manual/ref-varlocality.xml b/documentation/ref-manual/ref-varlocality.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d3f8732 --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/ref-manual/ref-varlocality.xml @@ -0,0 +1,196 @@ + %poky; ] > + + + Variable Context + + + While you can use most variables in almost any context such as + .conf, .bbclass, + .inc, and .bb files, + some variables are often associated with a particular locality or context. + This chapter describes some common associations. + + +
+ Configuration + + + The following subsections provide lists of variables whose context is + configuration: distribution, machine, and local. + + +
+ Distribution (Distro) + + + This section lists variables whose configuration context is the + distribution, or distro. + + DISTRO + DISTRO_NAME + + DISTRO_VERSION + + MAINTAINER + + PACKAGE_CLASSES + + TARGET_OS + + TARGET_FPU + + TCMODE + + TCLIBC + + + +
+ +
+ Machine + + + This section lists variables whose configuration context is the + machine. + + TARGET_ARCH + + SERIAL_CONSOLES + + PACKAGE_EXTRA_ARCHS + + IMAGE_FSTYPES + + MACHINE_FEATURES + + MACHINE_EXTRA_RDEPENDS + + MACHINE_EXTRA_RRECOMMENDS + + MACHINE_ESSENTIAL_EXTRA_RDEPENDS + + + MACHINE_ESSENTIAL_EXTRA_RRECOMMENDS + + +
+ +
+ Local + + + This section lists variables whose configuration context is the + local configuration through the local.conf + file. + + DISTRO + + MACHINE + + DL_DIR + + BBFILES + + EXTRA_IMAGE_FEATURES + + PACKAGE_CLASSES + + BB_NUMBER_THREADS + + BBINCLUDELOGS + + + ENABLE_BINARY_LOCALE_GENERATION + + +
+
+ +
+ Recipes + + + The following subsections provide lists of variables whose context is + recipes: required, dependencies, path, and extra build information. + + +
+ Required + + + This section lists variables that are required for recipes. + + LICENSE + + LIC_FILES_CHKSUM + + SRC_URI - used + in recipes that fetch local or remote files. + + + +
+ +
+ Dependencies + + + This section lists variables that define recipe dependencies. + + DEPENDS + + RDEPENDS + + RRECOMMENDS + + RCONFLICTS + + RREPLACES + + + +
+ +
+ Paths + + + This section lists variables that define recipe paths. + + WORKDIR + + S + + FILES + + + +
+ +
+ Extra Build Information + + + This section lists variables that define extra build information for recipes. + + EXTRA_OECMAKE + + EXTRA_OECONF + + EXTRA_OEMAKE + + PACKAGES + + DEFAULT_PREFERENCE + + + +
+
+ + diff --git a/documentation/ref-manual/resources.xml b/documentation/ref-manual/resources.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c48951f --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/ref-manual/resources.xml @@ -0,0 +1,128 @@ + %poky; ] > + + +Contributing to the Yocto Project + +
+ Introduction + + The Yocto Project team is happy for people to experiment with the Yocto Project. + A number of places exist to find help if you run into difficulties or find bugs. + To find out how to download source code, + see the "Yocto Project Release" + section in the Yocto Project Development Manual. + +
+ +
+ Tracking Bugs + + + If you find problems with the Yocto Project, you should report them using the + Bugzilla application at . + +
+ +
+ Mailing lists + + + A number of mailing lists maintained by the Yocto Project exist + as well as related OpenEmbedded mailing lists for discussion, + patch submission and announcements. + To subscribe to one of the following mailing lists, click on the + appropriate URL in the following list and follow the instructions: + + - + General Yocto Project discussion mailing list. + - + Discussion mailing list about OpenEmbedded-Core (the core metadata). + - + Discussion mailing list about OpenEmbedded. + - + Discussion mailing list about the + BitBake + build tool. + - + Discussion mailing list about + Poky. + + - + Mailing list to receive official Yocto Project release and milestone + announcements. + + +
+ +
+ Internet Relay Chat (IRC) + + + Two IRC channels on freenode are available for the Yocto Project and Poky discussions: + + #yocto + #poky + + +
+ + + +
+ Contributions + + + The Yocto Project gladly accepts contributions. + You can submit changes to the project either by creating and sending + pull requests, + or by submitting patches through email. + For information on how to do both as well as information on how + to find out who is the maintainer for areas of code, see the + "How to Submit a Change" + section in the Yocto Project Development Manual. + +
+ + + diff --git a/documentation/ref-manual/technical-details.xml b/documentation/ref-manual/technical-details.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d34be75 --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/ref-manual/technical-details.xml @@ -0,0 +1,1409 @@ + %poky; ] > + + +Technical Details + + + This chapter provides technical details for various parts of the + Yocto Project. + Currently, topics include Yocto Project components, + cross-toolchain generation, shared state (sstate) cache, + x32, Wayland support, and Licenses. + + +
+ Yocto Project Components + + + The + BitBake + task executor together with various types of configuration files form + the OpenEmbedded Core. + This section overviews these components by describing their use and + how they interact. + + + + BitBake handles the parsing and execution of the data files. + The data itself is of various types: + + Recipes: Provides details + about particular pieces of software. + + Class Data: Abstracts + common build information (e.g. how to build a Linux kernel). + + Configuration Data: Defines + machine-specific settings, policy decisions, and so forth. + Configuration data acts as the glue to bind everything + together. + + + + + + BitBake knows how to combine multiple data sources together and refers + to each data source as a layer. + For information on layers, see the + "Understanding and + Creating Layers" section of the Yocto Project Development Manual. + + + + Following are some brief details on these core components. + For additional information on how these components interact during + a build, see the + "A Closer Look at the Yocto Project Development Environment" + Chapter. + + +
+ BitBake + + + BitBake is the tool at the heart of the OpenEmbedded build system + and is responsible for parsing the + Metadata, + generating a list of tasks from it, and then executing those tasks. + + + + This section briefly introduces BitBake. + If you want more information on BitBake, see the + BitBake User Manual. + + + + To see a list of the options BitBake supports, use either of + the following commands: + + $ bitbake -h + $ bitbake --help + + + + + The most common usage for BitBake is bitbake <packagename>, where + packagename is the name of the package you want to build + (referred to as the "target" in this manual). + The target often equates to the first part of a recipe's filename + (e.g. "foo" for a recipe named + foo_1.3.0-r0.bb). + So, to process the matchbox-desktop_1.2.3.bb recipe file, you + might type the following: + + $ bitbake matchbox-desktop + + Several different versions of matchbox-desktop might exist. + BitBake chooses the one selected by the distribution configuration. + You can get more details about how BitBake chooses between different + target versions and providers in the + "Preferences and Providers" + section of the BitBake User Manual. + + + + BitBake also tries to execute any dependent tasks first. + So for example, before building matchbox-desktop, BitBake + would build a cross compiler and eglibc if they had not already + been built. + This release of the Yocto Project does not support the glibc + GNU version of the Unix standard C library. By default, the OpenEmbedded build system + builds with eglibc. + + + + A useful BitBake option to consider is the -k or + --continue option. + This option instructs BitBake to try and continue processing the job + as long as possible even after encountering an error. + When an error occurs, the target that + failed and those that depend on it cannot be remade. + However, when you use this option other dependencies can still be + processed. + +
+ +
+ Metadata (Recipes) + + + Files that have the .bb suffix are "recipes" + files. + In general, a recipe contains information about a single piece of + software. + This information includes the location from which to download the + unaltered source, any source patches to be applied to that source + (if needed), which special configuration options to apply, + how to compile the source files, and how to package the compiled + output. + + + + The term "package" is sometimes used to refer to recipes. However, + since the word "package" is used for the packaged output from the OpenEmbedded + build system (i.e. .ipk or .deb files), + this document avoids using the term "package" when referring to recipes. + +
+ +
+ Classes + + + Class files (.bbclass) contain information that + is useful to share between + Metadata files. + An example is the + autotools + class, which contains common settings for any application that + Autotools uses. + The "Classes" chapter provides + details about classes and how to use them. + +
+ +
+ Configuration + + + The configuration files (.conf) define various configuration variables + that govern the OpenEmbedded build process. + These files fall into several areas that define machine configuration options, + distribution configuration options, compiler tuning options, general common configuration + options, and user configuration options in local.conf, which is found + in the + Build Directory. + +
+
+ +
+ Cross-Development Toolchain Generation + + + The Yocto Project does most of the work for you when it comes to + creating + cross-development toolchains. + This section provides some technical background on how + cross-development toolchains are created and used. + For more information on toolchains, you can also see the + Yocto Project Application Developer's Guide. + + + + In the Yocto Project development environment, cross-development + toolchains are used to build the image and applications that run on the + target hardware. + With just a few commands, the OpenEmbedded build system creates + these necessary toolchains for you. + + + + The following figure shows a high-level build environment regarding + toolchain construction and use. + + + + + + + + Most of the work occurs on the Build Host. + This is the machine used to build images and generally work within the + the Yocto Project environment. + When you run BitBake to create an image, the OpenEmbedded build system + uses the host gcc compiler to bootstrap a + cross-compiler named gcc-cross. + The gcc-cross compiler is what BitBake uses to + compile source files when creating the target image. + You can think of gcc-cross simply as an + automatically generated cross-compiler that is used internally within + BitBake only. + + + + The chain of events that occurs when gcc-cross is + bootstrapped is as follows: + + gcc -> binutils-cross -> gcc-cross-initial -> linux-libc-headers -> eglibc-initial -> eglibc -> gcc-cross -> gcc-runtime + + + gcc: + The build host's GNU Compiler Collection (GCC). + + binutils-cross: + The bare minimum binary utilities needed in order to run + the gcc-cross-initial phase of the + bootstrap operation. + + gcc-cross-initial: + An early stage of the bootstrap process for creating + the cross-compiler. + This stage builds enough of the gcc-cross, + the C library, and other pieces needed to finish building the + final cross-compiler in later stages. + This tool is a "native" package (i.e. it is designed to run on + the build host). + + linux-libc-headers: + Headers needed for the cross-compiler. + + eglibc-initial: + An initial version of the Embedded GLIBC needed to bootstrap + eglibc. + + gcc-cross: + The final stage of the bootstrap process for the + cross-compiler. + This stage results in the actual cross-compiler that + BitBake uses when it builds an image for a targeted + device. + + If you are replacing this cross compiler toolchain + with a custom version, you must replace + gcc-cross. + + This tool is also a "native" package (i.e. it is + designed to run on the build host). + + gcc-runtime: + Runtime libraries resulting from the toolchain bootstrapping + process. + This tool produces a binary that consists of the + runtime libraries need for the targeted device. + + + + + + You can use the OpenEmbedded build system to build an installer for + the relocatable SDK used to develop applications. + When you run the installer, it installs the toolchain, which contains + the development tools (e.g., the + gcc-cross-canadian), + binutils-cross-canadian, and other + nativesdk-* tools you need to cross-compile and + test your software. + The figure shows the commands you use to easily build out this + toolchain. + This cross-development toolchain is built to execute on the + SDKMACHINE, + which might or might not be the same + machine as the Build Host. + + If your target architecture is supported by the Yocto Project, + you can take advantage of pre-built images that ship with the + Yocto Project and already contain cross-development toolchain + installers. + + + + + Here is the bootstrap process for the relocatable toolchain: + + gcc -> binutils-crosssdk -> gcc-crosssdk-initial -> linux-libc-headers -> eglibc-initial -> nativesdk-eglibc -> gcc-crosssdk -> gcc-cross-canadian + + + gcc: + The build host's GNU Compiler Collection (GCC). + + binutils-crosssdk: + The bare minimum binary utilities needed in order to run + the gcc-crosssdk-initial phase of the + bootstrap operation. + + gcc-crosssdk-initial: + An early stage of the bootstrap process for creating + the cross-compiler. + This stage builds enough of the + gcc-crosssdk and supporting pieces so that + the final stage of the bootstrap process can produce the + finished cross-compiler. + This tool is a "native" binary that runs on the build host. + + linux-libc-headers: + Headers needed for the cross-compiler. + + eglibc-initial: + An initial version of the Embedded GLIBC needed to bootstrap + nativesdk-eglibc. + + nativesdk-eglibc: + The Embedded GLIBC needed to bootstrap the + gcc-crosssdk. + + gcc-crosssdk: + The final stage of the bootstrap process for the + relocatable cross-compiler. + The gcc-crosssdk is a transitory compiler + and never leaves the build host. + Its purpose is to help in the bootstrap process to create the + eventual relocatable gcc-cross-canadian + compiler, which is relocatable. + This tool is also a "native" package (i.e. it is + designed to run on the build host). + + gcc-cross-canadian: + The final relocatable cross-compiler. + When run on the + SDKMACHINE, + this tool + produces executable code that runs on the target device. + Only one cross-canadian compiler is produced per architecture + since they can be targeted at different processor optimizations + using configurations passed to the compiler through the + compile commands. + This circumvents the need for multiple compilers and thus + reduces the size of the toolchains. + + + + + + For information on advantages gained when building a + cross-development toolchain installer, see the + "Optionally Building a Toolchain Installer" + section in the Yocto Project Application Developer's Guide. + +
+ +
+ Shared State Cache + + + By design, the OpenEmbedded build system builds everything from scratch unless + BitBake can determine that parts do not need to be rebuilt. + Fundamentally, building from scratch is attractive as it means all parts are + built fresh and there is no possibility of stale data causing problems. + When developers hit problems, they typically default back to building from scratch + so they know the state of things from the start. + + + + Building an image from scratch is both an advantage and a disadvantage to the process. + As mentioned in the previous paragraph, building from scratch ensures that + everything is current and starts from a known state. + However, building from scratch also takes much longer as it generally means + rebuilding things that do not necessarily need to be rebuilt. + + + + The Yocto Project implements shared state code that supports incremental builds. + The implementation of the shared state code answers the following questions that + were fundamental roadblocks within the OpenEmbedded incremental build support system: + + What pieces of the system have changed and what pieces have + not changed? + How are changed pieces of software removed and replaced? + How are pre-built components that do not need to be rebuilt from scratch + used when they are available? + + + + + For the first question, the build system detects changes in the "inputs" to a given task by + creating a checksum (or signature) of the task's inputs. + If the checksum changes, the system assumes the inputs have changed and the task needs to be + rerun. + For the second question, the shared state (sstate) code tracks which tasks add which output + to the build process. + This means the output from a given task can be removed, upgraded or otherwise manipulated. + The third question is partly addressed by the solution for the second question + assuming the build system can fetch the sstate objects from remote locations and + install them if they are deemed to be valid. + + + + The OpenEmbedded build system does not maintain + PR information + as part of the shared state packages. + Consequently, considerations exist that affect maintaining shared + state feeds. + For information on how the OpenEmbedded build system + works with packages and can + track incrementing PR information, see the + "Incrementing a Package Revision Number" + section. + + + + The rest of this section goes into detail about the overall incremental build + architecture, the checksums (signatures), shared state, and some tips and tricks. + + +
+ Overall Architecture + + + When determining what parts of the system need to be built, BitBake + works on a per-task basis rather than a per-recipe basis. + You might wonder why using a per-task basis is preferred over a per-recipe basis. + To help explain, consider having the IPK packaging backend enabled and then switching to DEB. + In this case, do_install and do_package + outputs are still valid. + However, with a per-recipe approach, the build would not include the + .deb files. + Consequently, you would have to invalidate the whole build and rerun it. + Rerunning everything is not the best solution. + Also, in this case, the core must be "taught" much about specific tasks. + This methodology does not scale well and does not allow users to easily add new tasks + in layers or as external recipes without touching the packaged-staging core. + +
+ +
+ Checksums (Signatures) + + + The shared state code uses a checksum, which is a unique signature of a task's + inputs, to determine if a task needs to be run again. + Because it is a change in a task's inputs that triggers a rerun, the process + needs to detect all the inputs to a given task. + For shell tasks, this turns out to be fairly easy because + the build process generates a "run" shell script for each task and + it is possible to create a checksum that gives you a good idea of when + the task's data changes. + + + + To complicate the problem, there are things that should not be included in + the checksum. + First, there is the actual specific build path of a given task - + the WORKDIR. + It does not matter if the work directory changes because it should not + affect the output for target packages. + Also, the build process has the objective of making native or cross packages relocatable. + The checksum therefore needs to exclude WORKDIR. + The simplistic approach for excluding the work directory is to set + WORKDIR to some fixed value and create the checksum + for the "run" script. + + + + Another problem results from the "run" scripts containing functions that + might or might not get called. + The incremental build solution contains code that figures out dependencies + between shell functions. + This code is used to prune the "run" scripts down to the minimum set, + thereby alleviating this problem and making the "run" scripts much more + readable as a bonus. + + + + So far we have solutions for shell scripts. + What about Python tasks? + The same approach applies even though these tasks are more difficult. + The process needs to figure out what variables a Python function accesses + and what functions it calls. + Again, the incremental build solution contains code that first figures out + the variable and function dependencies, and then creates a checksum for the data + used as the input to the task. + + + + Like the WORKDIR case, situations exist where dependencies + should be ignored. + For these cases, you can instruct the build process to ignore a dependency + by using a line like the following: + + PACKAGE_ARCHS[vardepsexclude] = "MACHINE" + + This example ensures that the PACKAGE_ARCHS + variable does not + depend on the value of + MACHINE, + even if it does reference it. + + + + Equally, there are cases where we need to add dependencies BitBake is not able to find. + You can accomplish this by using a line like the following: + + PACKAGE_ARCHS[vardeps] = "MACHINE" + + This example explicitly adds the MACHINE variable as a + dependency for PACKAGE_ARCHS. + + + + Consider a case with in-line Python, for example, where BitBake is not + able to figure out dependencies. + When running in debug mode (i.e. using -DDD), BitBake + produces output when it discovers something for which it cannot figure out + dependencies. + The Yocto Project team has currently not managed to cover those dependencies + in detail and is aware of the need to fix this situation. + + + + Thus far, this section has limited discussion to the direct inputs into a task. + Information based on direct inputs is referred to as the "basehash" in the + code. + However, there is still the question of a task's indirect inputs - the + things that were already built and present in the + Build Directory. + The checksum (or signature) for a particular task needs to add the hashes + of all the tasks on which the particular task depends. + Choosing which dependencies to add is a policy decision. + However, the effect is to generate a master checksum that combines the basehash + and the hashes of the task's dependencies. + + + + At the code level, there are a variety of ways both the basehash and the + dependent task hashes can be influenced. + Within the BitBake configuration file, we can give BitBake some extra information + to help it construct the basehash. + The following statement effectively results in a list of global variable + dependency excludes - variables never included in any checksum: + + BB_HASHBASE_WHITELIST ?= "TMPDIR FILE PATH PWD BB_TASKHASH BBPATH DL_DIR \ + SSTATE_DIR THISDIR FILESEXTRAPATHS FILE_DIRNAME HOME LOGNAME SHELL TERM \ + USER FILESPATH STAGING_DIR_HOST STAGING_DIR_TARGET COREBASE PRSERV_HOST \ + PRSERV_DUMPDIR PRSERV_DUMPFILE PRSERV_LOCKDOWN PARALLEL_MAKE \ + CCACHE_DIR EXTERNAL_TOOLCHAIN CCACHE CCACHE_DISABLE LICENSE_PATH SDKPKGSUFFIX" + + The previous example excludes + WORKDIR + since that variable is actually constructed as a path within + TMPDIR, which is on + the whitelist. + + + + The rules for deciding which hashes of dependent tasks to include through + dependency chains are more complex and are generally accomplished with a + Python function. + The code in meta/lib/oe/sstatesig.py shows two examples + of this and also illustrates how you can insert your own policy into the system + if so desired. + This file defines the two basic signature generators OE-Core + uses: "OEBasic" and "OEBasicHash". + By default, there is a dummy "noop" signature handler enabled in BitBake. + This means that behavior is unchanged from previous versions. + OE-Core uses the "OEBasicHash" signature handler by default + through this setting in the bitbake.conf file: + + BB_SIGNATURE_HANDLER ?= "OEBasicHash" + + The "OEBasicHash" BB_SIGNATURE_HANDLER is the same as the + "OEBasic" version but adds the task hash to the stamp files. + This results in any + Metadata + change that changes the task hash, automatically + causing the task to be run again. + This removes the need to bump PR + values, and changes to Metadata automatically ripple across the build. + + + + It is also worth noting that the end result of these signature generators is to + make some dependency and hash information available to the build. + This information includes: + + BB_BASEHASH_task-<taskname>: + The base hashes for each task in the recipe. + + BB_BASEHASH_<filename:taskname>: + The base hashes for each dependent task. + + BBHASHDEPS_<filename:taskname>: + The task dependencies for each task. + + BB_TASKHASH: + The hash of the currently running task. + + + +
+ +
+ Shared State + + + Checksums and dependencies, as discussed in the previous section, solve half the + problem of supporting a shared state. + The other part of the problem is being able to use checksum information during the build + and being able to reuse or rebuild specific components. + + + + The + sstate + class is a relatively generic implementation of how to "capture" + a snapshot of a given task. + The idea is that the build process does not care about the source of a task's output. + Output could be freshly built or it could be downloaded and unpacked from + somewhere - the build process does not need to worry about its origin. + + + + There are two types of output, one is just about creating a directory + in WORKDIR. + A good example is the output of either do_install or + do_package. + The other type of output occurs when a set of data is merged into a shared directory + tree such as the sysroot. + + + + The Yocto Project team has tried to keep the details of the + implementation hidden in sstate class. + From a user's perspective, adding shared state wrapping to a task + is as simple as this do_deploy example taken + from the + deploy + class: + + DEPLOYDIR = "${WORKDIR}/deploy-${PN}" + SSTATETASKS += "do_deploy" + do_deploy[sstate-name] = "deploy" + do_deploy[sstate-inputdirs] = "${DEPLOYDIR}" + do_deploy[sstate-outputdirs] = "${DEPLOY_DIR_IMAGE}" + + python do_deploy_setscene () { + sstate_setscene(d) + } + addtask do_deploy_setscene + do_deploy[dirs] = "${DEPLOYDIR} ${B}" + + In this example, we add some extra flags to the task, a name field ("deploy"), an + input directory where the task sends data, and the output + directory where the data from the task should eventually be copied. + We also add a _setscene variant of the task and add the task + name to the SSTATETASKS list. + + + + If you have a directory whose contents you need to preserve, you can do this with + a line like the following: + + do_package[sstate-plaindirs] = "${PKGD} ${PKGDEST}" + + This method, as well as the following example, also works for multiple directories. + + do_package[sstate-inputdirs] = "${PKGDESTWORK} ${SHLIBSWORKDIR}" + do_package[sstate-outputdirs] = "${PKGDATA_DIR} ${SHLIBSDIR}" + do_package[sstate-lockfile] = "${PACKAGELOCK}" + + These methods also include the ability to take a lockfile when manipulating + shared state directory structures since some cases are sensitive to file + additions or removals. + + + + Behind the scenes, the shared state code works by looking in + SSTATE_DIR and + SSTATE_MIRRORS + for shared state files. + Here is an example: + + SSTATE_MIRRORS ?= "\ + file://.* http://someserver.tld/share/sstate/PATH \n \ + file://.* file:///some/local/dir/sstate/PATH" + + + The shared state directory (SSTATE_DIR) is + organized into two-character subdirectories, where the subdirectory + names are based on the first two characters of the hash. + If the shared state directory structure for a mirror has the + same structure as SSTATE_DIR, you must + specify "PATH" as part of the URI to enable the build system + to map to the appropriate subdirectory. + + + + + The shared state package validity can be detected just by looking at the + filename since the filename contains the task checksum (or signature) as + described earlier in this section. + If a valid shared state package is found, the build process downloads it + and uses it to accelerate the task. + + + + The build processes use the *_setscene tasks + for the task acceleration phase. + BitBake goes through this phase before the main execution code and tries + to accelerate any tasks for which it can find shared state packages. + If a shared state package for a task is available, the shared state + package is used. + This means the task and any tasks on which it is dependent are not + executed. + + + + As a real world example, the aim is when building an IPK-based image, + only the do_package_write_ipk tasks would have their + shared state packages fetched and extracted. + Since the sysroot is not used, it would never get extracted. + This is another reason why a task-based approach is preferred over a + recipe-based approach, which would have to install the output from every task. + +
+ +
+ Tips and Tricks + + + The code in the build system that supports incremental builds is not + simple code. + This section presents some tips and tricks that help you work around + issues related to shared state code. + + +
+ Debugging + + + When things go wrong, debugging needs to be straightforward. + Because of this, the Yocto Project includes strong debugging + tools: + + Whenever a shared state package is written out, so is a + corresponding .siginfo file. + This practice results in a pickled Python database of all + the metadata that went into creating the hash for a given shared state + package. + If you run BitBake with the --dump-signatures + (or -S) option, BitBake dumps out + .siginfo files in + the stamp directory for every task it would have executed instead of + building the specified target package. + There is a bitbake-diffsigs command that + can process .siginfo files. + If you specify one of these files, BitBake dumps out the dependency + information in the file. + If you specify two files, BitBake compares the two files and dumps out + the differences between the two. + This more easily helps answer the question of "What + changed between X and Y?" + + +
+ +
+ Invalidating Shared State + + + The OpenEmbedded build system uses checksums and shared state + cache to avoid unnecessarily rebuilding tasks. + Collectively, this scheme is known as "shared state code." + + + + As with all schemes, this one has some drawbacks. + It is possible that you could make implicit changes to your + code that the checksum calculations do not take into + account. + These implicit changes affect a task's output but do not trigger + the shared state code into rebuilding a recipe. + Consider an example during which a tool changes its output. + Assume that the output of rpmdeps changes. + The result of the change should be that all the + package and + package_write_rpm shared state cache + items become invalid. + However, because the change to the output is + external to the code and therefore implicit, + the associated shared state cache items do not become + invalidated. + In this case, the build process uses the cached items rather + than running the task again. + Obviously, these types of implicit changes can cause problems. + + + + To avoid these problems during the build, you need to + understand the effects of any changes you make. + Realize that changes you make directly to a function + are automatically factored into the checksum calculation. + Thus, these explicit changes invalidate the associated area of + shared state cache. + However, you need to be aware of any implicit changes that + are not obvious changes to the code and could affect the output + of a given task. + + + + When you identify an implicit change, you can easily take steps + to invalidate the cache and force the tasks to run. + The steps you can take are as simple as changing a function's + comments in the source code. + For example, to invalidate package shared state files, change + the comment statements of do_package or + the comments of one of the functions it calls. + Even though the change is purely cosmetic, it causes the + checksum to be recalculated and forces the OpenEmbedded build + system to run the task again. + + + + For an example of a commit that makes a cosmetic change to + invalidate shared state, see this + commit. + +
+
+
+ +
+ x32 + + + x32 is a processor-specific Application Binary Interface (psABI) for x86_64. + An ABI defines the calling conventions between functions in a processing environment. + The interface determines what registers are used and what the sizes are for various C data types. + + + + Some processing environments prefer using 32-bit applications even when running + on Intel 64-bit platforms. + Consider the i386 psABI, which is a very old 32-bit ABI for Intel 64-bit platforms. + The i386 psABI does not provide efficient use and access of the Intel 64-bit processor resources, + leaving the system underutilized. + Now consider the x86_64 psABI. + This ABI is newer and uses 64-bits for data sizes and program pointers. + The extra bits increase the footprint size of the programs, libraries, + and also increases the memory and file system size requirements. + Executing under the x32 psABI enables user programs to utilize CPU and system resources + more efficiently while keeping the memory footprint of the applications low. + Extra bits are used for registers but not for addressing mechanisms. + + +
+ Support + + + This Yocto Project release supports the final specifications of x32 + psABI. + Support for x32 psABI exists as follows: + + You can create packages and images in x32 psABI format on x86_64 architecture targets. + + You can successfully build many recipes with the x32 toolchain. + You can create and boot core-image-minimal and + core-image-sato images. + + +
+ +
+ Completing x32 + + + Future Plans for the x32 psABI in the Yocto Project include the following: + + Enhance and fix the few remaining recipes so they + work with and support x32 toolchains. + Enhance RPM Package Manager (RPM) support for x32 binaries. + Support larger images. + + +
+ +
+ Using x32 Right Now + + + Follow these steps to use the x32 spABI: + + Enable the x32 psABI tuning file for x86_64 + machines by editing the conf/local.conf like this: + + MACHINE = "qemux86-64" + DEFAULTTUNE = "x86-64-x32" + baselib = "${@d.getVar('BASE_LIB_tune-' + (d.getVar('DEFAULTTUNE', True) \ + or 'INVALID'), True) or 'lib'}" + #MACHINE = "genericx86" + #DEFAULTTUNE = "core2-64-x32" + + As usual, use BitBake to build an image that supports the x32 psABI. + Here is an example: + + $ bitbake core-image-sato + + As usual, run your image using QEMU: + + $ runqemu qemux86-64 core-image-sato + + + +
+
+ +
+ Wayland + + + Wayland + is a computer display server protocol that + provides a method for compositing window managers to communicate + directly with applications and video hardware and expects them to + communicate with input hardware using other libraries. + Using Wayland with supporting targets can result in better control + over graphics frame rendering than an application might otherwise + achieve. + + + + The Yocto Project provides the Wayland protocol libraries and the + reference + Weston + compositor as part of its release. + This section describes what you need to do to implement Wayland and + use the compositor when building an image for a supporting target. + + +
+ Support + + + The Wayland protocol libraries and the reference Weston compositor + ship as integrated packages in the meta layer + of the + Source Directory. + Specifically, you can find the recipes that build both Wayland + and Weston at meta/recipes-graphics/wayland. + + + + You can build both the Wayland and Weston packages for use only + with targets that accept the + Mesa 3D and Direct Rendering Infrastructure, + which is also known as Mesa DRI. + This implies that you cannot build and use the packages if your + target uses, for example, the + Intel Embedded Media and + Graphics Driver (Intel + EMGD) that overrides Mesa DRI. + + + + Due to lack of EGL support, Weston 1.0.3 will not run directly on + the emulated QEMU hardware. + However, this version of Weston will run under X emulation without + issues. + +
+ +
+ Enabling Wayland in an Image + + + To enable Wayland, you need to enable it to be built and enable + it to be included in the image. + + +
+ Building + + + To cause Mesa to build the wayland-egl + platform and Weston to build Wayland with Kernel Mode + Setting + (KMS) + support, include the "wayland" flag in the + DISTRO_FEATURES + statement in your local.conf file: + + DISTRO_FEATURES_append = " wayland" + + + + + If X11 has been enabled elsewhere, Weston will build Wayland + with X11 support + +
+ +
+ Installing + + + To install the Wayland feature into an image, you must + include the following + CORE_IMAGE_EXTRA_INSTALL + statement in your local.conf file: + + CORE_IMAGE_EXTRA_INSTALL += "wayland weston" + + +
+
+ +
+ Running Weston + + + To run Weston inside X11, enabling it as described earlier and + building a Sato image is sufficient. + If you are running your image under Sato, a Weston Launcher appears + in the "Utility" category. + + + + Alternatively, you can run Weston through the command-line + interpretor (CLI), which is better suited for development work. + To run Weston under the CLI, you need to do the following after + your image is built: + + Run these commands to export + XDG_RUNTIME_DIR: + + mkdir -p /tmp/$USER-weston + chmod 0700 /tmp/$USER-weston + export XDG_RUNTIME_DIR=/tmp/$USER-weston + + Launch Weston in the shell: + + weston + + + +
+
+ +
+ Licenses + + + This section describes the mechanism by which the OpenEmbedded build system + tracks changes to licensing text. + The section also describes how to enable commercially licensed recipes, + which by default are disabled. + + + + For information that can help you maintain compliance with various open + source licensing during the lifecycle of the product, see the + "Maintaining Open Source License Compliance During Your Project's Lifecycle" section + in the Yocto Project Development Manual. + + +
+ Tracking License Changes + + + The license of an upstream project might change in the future. + In order to prevent these changes going unnoticed, the + LIC_FILES_CHKSUM + variable tracks changes to the license text. The checksums are validated at the end of the + configure step, and if the checksums do not match, the build will fail. + + +
+ Specifying the <filename>LIC_FILES_CHKSUM</filename> Variable + + + The LIC_FILES_CHKSUM + variable contains checksums of the license text in the source code for the recipe. + Following is an example of how to specify LIC_FILES_CHKSUM: + + LIC_FILES_CHKSUM = "file://COPYING;md5=xxxx \ + file://licfile1.txt;beginline=5;endline=29;md5=yyyy \ + file://licfile2.txt;endline=50;md5=zzzz \ + ..." + + + + + The build system uses the + S variable as + the default directory when searching files listed in + LIC_FILES_CHKSUM. + The previous example employs the default directory. + + + + Consider this next example: + + LIC_FILES_CHKSUM = "file://src/ls.c;beginline=5;endline=16;\ + md5=bb14ed3c4cda583abc85401304b5cd4e" + LIC_FILES_CHKSUM = "file://${WORKDIR}/license.html;md5=5c94767cedb5d6987c902ac850ded2c6" + + + + + The first line locates a file in + ${S}/src/ls.c. + The second line refers to a file in + WORKDIR. + + + Note that LIC_FILES_CHKSUM variable is + mandatory for all recipes, unless the + LICENSE variable is set to "CLOSED". + +
+ +
+ Explanation of Syntax + + As mentioned in the previous section, the + LIC_FILES_CHKSUM variable lists all the + important files that contain the license text for the source code. + It is possible to specify a checksum for an entire file, or a specific section of a + file (specified by beginning and ending line numbers with the "beginline" and "endline" + parameters, respectively). + The latter is useful for source files with a license notice header, + README documents, and so forth. + If you do not use the "beginline" parameter, then it is assumed that the text begins on the + first line of the file. + Similarly, if you do not use the "endline" parameter, it is assumed that the license text + ends with the last line of the file. + + + + The "md5" parameter stores the md5 checksum of the license text. + If the license text changes in any way as compared to this parameter + then a mismatch occurs. + This mismatch triggers a build failure and notifies the developer. + Notification allows the developer to review and address the license text changes. + Also note that if a mismatch occurs during the build, the correct md5 + checksum is placed in the build log and can be easily copied to the recipe. + + + + There is no limit to how many files you can specify using the + LIC_FILES_CHKSUM variable. + Generally, however, every project requires a few specifications for license tracking. + Many projects have a "COPYING" file that stores the license information for all the source + code files. + This practice allows you to just track the "COPYING" file as long as it is kept up to date. + + + + If you specify an empty or invalid "md5" parameter, BitBake returns an md5 mis-match + error and displays the correct "md5" parameter value during the build. + The correct parameter is also captured in the build log. + + + + If the whole file contains only license text, you do not need to use the "beginline" and + "endline" parameters. + +
+
+ +
+ Enabling Commercially Licensed Recipes + + + By default, the OpenEmbedded build system disables + components that have commercial or other special licensing + requirements. + Such requirements are defined on a + recipe-by-recipe basis through the LICENSE_FLAGS variable + definition in the affected recipe. + For instance, the + poky/meta/recipes-multimedia/gstreamer/gst-plugins-ugly + recipe contains the following statement: + + LICENSE_FLAGS = "commercial" + + Here is a slightly more complicated example that contains both an + explicit recipe name and version (after variable expansion): + + LICENSE_FLAGS = "license_${PN}_${PV}" + + In order for a component restricted by a LICENSE_FLAGS + definition to be enabled and included in an image, it + needs to have a matching entry in the global + LICENSE_FLAGS_WHITELIST variable, which is a variable + typically defined in your local.conf file. + For example, to enable + the poky/meta/recipes-multimedia/gstreamer/gst-plugins-ugly + package, you could add either the string + "commercial_gst-plugins-ugly" or the more general string + "commercial" to LICENSE_FLAGS_WHITELIST. + See the + "License Flag Matching" section + for a full explanation of how LICENSE_FLAGS matching works. + Here is the example: + + LICENSE_FLAGS_WHITELIST = "commercial_gst-plugins-ugly" + + Likewise, to additionally enable the package built from the recipe containing + LICENSE_FLAGS = "license_${PN}_${PV}", and assuming + that the actual recipe name was emgd_1.10.bb, + the following string would enable that package as well as + the original gst-plugins-ugly package: + + LICENSE_FLAGS_WHITELIST = "commercial_gst-plugins-ugly license_emgd_1.10" + + As a convenience, you do not need to specify the complete license string + in the whitelist for every package. + You can use an abbreviated form, which consists + of just the first portion or portions of the license string before + the initial underscore character or characters. + A partial string will match + any license that contains the given string as the first + portion of its license. + For example, the following + whitelist string will also match both of the packages + previously mentioned as well as any other packages that have + licenses starting with "commercial" or "license". + + LICENSE_FLAGS_WHITELIST = "commercial license" + + + +
+ License Flag Matching + + + License flag matching allows you to control what recipes the + OpenEmbedded build system includes in the build. + Fundamentally, the build system attempts to match + LICENSE_FLAGS strings found in + recipes against LICENSE_FLAGS_WHITELIST + strings found in the whitelist. + A match causes the build system to include a recipe in the + build, while failure to find a match causes the build system to + exclude a recipe. + + + + In general, license flag matching is simple. + However, understanding some concepts will help you + correctly and effectively use matching. + + + + Before a flag + defined by a particular recipe is tested against the + contents of the whitelist, the expanded string + _${PN} is appended to the flag. + This expansion makes each LICENSE_FLAGS + value recipe-specific. + After expansion, the string is then matched against the + whitelist. + Thus, specifying + LICENSE_FLAGS = "commercial" + in recipe "foo", for example, results in the string + "commercial_foo". + And, to create a match, that string must appear in the + whitelist. + + + + Judicious use of the LICENSE_FLAGS + strings and the contents of the + LICENSE_FLAGS_WHITELIST variable + allows you a lot of flexibility for including or excluding + recipes based on licensing. + For example, you can broaden the matching capabilities by + using license flags string subsets in the whitelist. + When using a string subset, be sure to use the part of + the expanded string that precedes the appended underscore + character (e.g. usethispart_1.3, + usethispart_1.4, and so forth). + + For example, simply specifying the string "commercial" in + the whitelist matches any expanded + LICENSE_FLAGS definition that starts with + the string "commercial" such as "commercial_foo" and + "commercial_bar", which are the strings the build system + automatically generates for hypothetical recipes named + "foo" and "bar" assuming those recipes simply specify the + following: + + LICENSE_FLAGS = "commercial" + + Thus, you can choose to exhaustively + enumerate each license flag in the whitelist and + allow only specific recipes into the image, or + you can use a string subset that causes a broader range of + matches to allow a range of recipes into the image. + + + + This scheme works even if the + LICENSE_FLAGS string already + has _${PN} appended. + For example, the build system turns the license flag + "commercial_1.2_foo" into "commercial_1.2_foo_foo" and would + match both the general "commercial" and the specific + "commercial_1.2_foo" strings found in the whitelist, as + expected. + + + + Here are some other scenarios: + + You can specify a versioned string in the + recipe such as "commercial_foo_1.2" in a "foo" recipe. + The build system expands this string to + "commercial_foo_1.2_foo". + Combine this license flag with a whitelist that has + the string "commercial" and you match the flag along + with any other flag that starts with the string + "commercial". + Under the same circumstances, you can + use "commercial_foo" in the whitelist and the + build system not only matches "commercial_foo_1.2" but + also matches any license flag with the string + "commercial_foo", regardless of the version. + + You can be very specific and use both the + package and version parts in the whitelist (e.g. + "commercial_foo_1.2") to specifically match a + versioned recipe. + + +
+ + +
+
+ + diff --git a/documentation/ref-manual/usingpoky.xml b/documentation/ref-manual/usingpoky.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a8a6f3b --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/ref-manual/usingpoky.xml @@ -0,0 +1,882 @@ + %poky; ] > + + +Using the Yocto Project + + + This chapter describes common usage for the Yocto Project. + The information is introductory in nature as other manuals in the Yocto Project + documentation set provide more details on how to use the Yocto Project. + + +
+ Running a Build + + + This section provides a summary of the build process and provides information + for less obvious aspects of the build process. + For general information on how to build an image using the OpenEmbedded build + system, see the + "Building an Image" + section of the Yocto Project Quick Start. + + +
+ Build Overview + + + The first thing you need to do is set up the OpenEmbedded build + environment by sourcing an environment setup script + (i.e. + &OE_INIT_FILE; + or + oe-init-build-env-memres). + Here is an example: + + $ source &OE_INIT_FILE; [<build_dir>] + + + + + The build_dir argument is optional and specifies the directory the + OpenEmbedded build system uses for the build - + the Build Directory. + If you do not specify a Build Directory, it defaults to a directory + named build in your current working directory. + A common practice is to use a different Build Directory for different targets. + For example, ~/build/x86 for a qemux86 + target, and ~/build/arm for a qemuarm target. + + + + Once the build environment is set up, you can build a target using: + + $ bitbake <target> + + + + + The target is the name of the recipe you want to build. + Common targets are the images in meta/recipes-core/images, + meta/recipes-sato/images, etc. all found in the + Source Directory. + Or, the target can be the name of a recipe for a specific piece of software such as + BusyBox. + For more details about the images the OpenEmbedded build system supports, see the + "Images" chapter. + + + + Building an image without GNU General Public License Version 3 (GPLv3) components + is supported for only minimal and base images. + See the "Images" chapter for more information. + +
+ +
+ Building an Image Using GPL Components + + + When building an image using GPL components, you need to maintain your original + settings and not switch back and forth applying different versions of the GNU + General Public License. + If you rebuild using different versions of GPL, dependency errors might occur + due to some components not being rebuilt. + +
+
+ +
+ Installing and Using the Result + + + Once an image has been built, it often needs to be installed. + The images and kernels built by the OpenEmbedded build system are placed in the + Build Directory in + tmp/deploy/images. + For information on how to run pre-built images such as qemux86 + and qemuarm, see the + "Using Pre-Built Binaries and QEMU" + section in the Yocto Project Quick Start. + For information about how to install these images, see the documentation for your + particular board or machine. + +
+ +
+ Debugging Build Failures + + + The exact method for debugging build failures depends on the nature of + the problem and on the system's area from which the bug originates. + Standard debugging practices such as comparison against the last + known working version with examination of the changes and the + re-application of steps to identify the one causing the problem are + valid for the Yocto Project just as they are for any other system. + Even though it is impossible to detail every possible potential failure, + this section provides some general tips to aid in debugging. + + + + A useful feature for debugging is the error reporting tool. + Configuring the Yocto Project to use this tool causes the + OpenEmbedded build system to produce error reporting commands as + part of the console output. + You can enter the commands after the build completes + to log error information + into a common database, that can help you figure out what might be + going wrong. + For information on how to enable and use this feature, see the + "Using the Error Reporting Tool" + section in the Yocto Project Development Manual. + + + + For discussions on debugging, see the + "Debugging With the GNU Project Debugger (GDB) Remotely" + and + "Working within Eclipse" + sections in the Yocto Project Development Manual. + + + + The remainder of this section presents many examples of the + bitbake command. + You can learn about BitBake by reading the + BitBake User Manual. + + + +
+ Task Failures + + The log file for shell tasks is available in + ${WORKDIR}/temp/log.do_taskname.pid. + For example, the compile task for the QEMU minimal image for the x86 + machine (qemux86) might be + tmp/work/qemux86-poky-linux/core-image-minimal/1.0-r0/temp/log.do_compile.20830. + To see what + BitBake + runs to generate that log, look at the corresponding + run.do_taskname.pid file located in the same directory. + + + + Presently, the output from Python tasks is sent directly to the console. + +
+ +
+ Running Specific Tasks + + + Any given package consists of a set of tasks. + The standard BitBake behavior in most cases is: fetch, + unpack, + patch, configure, + compile, install, package, + package_write, and build. + The default task is build and any tasks on which it depends + build first. + Some tasks, such as devshell, are not part of the + default build chain. + If you wish to run a task that is not part of the default build chain, you can use the + -c option in BitBake. + Here is an example: + + $ bitbake matchbox-desktop -c devshell + + + + + If you wish to rerun a task, use the -f force + option. + For example, the following sequence forces recompilation after + changing files in the work directory. + + $ bitbake matchbox-desktop + . + . + [make some changes to the source code in the work directory] + . + . + $ bitbake matchbox-desktop -c compile -f + $ bitbake matchbox-desktop + + + + + This sequence first builds and then recompiles + matchbox-desktop. + The last command reruns all tasks (basically the packaging tasks) after the compile. + BitBake recognizes that the compile task was rerun and therefore + understands that the other tasks also need to be run again. + + + + You can view a list of tasks in a given package by running the + listtasks task as follows: + + $ bitbake matchbox-desktop -c listtasks + + The results appear as output to the console and are also in the + file ${WORKDIR}/temp/log.do_listtasks. + +
+ +
+ Dependency Graphs + + + Sometimes it can be hard to see why BitBake wants to build + other packages before building a given package you have specified. + The bitbake -g <targetname> command + creates the pn-buildlist, + pn-depends.dot, + package-depends.dot, and + task-depends.dot files in the current + directory. + These files show what will be built and the package and task + dependencies, which are useful for debugging problems. + You can use the + bitbake -g -u depexp <targetname> + command to display the results in a more human-readable form. + +
+ +
+ General BitBake Problems + + + You can see debug output from BitBake by using the -D option. + The debug output gives more information about what BitBake + is doing and the reason behind it. + Each -D option you use increases the logging level. + The most common usage is -DDD. + + + + The output from bitbake -DDD -v targetname can reveal why + BitBake chose a certain version of a package or why BitBake + picked a certain provider. + This command could also help you in a situation where you think BitBake did something + unexpected. + +
+ +
+ Development Host System Issues + + + Sometimes issues on the host development system can cause your + build to fail. + Following are known, host-specific problems. + Be sure to always consult the + Release Notes + for a look at all release-related issues. + + eglibc-initial fails to build: + If your development host system has the unpatched + GNU Make 3.82, + the do_install task + fails for eglibc-initial during the + build. + Typically, every distribution that ships + GNU Make 3.82 as + the default already has the patched version. + However, some distributions, such as Debian, have + GNU Make 3.82 as an option, which + is unpatched. + You will see this error on these types of distributions. + Switch to GNU Make 3.81 or patch + your make to solve the problem. + + + +
+ +
+ Building with No Dependencies + + To build a specific recipe (.bb file), + you can use the following command form: + + $ bitbake -b <somepath/somerecipe.bb> + + This command form does not check for dependencies. + Consequently, you should use it + only when you know existing dependencies have been met. + + You can also specify fragments of the filename. + In this case, BitBake checks for a unique match. + + +
+ +
+ Variables + + You can use the -e BitBake option to + display the parsing environment for a configuration. + The following displays the general parsing environment: + + $ bitbake -e + + This next example shows the parsing environment for a specific + recipe: + + $ bitbake -e <recipename> + + +
+ +
+ Recipe Logging Mechanisms + + Best practices exist while writing recipes that both log build progress and + act on build conditions such as warnings and errors. + Both Python and Bash language bindings exist for the logging mechanism: + + Python: For Python functions, BitBake + supports several loglevels: bb.fatal, + bb.error, bb.warn, + bb.note, bb.plain, + and bb.debug. + Bash: For Bash functions, the same set + of loglevels exist and are accessed with a similar syntax: + bbfatal, bberror, + bbwarn, bbnote, + bbplain, and bbdebug. + + + + + For guidance on how logging is handled in both Python and Bash recipes, see the + logging.bbclass file in the + meta/classes folder of the + Source Directory. + + +
+ Logging With Python + + When creating recipes using Python and inserting code that handles build logs, + keep in mind the goal is to have informative logs while keeping the console as + "silent" as possible. + Also, if you want status messages in the log, use the "debug" loglevel. + + + + Following is an example written in Python. + The code handles logging for a function that determines the number of tasks + needed to be run: + + python do_listtasks() { + bb.debug(2, "Starting to figure out the task list") + if noteworthy_condition: + bb.note("There are 47 tasks to run") + bb.debug(2, "Got to point xyz") + if warning_trigger: + bb.warn("Detected warning_trigger, this might be a problem later.") + if recoverable_error: + bb.error("Hit recoverable_error, you really need to fix this!") + if fatal_error: + bb.fatal("fatal_error detected, unable to print the task list") + bb.plain("The tasks present are abc") + bb.debug(2, "Finished figuring out the tasklist") + } + + +
+ +
+ Logging With Bash + + When creating recipes using Bash and inserting code that handles build + logs, you have the same goals - informative with minimal console output. + The syntax you use for recipes written in Bash is similar to that of + recipes written in Python described in the previous section. + + + + Following is an example written in Bash. + The code logs the progress of the do_my_function function. + + do_my_function() { + bbdebug 2 "Running do_my_function" + if [ exceptional_condition ]; then + bbnote "Hit exceptional_condition" + fi + bbdebug 2 "Got to point xyz" + if [ warning_trigger ]; then + bbwarn "Detected warning_trigger, this might cause a problem later." + fi + if [ recoverable_error ]; then + bberror "Hit recoverable_error, correcting" + fi + if [ fatal_error ]; then + bbfatal "fatal_error detected" + fi + bbdebug 2 "Completed do_my_function" + } + + +
+
+ +
+ Other Tips + + + Here are some other tips that you might find useful: + + When adding new packages, it is worth watching for + undesirable items making their way into compiler command lines. + For example, you do not want references to local system files like + /usr/lib/ or /usr/include/. + + If you want to remove the psplash + boot splashscreen, + add psplash=false to the kernel command line. + Doing so prevents psplash from loading + and thus allows you to see the console. + It is also possible to switch out of the splashscreen by + switching the virtual console (e.g. Fn+Left or Fn+Right on a Zaurus). + + + +
+
+ +
+ Maintaining Build Output Quality + + + Many factors can influence the quality of a build. + For example, if you upgrade a recipe to use a new version of an upstream software + package or you experiment with some new configuration options, subtle changes + can occur that you might not detect until later. + Consider the case where your recipe is using a newer version of an upstream package. + In this case, a new version of a piece of software might introduce an optional + dependency on another library, which is auto-detected. + If that library has already been built when the software is building, + the software will link to the built library and that library will be pulled + into your image along with the new software even if you did not want the + library. + + + + The + buildhistory + class exists to help you maintain + the quality of your build output. + You can use the class to highlight unexpected and possibly unwanted + changes in the build output. + When you enable build history, it records information about the contents of + each package and image and then commits that information to a local Git + repository where you can examine the information. + + + + The remainder of this section describes the following: + + How you can enable and disable + build history + How to understand what the build history contains + + How to limit the information used for build history + + How to examine the build history from both a + command-line and web interface + + + +
+ Enabling and Disabling Build History + + + Build history is disabled by default. + To enable it, add the following INHERIT + statement and set the + BUILDHISTORY_COMMIT + variable to "1" at the end of your + conf/local.conf file found in the + Build Directory: + + INHERIT += "buildhistory" + BUILDHISTORY_COMMIT = "1" + + Enabling build history as previously described + causes the build process to collect build + output information and commit it to a local + Git repository. + + Enabling build history increases your build times slightly, + particularly for images, and increases the amount of disk + space used during the build. + + + + + You can disable build history by removing the previous statements + from your conf/local.conf file. + +
+ +
+ Understanding What the Build History Contains + + + Build history information is kept in + $TOPDIR/buildhistory + in the Build Directory as defined by the + BUILDHISTORY_DIR + variable. + The following is an example abbreviated listing: + + + + + At the top level, there is a metadata-revs file + that lists the revisions of the repositories for the layers enabled + when the build was produced. + The rest of the data splits into separate + packages, images and + sdk directories, the contents of which are + described below. + + +
+ Build History Package Information + + + The history for each package contains a text file that has + name-value pairs with information about the package. + For example, buildhistory/packages/core2-poky-linux/busybox/busybox/latest + contains the following: + + PV = 1.19.3 + PR = r3 + RDEPENDS = update-rc.d eglibc (>= 2.13) + RRECOMMENDS = busybox-syslog busybox-udhcpc + PKGSIZE = 564701 + FILES = /usr/bin/* /usr/sbin/* /usr/libexec/* /usr/lib/lib*.so.* \ + /etc /com /var /bin/* /sbin/* /lib/*.so.* /usr/share/busybox \ + /usr/lib/busybox/* /usr/share/pixmaps /usr/share/applications \ + /usr/share/idl /usr/share/omf /usr/share/sounds /usr/lib/bonobo/servers + FILELIST = /etc/busybox.links /etc/init.d/hwclock.sh /bin/busybox /bin/sh + + Most of these name-value pairs correspond to variables used + to produce the package. + The exceptions are FILELIST, which is the + actual list of files in the package, and + PKGSIZE, which is the total size of files + in the package in bytes. + + + + There is also a file corresponding to the recipe from which the + package came (e.g. + buildhistory/packages/core2-poky-linux/busybox/latest): + + PV = 1.19.3 + PR = r3 + DEPENDS = virtual/i586-poky-linux-gcc virtual/i586-poky-linux-compilerlibs \ + virtual/libc update-rc.d-native + PACKAGES = busybox-httpd busybox-udhcpd busybox-udhcpc busybox-syslog \ + busybox-mdev busybox-dbg busybox busybox-doc busybox-dev \ + busybox-staticdev busybox-locale + + + + + Finally, for those recipes fetched from a version control + system (e.g., Git), a file exists that lists source revisions + that are specified in the recipe and lists the actual revisions + used during the build. + Listed and actual revisions might differ when + SRCREV + is set to + ${AUTOREV}. + Here is an example assuming + buildhistory/packages/emenlow-poky-linux/linux-yocto/latest_srcrev): + + # SRCREV_machine = "b5c37fe6e24eec194bb29d22fdd55d73bcc709bf" + SRCREV_machine = "b5c37fe6e24eec194bb29d22fdd55d73bcc709bf" + # SRCREV_emgd = "caea08c988e0f41103bbe18eafca20348f95da02" + SRCREV_emgd = "caea08c988e0f41103bbe18eafca20348f95da02" + # SRCREV_meta = "c2ed0f16fdec628242a682897d5d86df4547cf24" + SRCREV_meta = "c2ed0f16fdec628242a682897d5d86df4547cf24" + + You can use the buildhistory-collect-srcrevs + command to collect the stored SRCREV values + from build history and report them in a format suitable for use in + global configuration (e.g., local.conf + or a distro include file) to override floating + AUTOREV values to a fixed set of revisions. + Here is some example output from this command: + + # emenlow-poky-linux + SRCREV_machine_pn-linux-yocto = "b5c37fe6e24eec194bb29d22fdd55d73bcc709bf" + SRCREV_emgd_pn-linux-yocto = "caea08c988e0f41103bbe18eafca20348f95da02" + SRCREV_meta_pn-linux-yocto = "c2ed0f16fdec628242a682897d5d86df4547cf24" + # core2-poky-linux + SRCREV_pn-kmod = "62081c0f68905b22f375156d4532fd37fa5c8d33" + SRCREV_pn-blktrace = "d6918c8832793b4205ed3bfede78c2f915c23385" + SRCREV_pn-opkg = "649" + + + Here are some notes on using the + buildhistory-collect-srcrevs command: + + By default, only values where the + SRCREV was + not hardcoded (usually when AUTOREV + was used) are reported. + Use the -a option to see all + SRCREV values. + + The output statements might not have any effect + if overrides are applied elsewhere in the build system + configuration. + Use the -f option to add the + forcevariable override to each output line + if you need to work around this restriction. + + The script does apply special handling when + building for multiple machines. + However, the script does place a + comment before each set of values that specifies + which triplet to which they belong as shown above + (e.g., emenlow-poky-linux). + + + + +
+ +
+ Build History Image Information + + + The files produced for each image are as follows: + + image-files: + A directory containing selected files from the root + filesystem. + The files are defined by + BUILDHISTORY_IMAGE_FILES. + + build-id: + Human-readable information about the build configuration + and metadata source revisions. + *.dot: + Dependency graphs for the image that are + compatible with graphviz. + + files-in-image.txt: + A list of files in the image with permissions, + owner, group, size, and symlink information. + + image-info.txt: + A text file containing name-value pairs with information + about the image. + See the following listing example for more information. + + installed-package-names.txt: + A list of installed packages by name only. + installed-package-sizes.txt: + A list of installed packages ordered by size. + + installed-packages.txt: + A list of installed packages with full package + filenames. + + + Installed package information is able to be gathered and + produced even if package management is disabled for the final + image. + + + + + Here is an example of image-info.txt: + + DISTRO = poky + DISTRO_VERSION = 1.1+snapshot-20120207 + USER_CLASSES = image-mklibs image-prelink + IMAGE_CLASSES = image_types + IMAGE_FEATURES = debug-tweaks x11-base apps-x11-core \ + package-management ssh-server-dropbear package-management + IMAGE_LINGUAS = en-us en-gb + IMAGE_INSTALL = task-core-boot task-base-extended + BAD_RECOMMENDATIONS = + ROOTFS_POSTPROCESS_COMMAND = buildhistory_get_image_installed ; rootfs_update_timestamp ; + IMAGE_POSTPROCESS_COMMAND = buildhistory_get_imageinfo ; + IMAGESIZE = 171816 + + Other than IMAGESIZE, which is the + total size of the files in the image in Kbytes, the + name-value pairs are variables that may have influenced the + content of the image. + This information is often useful when you are trying to determine + why a change in the package or file listings has occurred. + +
+ +
+ Using Build History to Gather Image Information Only + + + As you can see, build history produces image information, + including dependency graphs, so you can see why something + was pulled into the image. + If you are just interested in this information and not + interested in collecting specific package or SDK information, + you can enable writing only image information without + any history by adding the following to your + conf/local.conf file found in the + Build Directory: + + INHERIT += "buildhistory" + BUILDHISTORY_COMMIT = "0" + BUILDHISTORY_FEATURES = "image" + + Here, you set the + BUILDHISTORY_FEATURES + variable to use the image feature only. + +
+ +
+ Build History SDK Information + + Build history collects similar information on the contents + of SDKs (e.g. meta-toolchain + or bitbake -c populate_sdk imagename) + as compared to information it collects for images. + The following list shows the files produced for each SDK: + + files-in-sdk.txt: + A list of files in the SDK with permissions, + owner, group, size, and symlink information. + This list includes both the host and target parts + of the SDK. + + sdk-info.txt: + A text file containing name-value pairs with information + about the SDK. + See the following listing example for more information. + + The following information appears under + each of the host + and target directories + for the portions of the SDK that run on the host and + on the target, respectively: + + depends.dot: + Dependency graph for the SDK that is + compatible with graphviz. + + installed-package-names.txt: + A list of installed packages by name only. + + installed-package-sizes.txt: + A list of installed packages ordered by size. + + installed-packages.txt: + A list of installed packages with full package + filenames. + + + + + + + Here is an example of sdk-info.txt: + + DISTRO = poky + DISTRO_VERSION = 1.3+snapshot-20130327 + SDK_NAME = poky-eglibc-i686-arm + SDK_VERSION = 1.3+snapshot + SDKMACHINE = + SDKIMAGE_FEATURES = dev-pkgs dbg-pkgs + BAD_RECOMMENDATIONS = + SDKSIZE = 352712 + + Other than SDKSIZE, which is the + total size of the files in the SDK in Kbytes, the + name-value pairs are variables that might have influenced the + content of the SDK. + This information is often useful when you are trying to + determine why a change in the package or file listings + has occurred. + +
+ +
+ Examining Build History Information + + + You can examine build history output from the command line or + from a web interface. + + + + To see any changes that have occurred (assuming you have + BUILDHISTORY_COMMIT = "1"), + you can simply + use any Git command that allows you to view the history of + a repository. + Here is one method: + + $ git log -p + + You need to realize, however, that this method does show + changes that are not significant (e.g. a package's size + changing by a few bytes). + + + + A command-line tool called buildhistory-diff + does exist, though, that queries the Git repository and prints just + the differences that might be significant in human-readable form. + Here is an example: + + $ ~/poky/poky/scripts/buildhistory-diff . HEAD^ + Changes to images/qemux86_64/eglibc/core-image-minimal (files-in-image.txt): + /etc/anotherpkg.conf was added + /sbin/anotherpkg was added + * (installed-package-names.txt): + * anotherpkg was added + Changes to images/qemux86_64/eglibc/core-image-minimal (installed-package-names.txt): + anotherpkg was added + packages/qemux86_64-poky-linux/v86d: PACKAGES: added "v86d-extras" + * PR changed from "r0" to "r1" + * PV changed from "0.1.10" to "0.1.12" + packages/qemux86_64-poky-linux/v86d/v86d: PKGSIZE changed from 110579 to 144381 (+30%) + * PR changed from "r0" to "r1" + * PV changed from "0.1.10" to "0.1.12" + + + + + To see changes to the build history using a web interface, follow + the instruction in the README file here. + . + + + + Here is a sample screenshot of the interface: + + +
+
+
+ + + diff --git a/documentation/template/Vera.ttf b/documentation/template/Vera.ttf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..58cd6b5 Binary files /dev/null and b/documentation/template/Vera.ttf differ diff --git a/documentation/template/Vera.xml b/documentation/template/Vera.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3c82043 --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/template/Vera.xml @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +BitstreamVeraSans729546928-235-183-23512879283200TYPE0CIDFontType20 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/documentation/template/VeraMoBd.ttf b/documentation/template/VeraMoBd.ttf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9be6547 Binary files /dev/null and b/documentation/template/VeraMoBd.ttf differ diff --git a/documentation/template/VeraMoBd.xml b/documentation/template/VeraMoBd.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9b33107 --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/template/VeraMoBd.xml @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +BitstreamVeraSansMono-BoldBitstream Vera Sans Mono BoldBitstream Vera Sans Mono729546759-240-19-2356059283400TYPE0CIDFontType20 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/documentation/template/VeraMono.ttf b/documentation/template/VeraMono.ttf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..139f0b4 Binary files /dev/null and b/documentation/template/VeraMono.ttf differ diff --git a/documentation/template/VeraMono.xml b/documentation/template/VeraMono.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3a0a866 --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/template/VeraMono.xml @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +BitstreamVeraSansMono-RomanBitstream Vera Sans MonoBitstream Vera Sans Mono729546759-240-4-2356059283400TYPE0CIDFontType20 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/documentation/template/draft.png b/documentation/template/draft.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..53051a9 Binary files /dev/null and b/documentation/template/draft.png differ diff --git a/documentation/template/fop-config.xml b/documentation/template/fop-config.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..09cc5ca --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/template/fop-config.xml @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ + + + + true + + + true + + + ../template + ../template + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/documentation/template/ohand-color.svg b/documentation/template/ohand-color.svg new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e42ff9c --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/template/ohand-color.svg @@ -0,0 +1,150 @@ + + + + + + + + + image/svg+xml + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/documentation/template/poky-db-pdf.xsl b/documentation/template/poky-db-pdf.xsl new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f8a3df1 --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/template/poky-db-pdf.xsl @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1 10 1 + + + + + + 0.5pt + solid + #999999 + + + + + + 0.5pt + solid + #999999 + + + + + #999999 + + + + #999999 + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/documentation/template/poky-ref-manual.png b/documentation/template/poky-ref-manual.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2085edb Binary files /dev/null and b/documentation/template/poky-ref-manual.png differ diff --git a/documentation/template/poky.svg b/documentation/template/poky.svg new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a4ea5e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/template/poky.svg @@ -0,0 +1,163 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/documentation/template/titlepage.templates.xml b/documentation/template/titlepage.templates.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f53f147 --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/template/titlepage.templates.xml @@ -0,0 +1,1227 @@ + + + + + + + + + + + + +]> + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + <subtitle param:node="ancestor-or-self::article[1]" + keep-with-next="always" + font-size="&hsize3;" + font-weight="bold" + space-after="0.8em"/> + + <corpauthor space-before="0.5em" + font-size="&hsize3;"/> + <authorgroup space-before="0.5em" + font-size="&hsize2;"/> + <author space-before="0.5em" + font-size="&hsize2;" + space-after="0.8em"/> + + <email font-size="&hsize2;"/> + + <othercredit space-before="0.5em"/> + <releaseinfo space-before="0.5em"/> + <copyright space-before="0.5em"/> + <legalnotice text-align="start" + margin-left="0.5in" + margin-right="0.5in" + font-family="{$body.fontset}"/> + <pubdate space-before="0.5em"/> + <para></para> + <revision space-before="0.5em"/> + <revhistory space-before="0.5em"/> + <abstract space-before="0.5em" + text-align="start" + margin-left="0.5in" + margin-right="0.5in" + font-family="{$body.fontset}"/> + + <para></para> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-content t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-separator> + </t:titlepage-separator> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="recto"> + </t:titlepage-before> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-before> +</t:titlepage> + +<!-- ==================================================================== --> + +<t:titlepage t:element="set" t:wrapper="fo:block"> + <t:titlepage-content t:side="recto"> + <title + t:named-template="division.title" + param:node="ancestor-or-self::set[1]" + text-align="center" + font-size="&hsize5;" + space-before="&hsize5space;" + font-weight="bold" + font-family="{$title.fontset}"/> + <subtitle + font-family="{$title.fontset}" + text-align="center"/> + <corpauthor/> + <authorgroup/> + <author/> + <othercredit/> + <releaseinfo/> + <copyright/> + <legalnotice/> + <pubdate/> + <revision/> + <revhistory/> + <abstract/> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-content t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-separator> + </t:titlepage-separator> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="recto"> + </t:titlepage-before> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-before> +</t:titlepage> + +<!-- ==================================================================== --> + + <t:titlepage t:element="book" t:wrapper="fo:block"> + <t:titlepage-content t:side="recto"> + + <mediaobject/> + + <subtitle + text-align="center" + font-size="&hsize4;" + space-before="&hsize4space;" + font-family="{$title.fontset}"/> + <corpauthor font-size="&hsize3;" + keep-with-next="always" + space-before="2in"/> + <authorgroup space-before="2in"/> + <author font-size="&hsize3;" + space-before="&hsize2space;" + keep-with-next="always"/> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-content t:side="verso"> + <corpauthor/> + <authorgroup t:named-template="verso.authorgroup"/> + <author/> + <othercredit/> + <pubdate space-before="1em"/> + <copyright/> + <abstract/> + <legalnotice font-size="8pt"/> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-separator> + <fo:block break-after="page"/> + </t:titlepage-separator> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="recto"> + </t:titlepage-before> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="verso"> + <fo:block break-after="page"/> + </t:titlepage-before> +</t:titlepage> + +<!-- ==================================================================== --> + +<t:titlepage t:element="part" t:wrapper="fo:block"> + <t:titlepage-content t:side="recto"> + <title + t:named-template="division.title" + param:node="ancestor-or-self::part[1]" + text-align="center" + font-size="&hsize5;" + space-before="&hsize5space;" + font-weight="bold" + font-family="{$title.fontset}"/> + <subtitle + text-align="center" + font-size="&hsize4;" + space-before="&hsize4space;" + font-weight='bold' + font-style='italic' + font-family="{$title.fontset}"/> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-content t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-separator> + </t:titlepage-separator> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="recto"> + </t:titlepage-before> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-before> +</t:titlepage> + +<t:titlepage t:element="partintro" t:wrapper="fo:block"> + <t:titlepage-content t:side="recto"> + <title + text-align="center" + font-size="&hsize5;" + font-weight="bold" + space-before="1em" + font-family="{$title.fontset}"/> + <subtitle + text-align="center" + font-size="&hsize2;" + font-weight="bold" + font-style="italic" + font-family="{$title.fontset}"/> + <corpauthor/> + <authorgroup/> + <author/> + <othercredit/> + <releaseinfo/> + <copyright/> + <legalnotice/> + <pubdate/> + <revision/> + <revhistory/> + <abstract/> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-content t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-separator> + </t:titlepage-separator> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="recto"> + </t:titlepage-before> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-before> +</t:titlepage> + +<!-- ==================================================================== --> + +<t:titlepage t:element="reference" t:wrapper="fo:block"> + <t:titlepage-content t:side="recto"> + <title + t:named-template="division.title" + param:node="ancestor-or-self::reference[1]" + text-align="center" + font-size="&hsize5;" + space-before="&hsize5space;" + font-weight="bold" + font-family="{$title.fontset}"/> + <subtitle + font-family="{$title.fontset}" + text-align="center"/> + <corpauthor/> + <authorgroup/> + <author/> + <othercredit/> + <releaseinfo/> + <copyright/> + <legalnotice/> + <pubdate/> + <revision/> + <revhistory/> + <abstract/> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-content t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-separator> + </t:titlepage-separator> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="recto"> + </t:titlepage-before> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-before> +</t:titlepage> + +<!-- ==================================================================== --> + +<t:titlepage t:element="refsynopsisdiv" t:wrapper="fo:block"> + <t:titlepage-content t:side="recto"> + <title + font-family="{$title.fontset}"/> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-content t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-separator> + </t:titlepage-separator> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="recto"> + </t:titlepage-before> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-before> +</t:titlepage> + +<!-- ==================================================================== --> + +<t:titlepage t:element="refsection" t:wrapper="fo:block"> + <t:titlepage-content t:side="recto"> + <title + font-family="{$title.fontset}"/> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-content t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-separator> + </t:titlepage-separator> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="recto"> + </t:titlepage-before> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-before> +</t:titlepage> + +<!-- ==================================================================== --> + +<t:titlepage t:element="refsect1" t:wrapper="fo:block"> + <t:titlepage-content t:side="recto"> + <title + font-family="{$title.fontset}"/> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-content t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-separator> + </t:titlepage-separator> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="recto"> + </t:titlepage-before> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-before> +</t:titlepage> + +<!-- ==================================================================== --> + +<t:titlepage t:element="refsect2" t:wrapper="fo:block"> + <t:titlepage-content t:side="recto"> + <title + font-family="{$title.fontset}"/> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-content t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-separator> + </t:titlepage-separator> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="recto"> + </t:titlepage-before> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-before> +</t:titlepage> + +<!-- ==================================================================== --> + +<t:titlepage t:element="refsect3" t:wrapper="fo:block"> + <t:titlepage-content t:side="recto"> + <title + font-family="{$title.fontset}"/> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-content t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-separator> + </t:titlepage-separator> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="recto"> + </t:titlepage-before> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-before> +</t:titlepage> + +<!-- ==================================================================== --> + + <t:titlepage t:element="dedication" t:wrapper="fo:block"> + <t:titlepage-content t:side="recto"> + <title + t:force="1" + t:named-template="component.title" + param:node="ancestor-or-self::dedication[1]" + margin-left="{$title.margin.left}" + font-size="&hsize5;" + font-family="{$title.fontset}" + font-weight="bold"/> + <subtitle + font-family="{$title.fontset}"/> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-content t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-separator> + </t:titlepage-separator> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="recto"> + </t:titlepage-before> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-before> +</t:titlepage> + +<!-- ==================================================================== --> + + <t:titlepage t:element="preface" t:wrapper="fo:block"> + <t:titlepage-content t:side="recto"> + <title + t:force="1" + t:named-template="component.title" + param:node="ancestor-or-self::preface[1]" + margin-left="{$title.margin.left}" + font-size="&hsize5;" + font-family="{$title.fontset}" + font-weight="bold"/> + <subtitle + font-family="{$title.fontset}"/> + <corpauthor/> + <authorgroup/> + <author/> + <othercredit/> + <releaseinfo/> + <copyright/> + <legalnotice/> + <pubdate/> + <revision/> + <revhistory/> + <abstract/> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-content t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-separator> + </t:titlepage-separator> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="recto"> + </t:titlepage-before> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-before> +</t:titlepage> + +<!-- ==================================================================== --> + + <t:titlepage t:element="chapter" t:wrapper="fo:block" + font-family="{$title.fontset}"> + <t:titlepage-content t:side="recto" margin-left="{$title.margin.left}"> + <title t:named-template="component.title" + param:node="ancestor-or-self::chapter[1]" + font-size="&hsize5;" + font-weight="bold"/> + + <subtitle space-before="0.5em" + font-style="italic" + font-size="&hsize2;" + font-weight="bold"/> + + <corpauthor space-before="0.5em" + space-after="0.5em" + font-size="&hsize2;"/> + + <authorgroup space-before="0.5em" + space-after="0.5em" + font-size="&hsize2;"/> + + <author space-before="0.5em" + space-after="0.5em" + font-size="&hsize2;"/> + + <othercredit/> + <releaseinfo/> + <copyright/> + <legalnotice/> + <pubdate/> + <revision/> + <revhistory/> + <abstract/> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-content t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-separator> + </t:titlepage-separator> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="recto"> + </t:titlepage-before> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-before> +</t:titlepage> + +<!-- ==================================================================== --> + + <t:titlepage t:element="appendix" t:wrapper="fo:block"> + <t:titlepage-content t:side="recto"> + <title + t:named-template="component.title" + param:node="ancestor-or-self::appendix[1]" + margin-left="{$title.margin.left}" + font-size="&hsize5;" + font-weight="bold" + font-family="{$title.fontset}"/> + <subtitle + font-family="{$title.fontset}"/> + <corpauthor/> + <authorgroup/> + <author/> + <othercredit/> + <releaseinfo/> + <copyright/> + <legalnotice/> + <pubdate/> + <revision/> + <revhistory/> + <abstract/> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-content t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-separator> + </t:titlepage-separator> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="recto"> + </t:titlepage-before> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-before> +</t:titlepage> + +<!-- ==================================================================== --> + +<t:titlepage t:element="section" t:wrapper="fo:block"> + <t:titlepage-content t:side="recto"> + <title + margin-left="{$title.margin.left}" + font-family="{$title.fontset}"/> + <subtitle + font-family="{$title.fontset}"/> + <corpauthor/> + <authorgroup/> + <author/> + <othercredit/> + <releaseinfo/> + <copyright/> + <legalnotice/> + <pubdate/> + <revision/> + <revhistory/> + <abstract/> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-content t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-separator> + </t:titlepage-separator> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="recto"> + </t:titlepage-before> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-before> +</t:titlepage> + +<t:titlepage t:element="sect1" t:wrapper="fo:block"> + <t:titlepage-content t:side="recto"> + <title + margin-left="{$title.margin.left}" + font-family="{$title.fontset}"/> + <subtitle + font-family="{$title.fontset}"/> + <corpauthor/> + <authorgroup/> + <author/> + <othercredit/> + <releaseinfo/> + <copyright/> + <legalnotice/> + <pubdate/> + <revision/> + <revhistory/> + <abstract/> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-content t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-separator> + </t:titlepage-separator> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="recto"> + </t:titlepage-before> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-before> +</t:titlepage> + +<t:titlepage t:element="sect2" t:wrapper="fo:block"> + <t:titlepage-content t:side="recto"> + <title + margin-left="{$title.margin.left}" + font-family="{$title.fontset}"/> + <subtitle + font-family="{$title.fontset}"/> + <corpauthor/> + <authorgroup/> + <author/> + <othercredit/> + <releaseinfo/> + <copyright/> + <legalnotice/> + <pubdate/> + <revision/> + <revhistory/> + <abstract/> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-content t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-separator> + </t:titlepage-separator> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="recto"> + </t:titlepage-before> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-before> +</t:titlepage> + +<t:titlepage t:element="sect3" t:wrapper="fo:block"> + <t:titlepage-content t:side="recto"> + <title + margin-left="{$title.margin.left}" + font-family="{$title.fontset}"/> + <subtitle + font-family="{$title.fontset}"/> + <corpauthor/> + <authorgroup/> + <author/> + <othercredit/> + <releaseinfo/> + <copyright/> + <legalnotice/> + <pubdate/> + <revision/> + <revhistory/> + <abstract/> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-content t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-separator> + </t:titlepage-separator> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="recto"> + </t:titlepage-before> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-before> +</t:titlepage> + +<t:titlepage t:element="sect4" t:wrapper="fo:block"> + <t:titlepage-content t:side="recto"> + <title + margin-left="{$title.margin.left}" + font-family="{$title.fontset}"/> + <subtitle + font-family="{$title.fontset}"/> + <corpauthor/> + <authorgroup/> + <author/> + <othercredit/> + <releaseinfo/> + <copyright/> + <legalnotice/> + <pubdate/> + <revision/> + <revhistory/> + <abstract/> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-content t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-separator> + </t:titlepage-separator> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="recto"> + </t:titlepage-before> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-before> +</t:titlepage> + +<t:titlepage t:element="sect5" t:wrapper="fo:block"> + <t:titlepage-content t:side="recto"> + <title + margin-left="{$title.margin.left}" + font-family="{$title.fontset}"/> + <subtitle + font-family="{$title.fontset}"/> + <corpauthor/> + <authorgroup/> + <author/> + <othercredit/> + <releaseinfo/> + <copyright/> + <legalnotice/> + <pubdate/> + <revision/> + <revhistory/> + <abstract/> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-content t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-separator> + </t:titlepage-separator> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="recto"> + </t:titlepage-before> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-before> +</t:titlepage> + +<t:titlepage t:element="simplesect" t:wrapper="fo:block"> + <t:titlepage-content t:side="recto"> + <title + margin-left="{$title.margin.left}" + font-family="{$title.fontset}"/> + <subtitle + font-family="{$title.fontset}"/> + <corpauthor/> + <authorgroup/> + <author/> + <othercredit/> + <releaseinfo/> + <copyright/> + <legalnotice/> + <pubdate/> + <revision/> + <revhistory/> + <abstract/> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-content t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-separator> + </t:titlepage-separator> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="recto"> + </t:titlepage-before> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-before> +</t:titlepage> + +<!-- ==================================================================== --> + + <t:titlepage t:element="bibliography" t:wrapper="fo:block"> + <t:titlepage-content t:side="recto"> + <title + t:force="1" + t:named-template="component.title" + param:node="ancestor-or-self::bibliography[1]" + margin-left="{$title.margin.left}" + font-size="&hsize5;" + font-family="{$title.fontset}" + font-weight="bold"/> + <subtitle + font-family="{$title.fontset}"/> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-content t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-separator> + </t:titlepage-separator> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="recto"> + </t:titlepage-before> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-before> + </t:titlepage> + +<!-- ==================================================================== --> + + <t:titlepage t:element="bibliodiv" t:wrapper="fo:block"> + <t:titlepage-content t:side="recto"> + <title t:named-template="component.title" + param:node="ancestor-or-self::bibliodiv[1]" + margin-left="{$title.margin.left}" + font-size="&hsize4;" + font-family="{$title.fontset}" + font-weight="bold"/> + <subtitle + font-family="{$title.fontset}"/> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-content t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-separator> + </t:titlepage-separator> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="recto"> + </t:titlepage-before> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-before> + </t:titlepage> + +<!-- ==================================================================== --> + + <t:titlepage t:element="glossary" t:wrapper="fo:block"> + <t:titlepage-content t:side="recto"> + <title + t:force="1" + t:named-template="component.title" + param:node="ancestor-or-self::glossary[1]" + margin-left="{$title.margin.left}" + font-size="&hsize5;" + font-family="{$title.fontset}" + font-weight="bold"/> + <subtitle + font-family="{$title.fontset}"/> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-content t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-separator> + </t:titlepage-separator> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="recto"> + </t:titlepage-before> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-before> + </t:titlepage> + +<!-- ==================================================================== --> + + <t:titlepage t:element="glossdiv" t:wrapper="fo:block"> + <t:titlepage-content t:side="recto"> + <title t:named-template="component.title" + param:node="ancestor-or-self::glossdiv[1]" + margin-left="{$title.margin.left}" + font-size="&hsize4;" + font-family="{$title.fontset}" + font-weight="bold"/> + <subtitle + font-family="{$title.fontset}"/> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-content t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-separator> + </t:titlepage-separator> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="recto"> + </t:titlepage-before> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-before> + </t:titlepage> + +<!-- ==================================================================== --> + + <t:titlepage t:element="index" t:wrapper="fo:block"> + <t:titlepage-content t:side="recto"> + <title + t:force="1" + t:named-template="component.title" + param:node="ancestor-or-self::index[1]" + param:pagewide="1" + margin-left="0pt" + font-size="&hsize5;" + font-family="{$title.fontset}" + font-weight="bold"/> + <subtitle + font-family="{$title.fontset}"/> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-content t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-separator> + </t:titlepage-separator> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="recto"> + </t:titlepage-before> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-before> + </t:titlepage> + +<!-- ==================================================================== --> + + <!-- The indexdiv.title template is used so that manual and --> + <!-- automatically generated indexdiv titles get the same --> + <!-- formatting. --> + + <t:titlepage t:element="indexdiv" t:wrapper="fo:block"> + <t:titlepage-content t:side="recto"> + <title t:force="1" + t:named-template="indexdiv.title" + param:title="title"/> + <subtitle + font-family="{$title.fontset}"/> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-content t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-separator> + </t:titlepage-separator> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="recto"> + </t:titlepage-before> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-before> + </t:titlepage> + +<!-- ==================================================================== --> + + <t:titlepage t:element="setindex" t:wrapper="fo:block"> + <t:titlepage-content t:side="recto"> + <title + t:force="1" + t:named-template="component.title" + param:node="ancestor-or-self::setindex[1]" + param:pagewide="1" + margin-left="0pt" + font-size="&hsize5;" + font-family="{$title.fontset}" + font-weight="bold"/> + <subtitle + font-family="{$title.fontset}"/> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-content t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-separator> + </t:titlepage-separator> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="recto"> + </t:titlepage-before> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-before> + </t:titlepage> + +<!-- ==================================================================== --> + + <t:titlepage t:element="colophon" t:wrapper="fo:block"> + <t:titlepage-content t:side="recto"> + <title + t:force="1" + t:named-template="component.title" + param:node="ancestor-or-self::colophon[1]" + margin-left="{$title.margin.left}" + font-size="&hsize5;" + font-family="{$title.fontset}" + font-weight="bold"/> + <subtitle + font-family="{$title.fontset}"/> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-content t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-separator> + </t:titlepage-separator> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="recto"> + </t:titlepage-before> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-before> +</t:titlepage> + +<!-- ==================================================================== --> + + <t:titlepage t:element="table.of.contents" t:wrapper="fo:block"> + <t:titlepage-content t:side="recto"> + <title + t:force="1" + t:named-template="gentext" + param:key="'TableofContents'" + space-before.minimum="1em" + space-before.optimum="1.5em" + space-before.maximum="2em" + space-after="0.5em" + margin-left="{$title.margin.left}" + font-size="&hsize3;" + font-weight="bold" + font-family="{$title.fontset}"/> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-content t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-separator> + </t:titlepage-separator> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="recto"> + </t:titlepage-before> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-before> + </t:titlepage> + + <t:titlepage t:element="list.of.tables" t:wrapper="fo:block"> + <t:titlepage-content t:side="recto"> + <title + t:force="1" + t:named-template="gentext" + param:key="'ListofTables'" + space-before.minimum="1em" + space-before.optimum="1.5em" + space-before.maximum="2em" + space-after="0.5em" + margin-left="{$title.margin.left}" + font-size="&hsize3;" + font-weight="bold" + font-family="{$title.fontset}"/> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-content t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-separator> + </t:titlepage-separator> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="recto"> + </t:titlepage-before> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-before> + </t:titlepage> + + <t:titlepage t:element="list.of.figures" t:wrapper="fo:block"> + <t:titlepage-content t:side="recto"> + <title + t:force="1" + t:named-template="gentext" + param:key="'ListofFigures'" + space-before.minimum="1em" + space-before.optimum="1.5em" + space-before.maximum="2em" + space-after="0.5em" + margin-left="{$title.margin.left}" + font-size="&hsize3;" + font-weight="bold" + font-family="{$title.fontset}"/> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-content t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-separator> + </t:titlepage-separator> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="recto"> + </t:titlepage-before> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-before> + </t:titlepage> + + <t:titlepage t:element="list.of.examples" t:wrapper="fo:block"> + <t:titlepage-content t:side="recto"> + <title + t:force="1" + t:named-template="gentext" + param:key="'ListofExamples'" + space-before.minimum="1em" + space-before.optimum="1.5em" + space-before.maximum="2em" + space-after="0.5em" + margin-left="{$title.margin.left}" + font-size="&hsize3;" + font-weight="bold" + font-family="{$title.fontset}"/> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-content t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-separator> + </t:titlepage-separator> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="recto"> + </t:titlepage-before> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-before> + </t:titlepage> + + <t:titlepage t:element="list.of.equations" t:wrapper="fo:block"> + <t:titlepage-content t:side="recto"> + <title + t:force="1" + t:named-template="gentext" + param:key="'ListofEquations'" + space-before.minimum="1em" + space-before.optimum="1.5em" + space-before.maximum="2em" + space-after="0.5em" + margin-left="{$title.margin.left}" + font-size="&hsize3;" + font-weight="bold" + font-family="{$title.fontset}"/> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-content t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-separator> + </t:titlepage-separator> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="recto"> + </t:titlepage-before> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-before> + </t:titlepage> + + <t:titlepage t:element="list.of.procedures" t:wrapper="fo:block"> + <t:titlepage-content t:side="recto"> + <title + t:force="1" + t:named-template="gentext" + param:key="'ListofProcedures'" + space-before.minimum="1em" + space-before.optimum="1.5em" + space-before.maximum="2em" + space-after="0.5em" + margin-left="{$title.margin.left}" + font-size="&hsize3;" + font-weight="bold" + font-family="{$title.fontset}"/> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-content t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-separator> + </t:titlepage-separator> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="recto"> + </t:titlepage-before> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-before> + </t:titlepage> + + <t:titlepage t:element="list.of.unknowns" t:wrapper="fo:block"> + <t:titlepage-content t:side="recto"> + <title + t:force="1" + t:named-template="gentext" + param:key="'ListofUnknown'" + space-before.minimum="1em" + space-before.optimum="1.5em" + space-before.maximum="2em" + space-after="0.5em" + margin-left="{$title.margin.left}" + font-size="&hsize3;" + font-weight="bold" + font-family="{$title.fontset}"/> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-content t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-content> + + <t:titlepage-separator> + </t:titlepage-separator> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="recto"> + </t:titlepage-before> + + <t:titlepage-before t:side="verso"> + </t:titlepage-before> + </t:titlepage> + +<!-- ==================================================================== --> + +</t:templates> diff --git a/documentation/template/yocto-project-qs.png b/documentation/template/yocto-project-qs.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..333442e Binary files /dev/null and b/documentation/template/yocto-project-qs.png differ diff --git a/documentation/tools/eclipse-help.sed b/documentation/tools/eclipse-help.sed new file mode 100644 index 0000000..38690bc --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/tools/eclipse-help.sed @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +# Processes poky-ref-manual and yocto-project-qs manual (<word>-<word>-<word> style) +# For example: +# "ulink" href="http://www.yoctoproject.org/docs/1.3/poky-ref-manual/poky-ref-manual.html#faq" +# -> "link" href="../poky-ref-manual/faq.html" +s/\"ulink\" href=\"http:\/\/www.yoctoproject.org\/docs\/[^\/]*\/\([a-z]*-[a-z]*-[a-z]*\)\/[a-z]*-[a-z]*-[a-z]*.html#\([^\"]*\)\"/\"link\" href=\"\.\.\/\1\/\2.html\"/g + +# Processes all other manuals (<word>-<word> style) +# For example: +# "ulink" href="http://www.yoctoproject.org/docs/1.3/kernel-manual/kernel-manual.html#faq" +# -> "link" href="../kernel-manual/faq.html" +s/\"ulink\" href=\"http:\/\/www.yoctoproject.org\/docs\/[^\/]*\/\([a-z]*-[a-z]*\)\/[a-z]*-[a-z]*.html#\([^\"]*\)\"/\"link\" href=\"\.\.\/\1\/\2.html\"/g + +# Process cases where just an external manual is referenced without an id anchor +# For example: +# "ulink" href="http://www.yoctoproject.org/docs/1.3/kernel-manual/kernel-manual.html +# -> "link" href="../kernel-manual/index.html" +s/\"ulink\" href=\"http:\/\/www.yoctoproject.org\/docs\/[^\/]*\/\([a-z]*-[a-z]*-[a-z]*\)\/[a-z]*-[a-z]*-[a-z]*.html\"/\"link\" href=\"\.\.\/\1\/index.html\"/g +s/\"ulink\" href=\"http:\/\/www.yoctoproject.org\/docs\/[^\/]*\/\([a-z]*-[a-z]*\)\/[a-z]*-[a-z]*.html\"/\"link\" href=\"\.\.\/\1\/index.html\"/g diff --git a/documentation/tools/mega-manual.sed b/documentation/tools/mega-manual.sed new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cd0bd9a --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/tools/mega-manual.sed @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +# Processes ref-manual and yocto-project-qs manual (<word>-<word>-<word> style) +s/\"ulink\" href=\"http:\/\/www.yoctoproject.org\/docs\/1.6.1\/[a-z]*-[a-z]*-[a-z]*\/[a-z]*-[a-z]*-[a-z]*.html#/\"link\" href=\"#/g + +# Processes all other manuals (<word>-<word> style) +s/\"ulink\" href=\"http:\/\/www.yoctoproject.org\/docs\/1.6.1\/[a-z]*-[a-z]*\/[a-z]*-[a-z]*.html#/\"link\" href=\"#/g + +# Process cases where just an external manual is referenced without an id anchor +s/<a class=\"ulink\" href=\"http:\/\/www.yoctoproject.org\/docs\/1.6.1\/yocto-project-qs\/yocto-project-qs.html\" target=\"_top\">Yocto Project Quick Start<\/a>/Yocto Project Quick Start/g +s/<a class=\"ulink\" href=\"http:\/\/www.yoctoproject.org\/docs\/1.6.1\/dev-manual\/dev-manual.html\" target=\"_top\">Yocto Project Development Manual<\/a>/Yocto Project Development Manual/g +s/<a class=\"ulink\" href=\"http:\/\/www.yoctoproject.org\/docs\/1.6.1\/adt-manual\/adt-manual.html\" target=\"_top\">Yocto Project Application Developer's Guide<\/a>/Yocto Project Application Developer's Guide/g +s/<a class=\"ulink\" href=\"http:\/\/www.yoctoproject.org\/docs\/1.6.1\/bsp-guide\/bsp-guide.html\" target=\"_top\">Yocto Project Board Support Package (BSP) Developer's Guide<\/a>/Yocto Project Board Support Package (BSP) Developer's Guide/g +s/<a class=\"ulink\" href=\"http:\/\/www.yoctoproject.org\/docs\/1.6.1\/kernel-dev\/kernel-dev.html\" target=\"_top\">Yocto Project Linux Kernel Development Manual<\/a>/Yocto Project Linux Kernel Development Manual/g +s/<a class=\"ulink\" href=\"http:\/\/www.yoctoproject.org\/docs\/1.6.1\/ref-manual\/ref-manual.html\" target=\"_top\">Yocto Project Reference Manual<\/a>/Yocto Project Reference Manual/g diff --git a/documentation/tools/poky-docbook-to-pdf b/documentation/tools/poky-docbook-to-pdf new file mode 100755 index 0000000..f55fd27 --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/tools/poky-docbook-to-pdf @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +#!/bin/sh + +if [ -z "$1" -o -z "$2" ]; then + echo "usage: [-v] $0 <docbook file> <templatedir>" + echo + echo "*NOTE* you need xsltproc, fop and nwalsh docbook stylesheets" + echo " installed for this to work!" + echo + exit 0 +fi + +FO=`echo $1 | sed s/.xml/.fo/` || exit 1 +PDF=`echo $1 | sed s/.xml/.pdf/` || exit 1 +TEMPLATEDIR=$2 + +## +# These URI should be rewritten by your distribution's xml catalog to +# match your localy installed XSL stylesheets. +XSL_BASE_URI="http://docbook.sourceforge.net/release/xsl/current" + +# Creates a temporary XSL stylesheet based on titlepage.xsl +xsltproc -o /tmp/titlepage.xsl \ + --xinclude \ + $XSL_BASE_URI/template/titlepage.xsl \ + $TEMPLATEDIR/titlepage.templates.xml || exit 1 + +# Creates the file needed for FOP +xsltproc --xinclude \ + --stringparam hyphenate false \ + --stringparam formal.title.placement "figure after" \ + --stringparam ulink.show 1 \ + --stringparam body.font.master 9 \ + --stringparam title.font.master 11 \ + --stringparam draft.watermark.image "$TEMPLATEDIR/draft.png" \ + --stringparam chapter.autolabel 1 \ + --stringparam appendix.autolabel A \ + --stringparam section.autolabel 1 \ + --stringparam section.label.includes.component.label 1 \ + --output $FO \ + $TEMPLATEDIR/poky-db-pdf.xsl \ + $1 || exit 1 + +# Invokes the Java version of FOP. Uses the additional configuration file common/fop-config.xml +fop -c $TEMPLATEDIR/fop-config.xml -fo $FO -pdf $PDF || exit 1 + +rm -f $FO +rm -f /tmp/titlepage.xsl + +echo +echo " #### Success! $PDF ready. ####" +echo diff --git a/documentation/yocto-project-qs/figures/building-an-image.png b/documentation/yocto-project-qs/figures/building-an-image.png new file mode 100755 index 0000000..1fbea5a Binary files /dev/null and b/documentation/yocto-project-qs/figures/building-an-image.png differ diff --git a/documentation/yocto-project-qs/figures/using-a-pre-built-image.png b/documentation/yocto-project-qs/figures/using-a-pre-built-image.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b03130d Binary files /dev/null and b/documentation/yocto-project-qs/figures/using-a-pre-built-image.png differ diff --git a/documentation/yocto-project-qs/figures/yocto-environment.png b/documentation/yocto-project-qs/figures/yocto-environment.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..82b7a55 Binary files /dev/null and b/documentation/yocto-project-qs/figures/yocto-environment.png differ diff --git a/documentation/yocto-project-qs/figures/yocto-project-transp.png b/documentation/yocto-project-qs/figures/yocto-project-transp.png new file mode 100755 index 0000000..31d2b14 Binary files /dev/null and b/documentation/yocto-project-qs/figures/yocto-project-transp.png differ diff --git a/documentation/yocto-project-qs/qs-style.css b/documentation/yocto-project-qs/qs-style.css new file mode 100644 index 0000000..234e432 --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/yocto-project-qs/qs-style.css @@ -0,0 +1,979 @@ +/* + Generic XHTML / DocBook XHTML CSS Stylesheet. + + Browser wrangling and typographic design by + Oyvind Kolas / pippin@gimp.org + + Customised for Poky by + Matthew Allum / mallum@o-hand.com + + Thanks to: + Liam R. E. Quin + William Skaggs + Jakub Steiner + + Structure + --------- + + The stylesheet is divided into the following sections: + + Positioning + Margins, paddings, width, font-size, clearing. + Decorations + Borders, style + Colors + Colors + Graphics + Graphical backgrounds + Nasty IE tweaks + Workarounds needed to make it work in internet explorer, + currently makes the stylesheet non validating, but up until + this point it is validating. + Mozilla extensions + Transparency for footer + Rounded corners on boxes + +*/ + + + /*************** / + / Positioning / +/ ***************/ + +body { + font-family: Verdana, Sans, sans-serif; + + min-width: 640px; + width: 80%; + margin: 0em auto; + padding: 2em 5em 5em 5em; + color: #333; +} + +h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,h7 { + font-family: Arial, Sans; + color: #00557D; + clear: both; +} + +h1 { + font-size: 2em; + text-align: left; + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; + margin: 2em 0em 0em 0em; +} + +h2.subtitle { + margin: 0.10em 0em 3.0em 0em; + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; + font-size: 1.8em; + padding-left: 20%; + font-weight: normal; + font-style: italic; +} + +h2 { + margin: 2em 0em 0.66em 0em; + padding: 0.5em 0em 0em 0em; + font-size: 1.5em; + font-weight: bold; +} + +h3.subtitle { + margin: 0em 0em 1em 0em; + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; + font-size: 142.14%; + text-align: right; +} + +h3 { + margin: 1em 0em 0.5em 0em; + padding: 1em 0em 0em 0em; + font-size: 140%; + font-weight: bold; +} + +h4 { + margin: 1em 0em 0.5em 0em; + padding: 1em 0em 0em 0em; + font-size: 120%; + font-weight: bold; +} + +h5 { + margin: 1em 0em 0.5em 0em; + padding: 1em 0em 0em 0em; + font-size: 110%; + font-weight: bold; +} + +h6 { + margin: 1em 0em 0em 0em; + padding: 1em 0em 0em 0em; + font-size: 110%; + font-weight: bold; +} + +.authorgroup { + background-color: transparent; + background-repeat: no-repeat; + padding-top: 256px; + background-image: url("../figures/yocto-project-bw.png"); + background-position: top; + margin-top: -256px; + padding-right: 50px; + margin-left: 50px; + text-align: center; + width: 600px; +} + +h3.author { + margin: 0em 0me 0em 0em; + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; + font-weight: normal; + font-size: 100%; + color: #333; + clear: both; +} + +.author tt.email { + font-size: 66%; +} + +.titlepage hr { + width: 0em; + clear: both; +} + +.revhistory { + padding-top: 2em; + clear: both; +} + +.toc, +.list-of-tables, +.list-of-examples, +.list-of-figures { + padding: 1.33em 0em 2.5em 0em; + color: #00557D; +} + +.toc p, +.list-of-tables p, +.list-of-figures p, +.list-of-examples p { + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; + padding: 0em 0em 0.3em; + margin: 1.5em 0em 0em 0em; +} + +.toc p b, +.list-of-tables p b, +.list-of-figures p b, +.list-of-examples p b{ + font-size: 100.0%; + font-weight: bold; +} + +.toc dl, +.list-of-tables dl, +.list-of-figures dl, +.list-of-examples dl { + margin: 0em 0em 0.5em 0em; + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; +} + +.toc dt { + margin: 0em 0em 0em 0em; + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; +} + +.toc dd { + margin: 0em 0em 0em 2.6em; + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; +} + +div.glossary dl, +div.variablelist dl { +} + +.glossary dl dt, +.variablelist dl dt, +.variablelist dl dt span.term { + font-weight: normal; + width: 20em; + text-align: right; +} + +.variablelist dl dt { + margin-top: 0.5em; +} + +.glossary dl dd, +.variablelist dl dd { + margin-top: -1em; + margin-left: 25.5em; +} + +.glossary dd p, +.variablelist dd p { + margin-top: 0em; + margin-bottom: 1em; +} + + +div.calloutlist table td { + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; + margin: 0em 0em 0em 0em; +} + +div.calloutlist table td p { + margin-top: 0em; + margin-bottom: 1em; +} + +div p.copyright { + text-align: left; +} + +div.legalnotice p.legalnotice-title { + margin-bottom: 0em; +} + +p { + line-height: 1.5em; + margin-top: 0em; + +} + +dl { + padding-top: 0em; +} + +hr { + border: solid 1px; +} + + +.mediaobject, +.mediaobjectco { + text-align: center; +} + +img { + border: none; +} + +ul { + padding: 0em 0em 0em 1.5em; +} + +ul li { + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; +} + +ul li p { + text-align: left; +} + +table { + width :100%; +} + +th { + padding: 0.25em; + text-align: left; + font-weight: normal; + vertical-align: top; +} + +td { + padding: 0.25em; + vertical-align: top; +} + +p a[id] { + margin: 0px; + padding: 0px; + display: inline; + background-image: none; +} + +a { + text-decoration: underline; + color: #444; +} + +pre { + overflow: auto; +} + +a:hover { + text-decoration: underline; + /*font-weight: bold;*/ +} + + +div.informalfigure, +div.informalexample, +div.informaltable, +div.figure, +div.table, +div.example { + margin: 1em 0em; + padding: 1em; + page-break-inside: avoid; +} + + +div.informalfigure p.title b, +div.informalexample p.title b, +div.informaltable p.title b, +div.figure p.title b, +div.example p.title b, +div.table p.title b{ + padding-top: 0em; + margin-top: 0em; + font-size: 100%; + font-weight: normal; +} + +.mediaobject .caption, +.mediaobject .caption p { + text-align: center; + font-size: 80%; + padding-top: 0.5em; + padding-bottom: 0.5em; +} + +.epigraph { + padding-left: 55%; + margin-bottom: 1em; +} + +.epigraph p { + text-align: left; +} + +.epigraph .quote { + font-style: italic; +} +.epigraph .attribution { + font-style: normal; + text-align: right; +} + +span.application { + font-style: italic; +} + +.programlisting { + font-family: monospace; + font-size: 80%; + white-space: pre; + margin: 1.33em 0em; + padding: 1.33em; +} + +.tip, +.warning, +.caution, +.note { + margin-top: 1em; + margin-bottom: 1em; + +} + +/* force full width of table within div */ +.tip table, +.warning table, +.caution table, +.note table { + border: none; + width: 100%; +} + + +.tip table th, +.warning table th, +.caution table th, +.note table th { + padding: 0.8em 0.0em 0.0em 0.0em; + margin : 0em 0em 0em 0em; +} + +.tip p, +.warning p, +.caution p, +.note p { + margin-top: 0.5em; + margin-bottom: 0.5em; + padding-right: 1em; + text-align: left; +} + +.acronym { + text-transform: uppercase; +} + +b.keycap, +.keycap { + padding: 0.09em 0.3em; + margin: 0em; +} + +.itemizedlist li { + clear: none; +} + +.filename { + font-size: medium; + font-family: Courier, monospace; +} + + +div.navheader, div.heading{ + position: absolute; + left: 0em; + top: 0em; + width: 100%; + background-color: #cdf; + width: 100%; +} + +div.navfooter, div.footing{ + position: fixed; + left: 0em; + bottom: 0em; + background-color: #eee; + width: 100%; +} + + +div.navheader td, +div.navfooter td { + font-size: 66%; +} + +div.navheader table th { + /*font-family: Georgia, Times, serif;*/ + /*font-size: x-large;*/ + font-size: 80%; +} + +div.navheader table { + border-left: 0em; + border-right: 0em; + border-top: 0em; + width: 100%; +} + +div.navfooter table { + border-left: 0em; + border-right: 0em; + border-bottom: 0em; + width: 100%; +} + +div.navheader table td a, +div.navfooter table td a { + color: #777; + text-decoration: none; +} + +/* normal text in the footer */ +div.navfooter table td { + color: black; +} + +div.navheader table td a:visited, +div.navfooter table td a:visited { + color: #444; +} + + +/* links in header and footer */ +div.navheader table td a:hover, +div.navfooter table td a:hover { + text-decoration: underline; + background-color: transparent; + color: #33a; +} + +div.navheader hr, +div.navfooter hr { + display: none; +} + + +.qandaset tr.question td p { + margin: 0em 0em 1em 0em; + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; +} + +.qandaset tr.answer td p { + margin: 0em 0em 1em 0em; + padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em; +} +.answer td { + padding-bottom: 1.5em; +} + +.emphasis { + font-weight: bold; +} + + + /************* / + / decorations / +/ *************/ + +.titlepage { +} + +.part .title { +} + +.subtitle { + border: none; +} + +/* +h1 { + border: none; +} + +h2 { + border-top: solid 0.2em; + border-bottom: solid 0.06em; +} + +h3 { + border-top: 0em; + border-bottom: solid 0.06em; +} + +h4 { + border: 0em; + border-bottom: solid 0.06em; +} + +h5 { + border: 0em; +} +*/ + +.programlisting { + border: solid 1px; +} + +div.figure, +div.table, +div.informalfigure, +div.informaltable, +div.informalexample, +div.example { + border: 1px solid; +} + + + +.tip, +.warning, +.caution, +.note { + border: 1px solid; +} + +.tip table th, +.warning table th, +.caution table th, +.note table th { + border-bottom: 1px solid; +} + +.question td { + border-top: 1px solid black; +} + +.answer { +} + + +b.keycap, +.keycap { + border: 1px solid; +} + + +div.navheader, div.heading{ + border-bottom: 1px solid; +} + + +div.navfooter, div.footing{ + border-top: 1px solid; +} + + /********* / + / colors / +/ *********/ + +body { + color: #333; + background: white; +} + +a { + background: transparent; +} + +a:hover { + background-color: #dedede; +} + + +h1, +h2, +h3, +h4, +h5, +h6, +h7, +h8 { + background-color: transparent; +} + +hr { + border-color: #aaa; +} + + +.tip, .warning, .caution, .note { + border-color: #fff; +} + + +.tip table th, +.warning table th, +.caution table th, +.note table th { + border-bottom-color: #fff; +} + + +.warning { + background-color: #f0f0f2; +} + +.caution { + background-color: #f0f0f2; +} + +.tip { + background-color: #f0f0f2; +} + +.note { + background-color: #f0f0f2; +} + +.glossary dl dt, +.variablelist dl dt, +.variablelist dl dt span.term { + color: #044; +} + +div.figure, +div.table, +div.example, +div.informalfigure, +div.informaltable, +div.informalexample { + border-color: #aaa; +} + +pre.programlisting { + color: black; + background-color: #fff; + border-color: #aaa; + border-width: 2px; +} + +.guimenu, +.guilabel, +.guimenuitem { + background-color: #eee; +} + + +b.keycap, +.keycap { + background-color: #eee; + border-color: #999; +} + + +div.navheader { + border-color: black; +} + + +div.navfooter { + border-color: black; +} + + + /*********** / + / graphics / +/ ***********/ + +/* +body { + background-image: url("images/body_bg.jpg"); + background-attachment: fixed; +} + +.navheader, +.note, +.tip { + background-image: url("images/note_bg.jpg"); + background-attachment: fixed; +} + +.warning, +.caution { + background-image: url("images/warning_bg.jpg"); + background-attachment: fixed; +} + +.figure, +.informalfigure, +.example, +.informalexample, +.table, +.informaltable { + background-image: url("images/figure_bg.jpg"); + background-attachment: fixed; +} + +*/ +h1, +h2, +h3, +h4, +h5, +h6, +h7{ +} + +/* +Example of how to stick an image as part of the title. + +div.article .titlepage .title +{ + background-image: url("figures/white-on-black.png"); + background-position: center; + background-repeat: repeat-x; +} +*/ + +div.preface .titlepage .title, +div.colophon .title, +div.chapter .titlepage .title, +div.article .titlepage .title +{ +} + +div.section div.section .titlepage .title, +div.sect2 .titlepage .title { + background: none; +} + + +h1.title { + background-color: transparent; + background-image: url("figures/yocto-project-bw.png"); + background-repeat: no-repeat; + height: 256px; + text-indent: -9000px; + overflow:hidden; +} + +h2.subtitle { + background-color: transparent; + text-indent: -9000px; + overflow:hidden; + width: 0px; + display: none; +} + + /*************************************** / + / pippin.gimp.org specific alterations / +/ ***************************************/ + +/* +div.heading, div.navheader { + color: #777; + font-size: 80%; + padding: 0; + margin: 0; + text-align: left; + position: absolute; + top: 0px; + left: 0px; + width: 100%; + height: 50px; + background: url('/gfx/heading_bg.png') transparent; + background-repeat: repeat-x; + background-attachment: fixed; + border: none; +} + +div.heading a { + color: #444; +} + +div.footing, div.navfooter { + border: none; + color: #ddd; + font-size: 80%; + text-align:right; + + width: 100%; + padding-top: 10px; + position: absolute; + bottom: 0px; + left: 0px; + + background: url('/gfx/footing_bg.png') transparent; +} +*/ + + + + /****************** / + / nasty ie tweaks / +/ ******************/ + +/* +div.heading, div.navheader { + width:expression(document.body.clientWidth + "px"); +} + +div.footing, div.navfooter { + width:expression(document.body.clientWidth + "px"); + margin-left:expression("-5em"); +} +body { + padding:expression("4em 5em 0em 5em"); +} +*/ + + /**************************************** / + / mozilla vendor specific css extensions / +/ ****************************************/ +/* +div.navfooter, div.footing{ + -moz-opacity: 0.8em; +} + +div.figure, +div.table, +div.informalfigure, +div.informaltable, +div.informalexample, +div.example, +.tip, +.warning, +.caution, +.note { + -moz-border-radius: 0.5em; +} + +b.keycap, +.keycap { + -moz-border-radius: 0.3em; +} +*/ + +table tr td table tr td { + display: none; +} + + +hr { + display: none; +} + +table { + border: 0em; +} + + .photo { + float: right; + margin-left: 1.5em; + margin-bottom: 1.5em; + margin-top: 0em; + max-width: 17em; + border: 1px solid gray; + padding: 3px; + background: white; +} + .seperator { + padding-top: 2em; + clear: both; + } + + #validators { + margin-top: 5em; + text-align: right; + color: #777; + } + @media print { + body { + font-size: 8pt; + } + .noprint { + display: none; + } + } + + +.tip, +.note { + background: #f0f0f2; + color: #333; + padding: 20px; + margin: 20px; +} + +.tip h3, +.note h3 { + padding: 0em; + margin: 0em; + font-size: 2em; + font-weight: bold; + color: #333; +} + +.tip a, +.note a { + color: #333; + text-decoration: underline; +} + +.footnote { + font-size: small; + color: #333; +} + +/* Changes the announcement text */ +.tip h3, +.warning h3, +.caution h3, +.note h3 { + font-size:large; + color: #00557D; +} + diff --git a/documentation/yocto-project-qs/yocto-project-qs-customization.xsl b/documentation/yocto-project-qs/yocto-project-qs-customization.xsl new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bd53ecb --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/yocto-project-qs/yocto-project-qs-customization.xsl @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +<?xml version='1.0'?> +<xsl:stylesheet xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:fo="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Format" version="1.0"> + + <xsl:import href="http://docbook.sourceforge.net/release/xsl/current/xhtml/docbook.xsl" /> + <xsl:import href="yocto-project-qs-titlepage.xsl"/> + + <xsl:param name="generate.toc" select="'article nop'"></xsl:param> + <xsl:param name="html.stylesheet" select="'qs-style.css'" /> +</xsl:stylesheet> diff --git a/documentation/yocto-project-qs/yocto-project-qs-eclipse-customization.xsl b/documentation/yocto-project-qs/yocto-project-qs-eclipse-customization.xsl new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f8f8930 --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/yocto-project-qs/yocto-project-qs-eclipse-customization.xsl @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +<?xml version='1.0'?> +<xsl:stylesheet + xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform" + xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" + xmlns:fo="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Format" + version="1.0"> + + <xsl:import + href="http://docbook.sourceforge.net/release/xsl/current/eclipse/eclipse3.xsl" /> + <xsl:import href="yocto-project-qs-titlepage.xsl"/> + + <xsl:param name="chunker.output.indent" select="'yes'"/> + <xsl:param name="chunk.quietly" select="1"/> + <xsl:param name="use.id.as.filename" select="1"/> + <xsl:param name="ulink.target" select="'_self'" /> + <xsl:param name="base.dir" select="'html/yocto-project-qs/'"/> + <xsl:param name="chunk.section.depth" select="0"/> + <xsl:param name="html.stylesheet" select="'../book.css'"/> + <xsl:param name="eclipse.manifest" select="0"/> + <xsl:param name="create.plugin.xml" select="0"/> + <xsl:param name="suppress.navigation" select="1"/> + <xsl:param name="generate.index" select="0"/> + <xsl:param name="generate.toc" select="'article nop'"></xsl:param> + <xsl:param name="html.stylesheet" select="'style.css'" /> +</xsl:stylesheet> diff --git a/documentation/yocto-project-qs/yocto-project-qs-titlepage.xsl b/documentation/yocto-project-qs/yocto-project-qs-titlepage.xsl new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a435ac7 --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/yocto-project-qs/yocto-project-qs-titlepage.xsl @@ -0,0 +1,3820 @@ +<?xml version="1.0"?> + +<xsl:stylesheet xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform" xmlns:exsl="http://exslt.org/common" version="1.0" exclude-result-prefixes="exsl"> + +<!-- This stylesheet was created by template/titlepage.xsl--> + +<xsl:template name="article.titlepage.recto"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="article.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="articleinfo/abstract"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="article.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="artheader/abstract"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="article.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/abstract"/> + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="articleinfo/title"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="article.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="articleinfo/title"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="artheader/title"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="article.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="artheader/title"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="info/title"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="article.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/title"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="title"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="article.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="title"/> + </xsl:when> + </xsl:choose> + + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="articleinfo/subtitle"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="article.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="articleinfo/subtitle"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="artheader/subtitle"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="article.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="artheader/subtitle"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="info/subtitle"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="article.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/subtitle"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="subtitle"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="article.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="subtitle"/> + </xsl:when> + </xsl:choose> + + <xsl:apply-templates mode="article.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="articleinfo/corpauthor"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="article.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="artheader/corpauthor"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="article.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/corpauthor"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="article.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="articleinfo/authorgroup"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="article.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="artheader/authorgroup"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="article.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/authorgroup"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="article.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="articleinfo/author"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="article.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="artheader/author"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="article.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/author"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="article.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="articleinfo/othercredit"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="article.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="artheader/othercredit"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="article.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/othercredit"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="article.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="articleinfo/releaseinfo"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="article.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="artheader/releaseinfo"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="article.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/releaseinfo"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="article.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="articleinfo/copyright"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="article.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="artheader/copyright"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="article.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/copyright"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="article.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="articleinfo/legalnotice"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="article.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="artheader/legalnotice"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="article.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/legalnotice"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="article.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="articleinfo/pubdate"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="article.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="artheader/pubdate"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="article.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/pubdate"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="article.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="articleinfo/revision"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="article.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="artheader/revision"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="article.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/revision"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="article.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="articleinfo/revhistory"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="article.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="artheader/revhistory"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="article.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/revhistory"/> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="article.titlepage.verso"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="article.titlepage.separator"><hr/> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="article.titlepage.before.recto"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="article.titlepage.before.verso"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="article.titlepage"> + <div class="titlepage"> + <xsl:variable name="recto.content"> + <xsl:call-template name="article.titlepage.before.recto"/> + <xsl:call-template name="article.titlepage.recto"/> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:variable name="recto.elements.count"> + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="function-available('exsl:node-set')"><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($recto.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="contains(system-property('xsl:vendor'), 'Apache Software Foundation')"> + <!--Xalan quirk--><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($recto.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:otherwise>1</xsl:otherwise> + </xsl:choose> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:if test="(normalize-space($recto.content) != '') or ($recto.elements.count > 0)"> + <div><xsl:copy-of select="$recto.content"/></div> + </xsl:if> + <xsl:variable name="verso.content"> + <xsl:call-template name="article.titlepage.before.verso"/> + <xsl:call-template name="article.titlepage.verso"/> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:variable name="verso.elements.count"> + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="function-available('exsl:node-set')"><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($verso.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="contains(system-property('xsl:vendor'), 'Apache Software Foundation')"> + <!--Xalan quirk--><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($verso.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:otherwise>1</xsl:otherwise> + </xsl:choose> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:if test="(normalize-space($verso.content) != '') or ($verso.elements.count > 0)"> + <div><xsl:copy-of select="$verso.content"/></div> + </xsl:if> + <xsl:call-template name="article.titlepage.separator"/> + </div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="*" mode="article.titlepage.recto.mode"> + <!-- if an element isn't found in this mode, --> + <!-- try the generic titlepage.mode --> + <xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="titlepage.mode"/> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="*" mode="article.titlepage.verso.mode"> + <!-- if an element isn't found in this mode, --> + <!-- try the generic titlepage.mode --> + <xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="titlepage.mode"/> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="abstract" mode="article.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="article.titlepage.recto.style"> + <xsl:call-template name="anchor"/> + <xsl:apply-templates/> +<!-- orignally generated content --> +<!-- <xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="article.titlepage.recto.mode"/> --> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="title" mode="article.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="article.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="article.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="subtitle" mode="article.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="article.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="article.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="corpauthor" mode="article.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="article.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="article.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="authorgroup" mode="article.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="article.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="article.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="author" mode="article.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="article.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="article.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="othercredit" mode="article.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="article.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="article.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="releaseinfo" mode="article.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="article.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="article.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="copyright" mode="article.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="article.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="article.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="legalnotice" mode="article.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="article.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="article.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="pubdate" mode="article.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="article.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="article.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="revision" mode="article.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="article.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="article.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="revhistory" mode="article.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="article.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="article.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="set.titlepage.recto"> + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="setinfo/title"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="set.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="setinfo/title"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="info/title"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="set.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/title"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="title"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="set.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="title"/> + </xsl:when> + </xsl:choose> + + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="setinfo/subtitle"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="set.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="setinfo/subtitle"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="info/subtitle"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="set.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/subtitle"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="subtitle"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="set.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="subtitle"/> + </xsl:when> + </xsl:choose> + + <xsl:apply-templates mode="set.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="setinfo/corpauthor"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="set.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/corpauthor"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="set.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="setinfo/authorgroup"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="set.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/authorgroup"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="set.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="setinfo/author"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="set.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/author"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="set.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="setinfo/othercredit"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="set.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/othercredit"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="set.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="setinfo/releaseinfo"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="set.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/releaseinfo"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="set.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="setinfo/copyright"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="set.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/copyright"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="set.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="setinfo/legalnotice"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="set.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/legalnotice"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="set.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="setinfo/pubdate"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="set.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/pubdate"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="set.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="setinfo/revision"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="set.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/revision"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="set.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="setinfo/revhistory"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="set.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/revhistory"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="set.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="setinfo/abstract"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="set.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/abstract"/> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="set.titlepage.verso"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="set.titlepage.separator"><hr/> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="set.titlepage.before.recto"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="set.titlepage.before.verso"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="set.titlepage"> + <div class="titlepage"> + <xsl:variable name="recto.content"> + <xsl:call-template name="set.titlepage.before.recto"/> + <xsl:call-template name="set.titlepage.recto"/> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:variable name="recto.elements.count"> + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="function-available('exsl:node-set')"><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($recto.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="contains(system-property('xsl:vendor'), 'Apache Software Foundation')"> + <!--Xalan quirk--><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($recto.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:otherwise>1</xsl:otherwise> + </xsl:choose> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:if test="(normalize-space($recto.content) != '') or ($recto.elements.count > 0)"> + <div><xsl:copy-of select="$recto.content"/></div> + </xsl:if> + <xsl:variable name="verso.content"> + <xsl:call-template name="set.titlepage.before.verso"/> + <xsl:call-template name="set.titlepage.verso"/> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:variable name="verso.elements.count"> + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="function-available('exsl:node-set')"><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($verso.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="contains(system-property('xsl:vendor'), 'Apache Software Foundation')"> + <!--Xalan quirk--><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($verso.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:otherwise>1</xsl:otherwise> + </xsl:choose> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:if test="(normalize-space($verso.content) != '') or ($verso.elements.count > 0)"> + <div><xsl:copy-of select="$verso.content"/></div> + </xsl:if> + <xsl:call-template name="set.titlepage.separator"/> + </div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="*" mode="set.titlepage.recto.mode"> + <!-- if an element isn't found in this mode, --> + <!-- try the generic titlepage.mode --> + <xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="titlepage.mode"/> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="*" mode="set.titlepage.verso.mode"> + <!-- if an element isn't found in this mode, --> + <!-- try the generic titlepage.mode --> + <xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="titlepage.mode"/> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="title" mode="set.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="set.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="set.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="subtitle" mode="set.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="set.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="set.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="corpauthor" mode="set.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="set.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="set.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="authorgroup" mode="set.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="set.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="set.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="author" mode="set.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="set.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="set.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="othercredit" mode="set.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="set.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="set.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="releaseinfo" mode="set.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="set.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="set.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="copyright" mode="set.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="set.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="set.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="legalnotice" mode="set.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="set.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="set.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="pubdate" mode="set.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="set.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="set.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="revision" mode="set.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="set.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="set.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="revhistory" mode="set.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="set.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="set.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="abstract" mode="set.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="set.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="set.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="book.titlepage.recto"> + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="bookinfo/title"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="book.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="bookinfo/title"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="info/title"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="book.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/title"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="title"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="book.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="title"/> + </xsl:when> + </xsl:choose> + + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="bookinfo/subtitle"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="book.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="bookinfo/subtitle"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="info/subtitle"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="book.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/subtitle"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="subtitle"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="book.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="subtitle"/> + </xsl:when> + </xsl:choose> + + <xsl:apply-templates mode="book.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="bookinfo/corpauthor"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="book.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/corpauthor"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="book.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="bookinfo/authorgroup"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="book.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/authorgroup"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="book.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="bookinfo/author"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="book.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/author"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="book.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="bookinfo/othercredit"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="book.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/othercredit"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="book.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="bookinfo/releaseinfo"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="book.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/releaseinfo"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="book.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="bookinfo/copyright"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="book.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/copyright"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="book.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="bookinfo/legalnotice"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="book.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/legalnotice"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="book.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="bookinfo/pubdate"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="book.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/pubdate"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="book.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="bookinfo/revision"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="book.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/revision"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="book.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="bookinfo/revhistory"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="book.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/revhistory"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="book.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="bookinfo/abstract"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="book.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/abstract"/> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="book.titlepage.verso"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="book.titlepage.separator"><hr/> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="book.titlepage.before.recto"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="book.titlepage.before.verso"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="book.titlepage"> + <div class="titlepage"> + <xsl:variable name="recto.content"> + <xsl:call-template name="book.titlepage.before.recto"/> + <xsl:call-template name="book.titlepage.recto"/> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:variable name="recto.elements.count"> + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="function-available('exsl:node-set')"><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($recto.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="contains(system-property('xsl:vendor'), 'Apache Software Foundation')"> + <!--Xalan quirk--><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($recto.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:otherwise>1</xsl:otherwise> + </xsl:choose> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:if test="(normalize-space($recto.content) != '') or ($recto.elements.count > 0)"> + <div><xsl:copy-of select="$recto.content"/></div> + </xsl:if> + <xsl:variable name="verso.content"> + <xsl:call-template name="book.titlepage.before.verso"/> + <xsl:call-template name="book.titlepage.verso"/> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:variable name="verso.elements.count"> + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="function-available('exsl:node-set')"><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($verso.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="contains(system-property('xsl:vendor'), 'Apache Software Foundation')"> + <!--Xalan quirk--><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($verso.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:otherwise>1</xsl:otherwise> + </xsl:choose> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:if test="(normalize-space($verso.content) != '') or ($verso.elements.count > 0)"> + <div><xsl:copy-of select="$verso.content"/></div> + </xsl:if> + <xsl:call-template name="book.titlepage.separator"/> + </div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="*" mode="book.titlepage.recto.mode"> + <!-- if an element isn't found in this mode, --> + <!-- try the generic titlepage.mode --> + <xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="titlepage.mode"/> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="*" mode="book.titlepage.verso.mode"> + <!-- if an element isn't found in this mode, --> + <!-- try the generic titlepage.mode --> + <xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="titlepage.mode"/> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="title" mode="book.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="book.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="book.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="subtitle" mode="book.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="book.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="book.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="corpauthor" mode="book.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="book.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="book.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="authorgroup" mode="book.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="book.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="book.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="author" mode="book.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="book.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="book.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="othercredit" mode="book.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="book.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="book.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="releaseinfo" mode="book.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="book.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="book.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="copyright" mode="book.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="book.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="book.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="legalnotice" mode="book.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="book.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="book.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="pubdate" mode="book.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="book.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="book.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="revision" mode="book.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="book.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="book.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="revhistory" mode="book.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="book.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="book.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="abstract" mode="book.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="book.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="book.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="part.titlepage.recto"> + <div xsl:use-attribute-sets="part.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:call-template name="division.title"> +<xsl:with-param name="node" select="ancestor-or-self::part[1]"/> +</xsl:call-template></div> + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="partinfo/subtitle"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="part.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="partinfo/subtitle"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="docinfo/subtitle"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="part.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/subtitle"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="info/subtitle"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="part.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/subtitle"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="subtitle"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="part.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="subtitle"/> + </xsl:when> + </xsl:choose> + + <xsl:apply-templates mode="part.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="partinfo/corpauthor"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="part.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/corpauthor"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="part.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/corpauthor"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="part.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="partinfo/authorgroup"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="part.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/authorgroup"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="part.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/authorgroup"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="part.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="partinfo/author"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="part.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/author"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="part.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/author"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="part.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="partinfo/othercredit"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="part.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/othercredit"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="part.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/othercredit"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="part.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="partinfo/releaseinfo"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="part.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/releaseinfo"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="part.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/releaseinfo"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="part.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="partinfo/copyright"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="part.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/copyright"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="part.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/copyright"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="part.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="partinfo/legalnotice"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="part.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/legalnotice"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="part.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/legalnotice"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="part.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="partinfo/pubdate"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="part.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/pubdate"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="part.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/pubdate"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="part.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="partinfo/revision"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="part.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/revision"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="part.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/revision"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="part.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="partinfo/revhistory"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="part.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/revhistory"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="part.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/revhistory"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="part.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="partinfo/abstract"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="part.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/abstract"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="part.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/abstract"/> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="part.titlepage.verso"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="part.titlepage.separator"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="part.titlepage.before.recto"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="part.titlepage.before.verso"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="part.titlepage"> + <div class="titlepage"> + <xsl:variable name="recto.content"> + <xsl:call-template name="part.titlepage.before.recto"/> + <xsl:call-template name="part.titlepage.recto"/> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:variable name="recto.elements.count"> + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="function-available('exsl:node-set')"><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($recto.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="contains(system-property('xsl:vendor'), 'Apache Software Foundation')"> + <!--Xalan quirk--><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($recto.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:otherwise>1</xsl:otherwise> + </xsl:choose> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:if test="(normalize-space($recto.content) != '') or ($recto.elements.count > 0)"> + <div><xsl:copy-of select="$recto.content"/></div> + </xsl:if> + <xsl:variable name="verso.content"> + <xsl:call-template name="part.titlepage.before.verso"/> + <xsl:call-template name="part.titlepage.verso"/> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:variable name="verso.elements.count"> + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="function-available('exsl:node-set')"><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($verso.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="contains(system-property('xsl:vendor'), 'Apache Software Foundation')"> + <!--Xalan quirk--><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($verso.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:otherwise>1</xsl:otherwise> + </xsl:choose> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:if test="(normalize-space($verso.content) != '') or ($verso.elements.count > 0)"> + <div><xsl:copy-of select="$verso.content"/></div> + </xsl:if> + <xsl:call-template name="part.titlepage.separator"/> + </div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="*" mode="part.titlepage.recto.mode"> + <!-- if an element isn't found in this mode, --> + <!-- try the generic titlepage.mode --> + <xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="titlepage.mode"/> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="*" mode="part.titlepage.verso.mode"> + <!-- if an element isn't found in this mode, --> + <!-- try the generic titlepage.mode --> + <xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="titlepage.mode"/> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="subtitle" mode="part.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="part.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="part.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="corpauthor" mode="part.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="part.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="part.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="authorgroup" mode="part.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="part.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="part.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="author" mode="part.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="part.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="part.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="othercredit" mode="part.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="part.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="part.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="releaseinfo" mode="part.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="part.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="part.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="copyright" mode="part.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="part.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="part.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="legalnotice" mode="part.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="part.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="part.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="pubdate" mode="part.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="part.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="part.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="revision" mode="part.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="part.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="part.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="revhistory" mode="part.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="part.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="part.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="abstract" mode="part.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="part.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="part.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="partintro.titlepage.recto"> + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="partintroinfo/title"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="partintroinfo/title"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="docinfo/title"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/title"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="info/title"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/title"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="title"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="title"/> + </xsl:when> + </xsl:choose> + + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="partintroinfo/subtitle"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="partintroinfo/subtitle"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="docinfo/subtitle"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/subtitle"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="info/subtitle"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/subtitle"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="subtitle"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="subtitle"/> + </xsl:when> + </xsl:choose> + + <xsl:apply-templates mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="partintroinfo/corpauthor"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/corpauthor"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/corpauthor"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="partintroinfo/authorgroup"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/authorgroup"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/authorgroup"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="partintroinfo/author"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/author"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/author"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="partintroinfo/othercredit"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/othercredit"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/othercredit"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="partintroinfo/releaseinfo"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/releaseinfo"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/releaseinfo"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="partintroinfo/copyright"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/copyright"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/copyright"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="partintroinfo/legalnotice"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/legalnotice"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/legalnotice"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="partintroinfo/pubdate"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/pubdate"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/pubdate"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="partintroinfo/revision"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/revision"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/revision"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="partintroinfo/revhistory"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/revhistory"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/revhistory"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="partintroinfo/abstract"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/abstract"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/abstract"/> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="partintro.titlepage.verso"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="partintro.titlepage.separator"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="partintro.titlepage.before.recto"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="partintro.titlepage.before.verso"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="partintro.titlepage"> + <div> + <xsl:variable name="recto.content"> + <xsl:call-template name="partintro.titlepage.before.recto"/> + <xsl:call-template name="partintro.titlepage.recto"/> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:variable name="recto.elements.count"> + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="function-available('exsl:node-set')"><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($recto.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="contains(system-property('xsl:vendor'), 'Apache Software Foundation')"> + <!--Xalan quirk--><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($recto.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:otherwise>1</xsl:otherwise> + </xsl:choose> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:if test="(normalize-space($recto.content) != '') or ($recto.elements.count > 0)"> + <div><xsl:copy-of select="$recto.content"/></div> + </xsl:if> + <xsl:variable name="verso.content"> + <xsl:call-template name="partintro.titlepage.before.verso"/> + <xsl:call-template name="partintro.titlepage.verso"/> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:variable name="verso.elements.count"> + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="function-available('exsl:node-set')"><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($verso.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="contains(system-property('xsl:vendor'), 'Apache Software Foundation')"> + <!--Xalan quirk--><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($verso.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:otherwise>1</xsl:otherwise> + </xsl:choose> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:if test="(normalize-space($verso.content) != '') or ($verso.elements.count > 0)"> + <div><xsl:copy-of select="$verso.content"/></div> + </xsl:if> + <xsl:call-template name="partintro.titlepage.separator"/> + </div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="*" mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.mode"> + <!-- if an element isn't found in this mode, --> + <!-- try the generic titlepage.mode --> + <xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="titlepage.mode"/> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="*" mode="partintro.titlepage.verso.mode"> + <!-- if an element isn't found in this mode, --> + <!-- try the generic titlepage.mode --> + <xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="titlepage.mode"/> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="title" mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="partintro.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="subtitle" mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="partintro.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="corpauthor" mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="partintro.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="authorgroup" mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="partintro.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="author" mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="partintro.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="othercredit" mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="partintro.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="releaseinfo" mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="partintro.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="copyright" mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="partintro.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="legalnotice" mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="partintro.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="pubdate" mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="partintro.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="revision" mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="partintro.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="revhistory" mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="partintro.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="abstract" mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="partintro.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="partintro.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="reference.titlepage.recto"> + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="referenceinfo/title"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="reference.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="referenceinfo/title"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="docinfo/title"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="reference.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/title"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="info/title"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="reference.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/title"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="title"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="reference.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="title"/> + </xsl:when> + </xsl:choose> + + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="referenceinfo/subtitle"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="reference.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="referenceinfo/subtitle"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="docinfo/subtitle"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="reference.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/subtitle"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="info/subtitle"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="reference.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/subtitle"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="subtitle"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="reference.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="subtitle"/> + </xsl:when> + </xsl:choose> + + <xsl:apply-templates mode="reference.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="referenceinfo/corpauthor"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="reference.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/corpauthor"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="reference.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/corpauthor"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="reference.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="referenceinfo/authorgroup"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="reference.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/authorgroup"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="reference.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/authorgroup"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="reference.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="referenceinfo/author"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="reference.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/author"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="reference.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/author"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="reference.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="referenceinfo/othercredit"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="reference.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/othercredit"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="reference.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/othercredit"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="reference.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="referenceinfo/releaseinfo"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="reference.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/releaseinfo"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="reference.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/releaseinfo"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="reference.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="referenceinfo/copyright"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="reference.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/copyright"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="reference.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/copyright"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="reference.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="referenceinfo/legalnotice"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="reference.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/legalnotice"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="reference.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/legalnotice"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="reference.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="referenceinfo/pubdate"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="reference.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/pubdate"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="reference.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/pubdate"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="reference.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="referenceinfo/revision"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="reference.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/revision"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="reference.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/revision"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="reference.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="referenceinfo/revhistory"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="reference.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/revhistory"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="reference.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/revhistory"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="reference.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="referenceinfo/abstract"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="reference.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/abstract"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="reference.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/abstract"/> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="reference.titlepage.verso"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="reference.titlepage.separator"><hr/> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="reference.titlepage.before.recto"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="reference.titlepage.before.verso"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="reference.titlepage"> + <div class="titlepage"> + <xsl:variable name="recto.content"> + <xsl:call-template name="reference.titlepage.before.recto"/> + <xsl:call-template name="reference.titlepage.recto"/> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:variable name="recto.elements.count"> + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="function-available('exsl:node-set')"><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($recto.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="contains(system-property('xsl:vendor'), 'Apache Software Foundation')"> + <!--Xalan quirk--><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($recto.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:otherwise>1</xsl:otherwise> + </xsl:choose> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:if test="(normalize-space($recto.content) != '') or ($recto.elements.count > 0)"> + <div><xsl:copy-of select="$recto.content"/></div> + </xsl:if> + <xsl:variable name="verso.content"> + <xsl:call-template name="reference.titlepage.before.verso"/> + <xsl:call-template name="reference.titlepage.verso"/> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:variable name="verso.elements.count"> + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="function-available('exsl:node-set')"><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($verso.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="contains(system-property('xsl:vendor'), 'Apache Software Foundation')"> + <!--Xalan quirk--><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($verso.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:otherwise>1</xsl:otherwise> + </xsl:choose> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:if test="(normalize-space($verso.content) != '') or ($verso.elements.count > 0)"> + <div><xsl:copy-of select="$verso.content"/></div> + </xsl:if> + <xsl:call-template name="reference.titlepage.separator"/> + </div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="*" mode="reference.titlepage.recto.mode"> + <!-- if an element isn't found in this mode, --> + <!-- try the generic titlepage.mode --> + <xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="titlepage.mode"/> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="*" mode="reference.titlepage.verso.mode"> + <!-- if an element isn't found in this mode, --> + <!-- try the generic titlepage.mode --> + <xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="titlepage.mode"/> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="title" mode="reference.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="reference.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="reference.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="subtitle" mode="reference.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="reference.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="reference.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="corpauthor" mode="reference.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="reference.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="reference.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="authorgroup" mode="reference.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="reference.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="reference.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="author" mode="reference.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="reference.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="reference.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="othercredit" mode="reference.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="reference.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="reference.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="releaseinfo" mode="reference.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="reference.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="reference.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="copyright" mode="reference.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="reference.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="reference.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="legalnotice" mode="reference.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="reference.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="reference.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="pubdate" mode="reference.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="reference.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="reference.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="revision" mode="reference.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="reference.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="reference.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="revhistory" mode="reference.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="reference.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="reference.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="abstract" mode="reference.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="reference.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="reference.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="refentry.titlepage.recto"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="refentry.titlepage.verso"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="refentry.titlepage.separator"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="refentry.titlepage.before.recto"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="refentry.titlepage.before.verso"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="refentry.titlepage"> + <div class="titlepage"> + <xsl:variable name="recto.content"> + <xsl:call-template name="refentry.titlepage.before.recto"/> + <xsl:call-template name="refentry.titlepage.recto"/> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:variable name="recto.elements.count"> + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="function-available('exsl:node-set')"><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($recto.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="contains(system-property('xsl:vendor'), 'Apache Software Foundation')"> + <!--Xalan quirk--><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($recto.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:otherwise>1</xsl:otherwise> + </xsl:choose> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:if test="(normalize-space($recto.content) != '') or ($recto.elements.count > 0)"> + <div><xsl:copy-of select="$recto.content"/></div> + </xsl:if> + <xsl:variable name="verso.content"> + <xsl:call-template name="refentry.titlepage.before.verso"/> + <xsl:call-template name="refentry.titlepage.verso"/> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:variable name="verso.elements.count"> + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="function-available('exsl:node-set')"><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($verso.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="contains(system-property('xsl:vendor'), 'Apache Software Foundation')"> + <!--Xalan quirk--><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($verso.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:otherwise>1</xsl:otherwise> + </xsl:choose> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:if test="(normalize-space($verso.content) != '') or ($verso.elements.count > 0)"> + <div><xsl:copy-of select="$verso.content"/></div> + </xsl:if> + <xsl:call-template name="refentry.titlepage.separator"/> + </div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="*" mode="refentry.titlepage.recto.mode"> + <!-- if an element isn't found in this mode, --> + <!-- try the generic titlepage.mode --> + <xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="titlepage.mode"/> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="*" mode="refentry.titlepage.verso.mode"> + <!-- if an element isn't found in this mode, --> + <!-- try the generic titlepage.mode --> + <xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="titlepage.mode"/> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="dedication.titlepage.recto"> + <div xsl:use-attribute-sets="dedication.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:call-template name="component.title"> +<xsl:with-param name="node" select="ancestor-or-self::dedication[1]"/> +</xsl:call-template></div> + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="dedicationinfo/subtitle"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="dedication.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="dedicationinfo/subtitle"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="docinfo/subtitle"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="dedication.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/subtitle"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="info/subtitle"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="dedication.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/subtitle"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="subtitle"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="dedication.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="subtitle"/> + </xsl:when> + </xsl:choose> + +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="dedication.titlepage.verso"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="dedication.titlepage.separator"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="dedication.titlepage.before.recto"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="dedication.titlepage.before.verso"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="dedication.titlepage"> + <div class="titlepage"> + <xsl:variable name="recto.content"> + <xsl:call-template name="dedication.titlepage.before.recto"/> + <xsl:call-template name="dedication.titlepage.recto"/> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:variable name="recto.elements.count"> + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="function-available('exsl:node-set')"><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($recto.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="contains(system-property('xsl:vendor'), 'Apache Software Foundation')"> + <!--Xalan quirk--><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($recto.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:otherwise>1</xsl:otherwise> + </xsl:choose> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:if test="(normalize-space($recto.content) != '') or ($recto.elements.count > 0)"> + <div><xsl:copy-of select="$recto.content"/></div> + </xsl:if> + <xsl:variable name="verso.content"> + <xsl:call-template name="dedication.titlepage.before.verso"/> + <xsl:call-template name="dedication.titlepage.verso"/> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:variable name="verso.elements.count"> + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="function-available('exsl:node-set')"><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($verso.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="contains(system-property('xsl:vendor'), 'Apache Software Foundation')"> + <!--Xalan quirk--><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($verso.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:otherwise>1</xsl:otherwise> + </xsl:choose> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:if test="(normalize-space($verso.content) != '') or ($verso.elements.count > 0)"> + <div><xsl:copy-of select="$verso.content"/></div> + </xsl:if> + <xsl:call-template name="dedication.titlepage.separator"/> + </div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="*" mode="dedication.titlepage.recto.mode"> + <!-- if an element isn't found in this mode, --> + <!-- try the generic titlepage.mode --> + <xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="titlepage.mode"/> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="*" mode="dedication.titlepage.verso.mode"> + <!-- if an element isn't found in this mode, --> + <!-- try the generic titlepage.mode --> + <xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="titlepage.mode"/> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="subtitle" mode="dedication.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="dedication.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="dedication.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="acknowledgements.titlepage.recto"> + <div xsl:use-attribute-sets="acknowledgements.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:call-template name="component.title"> +<xsl:with-param name="node" select="ancestor-or-self::acknowledgements[1]"/> +</xsl:call-template></div> + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="acknowledgementsinfo/subtitle"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="acknowledgements.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="acknowledgementsinfo/subtitle"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="docinfo/subtitle"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="acknowledgements.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/subtitle"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="info/subtitle"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="acknowledgements.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/subtitle"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="subtitle"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="acknowledgements.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="subtitle"/> + </xsl:when> + </xsl:choose> + +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="acknowledgements.titlepage.verso"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="acknowledgements.titlepage.separator"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="acknowledgements.titlepage.before.recto"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="acknowledgements.titlepage.before.verso"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="acknowledgements.titlepage"> + <div class="titlepage"> + <xsl:variable name="recto.content"> + <xsl:call-template name="acknowledgements.titlepage.before.recto"/> + <xsl:call-template name="acknowledgements.titlepage.recto"/> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:variable name="recto.elements.count"> + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="function-available('exsl:node-set')"><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($recto.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="contains(system-property('xsl:vendor'), 'Apache Software Foundation')"> + <!--Xalan quirk--><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($recto.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:otherwise>1</xsl:otherwise> + </xsl:choose> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:if test="(normalize-space($recto.content) != '') or ($recto.elements.count > 0)"> + <div><xsl:copy-of select="$recto.content"/></div> + </xsl:if> + <xsl:variable name="verso.content"> + <xsl:call-template name="acknowledgements.titlepage.before.verso"/> + <xsl:call-template name="acknowledgements.titlepage.verso"/> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:variable name="verso.elements.count"> + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="function-available('exsl:node-set')"><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($verso.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="contains(system-property('xsl:vendor'), 'Apache Software Foundation')"> + <!--Xalan quirk--><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($verso.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:otherwise>1</xsl:otherwise> + </xsl:choose> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:if test="(normalize-space($verso.content) != '') or ($verso.elements.count > 0)"> + <div><xsl:copy-of select="$verso.content"/></div> + </xsl:if> + <xsl:call-template name="acknowledgements.titlepage.separator"/> + </div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="*" mode="acknowledgements.titlepage.recto.mode"> + <!-- if an element isn't found in this mode, --> + <!-- try the generic titlepage.mode --> + <xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="titlepage.mode"/> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="*" mode="acknowledgements.titlepage.verso.mode"> + <!-- if an element isn't found in this mode, --> + <!-- try the generic titlepage.mode --> + <xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="titlepage.mode"/> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="subtitle" mode="acknowledgements.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="acknowledgements.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="acknowledgements.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="preface.titlepage.recto"> + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="prefaceinfo/title"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="preface.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="prefaceinfo/title"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="docinfo/title"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="preface.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/title"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="info/title"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="preface.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/title"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="title"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="preface.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="title"/> + </xsl:when> + </xsl:choose> + + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="prefaceinfo/subtitle"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="preface.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="prefaceinfo/subtitle"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="docinfo/subtitle"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="preface.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/subtitle"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="info/subtitle"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="preface.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/subtitle"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="subtitle"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="preface.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="subtitle"/> + </xsl:when> + </xsl:choose> + + <xsl:apply-templates mode="preface.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="prefaceinfo/corpauthor"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="preface.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/corpauthor"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="preface.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/corpauthor"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="preface.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="prefaceinfo/authorgroup"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="preface.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/authorgroup"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="preface.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/authorgroup"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="preface.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="prefaceinfo/author"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="preface.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/author"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="preface.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/author"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="preface.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="prefaceinfo/othercredit"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="preface.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/othercredit"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="preface.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/othercredit"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="preface.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="prefaceinfo/releaseinfo"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="preface.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/releaseinfo"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="preface.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/releaseinfo"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="preface.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="prefaceinfo/copyright"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="preface.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/copyright"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="preface.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/copyright"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="preface.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="prefaceinfo/legalnotice"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="preface.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/legalnotice"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="preface.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/legalnotice"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="preface.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="prefaceinfo/pubdate"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="preface.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/pubdate"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="preface.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/pubdate"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="preface.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="prefaceinfo/revision"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="preface.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/revision"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="preface.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/revision"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="preface.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="prefaceinfo/revhistory"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="preface.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/revhistory"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="preface.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/revhistory"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="preface.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="prefaceinfo/abstract"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="preface.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/abstract"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="preface.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/abstract"/> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="preface.titlepage.verso"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="preface.titlepage.separator"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="preface.titlepage.before.recto"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="preface.titlepage.before.verso"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="preface.titlepage"> + <div class="titlepage"> + <xsl:variable name="recto.content"> + <xsl:call-template name="preface.titlepage.before.recto"/> + <xsl:call-template name="preface.titlepage.recto"/> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:variable name="recto.elements.count"> + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="function-available('exsl:node-set')"><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($recto.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="contains(system-property('xsl:vendor'), 'Apache Software Foundation')"> + <!--Xalan quirk--><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($recto.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:otherwise>1</xsl:otherwise> + </xsl:choose> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:if test="(normalize-space($recto.content) != '') or ($recto.elements.count > 0)"> + <div><xsl:copy-of select="$recto.content"/></div> + </xsl:if> + <xsl:variable name="verso.content"> + <xsl:call-template name="preface.titlepage.before.verso"/> + <xsl:call-template name="preface.titlepage.verso"/> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:variable name="verso.elements.count"> + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="function-available('exsl:node-set')"><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($verso.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="contains(system-property('xsl:vendor'), 'Apache Software Foundation')"> + <!--Xalan quirk--><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($verso.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:otherwise>1</xsl:otherwise> + </xsl:choose> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:if test="(normalize-space($verso.content) != '') or ($verso.elements.count > 0)"> + <div><xsl:copy-of select="$verso.content"/></div> + </xsl:if> + <xsl:call-template name="preface.titlepage.separator"/> + </div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="*" mode="preface.titlepage.recto.mode"> + <!-- if an element isn't found in this mode, --> + <!-- try the generic titlepage.mode --> + <xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="titlepage.mode"/> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="*" mode="preface.titlepage.verso.mode"> + <!-- if an element isn't found in this mode, --> + <!-- try the generic titlepage.mode --> + <xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="titlepage.mode"/> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="title" mode="preface.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="preface.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="preface.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="subtitle" mode="preface.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="preface.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="preface.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="corpauthor" mode="preface.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="preface.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="preface.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="authorgroup" mode="preface.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="preface.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="preface.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="author" mode="preface.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="preface.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="preface.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="othercredit" mode="preface.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="preface.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="preface.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="releaseinfo" mode="preface.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="preface.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="preface.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="copyright" mode="preface.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="preface.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." 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<xsl:when test="function-available('exsl:node-set')"><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($verso.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="contains(system-property('xsl:vendor'), 'Apache Software Foundation')"> + <!--Xalan quirk--><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($verso.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:otherwise>1</xsl:otherwise> + </xsl:choose> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:if test="(normalize-space($verso.content) != '') or ($verso.elements.count > 0)"> + <div><xsl:copy-of select="$verso.content"/></div> + </xsl:if> + <xsl:call-template name="chapter.titlepage.separator"/> + </div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="*" mode="chapter.titlepage.recto.mode"> + <!-- if an element isn't found in this mode, --> + <!-- try the generic titlepage.mode --> + <xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="titlepage.mode"/> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="*" mode="chapter.titlepage.verso.mode"> + <!-- if an element isn't found in this mode, --> + <!-- try the generic 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select="count(exsl:node-set($recto.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="contains(system-property('xsl:vendor'), 'Apache Software Foundation')"> + <!--Xalan quirk--><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($recto.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:otherwise>1</xsl:otherwise> + </xsl:choose> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:if test="(normalize-space($recto.content) != '') or ($recto.elements.count > 0)"> + <div><xsl:copy-of select="$recto.content"/></div> + </xsl:if> + <xsl:variable name="verso.content"> + <xsl:call-template name="section.titlepage.before.verso"/> + <xsl:call-template name="section.titlepage.verso"/> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:variable name="verso.elements.count"> + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="function-available('exsl:node-set')"><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($verso.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="contains(system-property('xsl:vendor'), 'Apache Software Foundation')"> + <!--Xalan quirk--><xsl:value-of 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select="sect1info/legalnotice"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect1.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/legalnotice"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect1.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="sect1info/pubdate"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect1.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/pubdate"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect1.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="sect1info/revision"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect1.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/revision"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect1.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="sect1info/revhistory"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect1.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/revhistory"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect1.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="sect1info/abstract"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect1.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/abstract"/> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="sect1.titlepage.verso"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="sect1.titlepage.separator"><xsl:if 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select="$recto.content"/></div> + </xsl:if> + <xsl:variable name="verso.content"> + <xsl:call-template name="sect1.titlepage.before.verso"/> + <xsl:call-template name="sect1.titlepage.verso"/> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:variable name="verso.elements.count"> + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="function-available('exsl:node-set')"><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($verso.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="contains(system-property('xsl:vendor'), 'Apache Software Foundation')"> + <!--Xalan quirk--><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($verso.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:otherwise>1</xsl:otherwise> + </xsl:choose> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:if test="(normalize-space($verso.content) != '') or ($verso.elements.count > 0)"> + <div><xsl:copy-of select="$verso.content"/></div> + </xsl:if> + <xsl:call-template name="sect1.titlepage.separator"/> + </div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="*" mode="sect1.titlepage.recto.mode"> + <!-- if an element isn't found in this mode, --> + <!-- try the generic titlepage.mode --> + <xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="titlepage.mode"/> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="*" mode="sect1.titlepage.verso.mode"> + <!-- if an element isn't found in this mode, --> + <!-- try the generic titlepage.mode --> + <xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="titlepage.mode"/> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="title" mode="sect1.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="sect1.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="sect1.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="subtitle" mode="sect1.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="sect1.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="sect1.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="corpauthor" mode="sect1.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="sect1.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." 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select="." mode="sect2.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="subtitle" mode="sect2.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="sect2.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="sect2.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="corpauthor" mode="sect2.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="sect2.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="sect2.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="authorgroup" mode="sect2.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="sect2.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="sect2.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="author" mode="sect2.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="sect2.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="sect2.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="othercredit" mode="sect2.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="sect2.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="sect2.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="releaseinfo" mode="sect2.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="sect2.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="sect2.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="copyright" mode="sect2.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="sect2.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="sect2.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="legalnotice" mode="sect2.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="sect2.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="sect2.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="pubdate" mode="sect2.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="sect2.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="sect2.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="revision" mode="sect2.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="sect2.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="sect2.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="revhistory" mode="sect2.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="sect2.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="sect2.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="abstract" mode="sect2.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="sect2.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="sect2.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="sect3.titlepage.recto"> + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="sect3info/title"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect3.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="sect3info/title"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="info/title"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect3.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/title"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="title"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect3.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="title"/> + </xsl:when> + </xsl:choose> + + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="sect3info/subtitle"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect3.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="sect3info/subtitle"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="info/subtitle"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect3.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/subtitle"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="subtitle"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect3.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="subtitle"/> + </xsl:when> + </xsl:choose> + + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect3.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="sect3info/corpauthor"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect3.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/corpauthor"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect3.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="sect3info/authorgroup"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect3.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/authorgroup"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect3.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="sect3info/author"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect3.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/author"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect3.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="sect3info/othercredit"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect3.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/othercredit"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect3.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="sect3info/releaseinfo"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect3.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/releaseinfo"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect3.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="sect3info/copyright"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect3.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/copyright"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect3.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="sect3info/legalnotice"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect3.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/legalnotice"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect3.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="sect3info/pubdate"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect3.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/pubdate"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect3.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="sect3info/revision"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect3.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/revision"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect3.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="sect3info/revhistory"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect3.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/revhistory"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect3.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="sect3info/abstract"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect3.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/abstract"/> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="sect3.titlepage.verso"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="sect3.titlepage.separator"><xsl:if test="count(parent::*)='0'"><hr/></xsl:if> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="sect3.titlepage.before.recto"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="sect3.titlepage.before.verso"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="sect3.titlepage"> + <div class="titlepage"> + <xsl:variable name="recto.content"> + <xsl:call-template name="sect3.titlepage.before.recto"/> + <xsl:call-template name="sect3.titlepage.recto"/> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:variable name="recto.elements.count"> + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="function-available('exsl:node-set')"><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($recto.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="contains(system-property('xsl:vendor'), 'Apache Software Foundation')"> + <!--Xalan quirk--><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($recto.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:otherwise>1</xsl:otherwise> + </xsl:choose> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:if test="(normalize-space($recto.content) != '') or ($recto.elements.count > 0)"> + <div><xsl:copy-of select="$recto.content"/></div> + </xsl:if> + <xsl:variable name="verso.content"> + <xsl:call-template name="sect3.titlepage.before.verso"/> + <xsl:call-template name="sect3.titlepage.verso"/> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:variable name="verso.elements.count"> + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="function-available('exsl:node-set')"><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($verso.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="contains(system-property('xsl:vendor'), 'Apache Software Foundation')"> + <!--Xalan quirk--><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($verso.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:otherwise>1</xsl:otherwise> + </xsl:choose> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:if test="(normalize-space($verso.content) != '') or ($verso.elements.count > 0)"> + <div><xsl:copy-of select="$verso.content"/></div> + </xsl:if> + <xsl:call-template name="sect3.titlepage.separator"/> + </div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="*" mode="sect3.titlepage.recto.mode"> + <!-- if an element isn't found in this mode, --> + <!-- try the generic titlepage.mode --> + <xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="titlepage.mode"/> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="*" mode="sect3.titlepage.verso.mode"> + <!-- if an element isn't found in this mode, --> + <!-- try the generic titlepage.mode --> + <xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="titlepage.mode"/> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="title" mode="sect3.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="sect3.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="sect3.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="subtitle" mode="sect3.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="sect3.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="sect3.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="corpauthor" mode="sect3.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="sect3.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="sect3.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="authorgroup" mode="sect3.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="sect3.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="sect3.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="author" mode="sect3.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="sect3.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="sect3.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="othercredit" mode="sect3.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="sect3.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="sect3.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="releaseinfo" mode="sect3.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="sect3.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="sect3.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="copyright" mode="sect3.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="sect3.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="sect3.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="legalnotice" mode="sect3.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="sect3.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="sect3.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="pubdate" mode="sect3.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="sect3.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="sect3.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="revision" mode="sect3.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="sect3.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="sect3.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="revhistory" mode="sect3.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="sect3.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="sect3.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="abstract" mode="sect3.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="sect3.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="sect3.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="sect4.titlepage.recto"> + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="sect4info/title"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect4.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="sect4info/title"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="info/title"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect4.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/title"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="title"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect4.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="title"/> + </xsl:when> + </xsl:choose> + + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="sect4info/subtitle"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect4.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="sect4info/subtitle"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="info/subtitle"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect4.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/subtitle"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="subtitle"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect4.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="subtitle"/> + </xsl:when> + </xsl:choose> + + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect4.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="sect4info/corpauthor"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect4.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/corpauthor"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect4.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="sect4info/authorgroup"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect4.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/authorgroup"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect4.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="sect4info/author"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect4.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/author"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect4.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="sect4info/othercredit"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect4.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/othercredit"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect4.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="sect4info/releaseinfo"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect4.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/releaseinfo"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect4.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="sect4info/copyright"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect4.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/copyright"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect4.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="sect4info/legalnotice"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect4.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/legalnotice"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect4.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="sect4info/pubdate"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect4.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/pubdate"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect4.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="sect4info/revision"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect4.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/revision"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect4.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="sect4info/revhistory"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect4.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/revhistory"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect4.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="sect4info/abstract"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect4.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/abstract"/> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="sect4.titlepage.verso"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="sect4.titlepage.separator"><xsl:if test="count(parent::*)='0'"><hr/></xsl:if> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="sect4.titlepage.before.recto"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="sect4.titlepage.before.verso"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="sect4.titlepage"> + <div class="titlepage"> + <xsl:variable name="recto.content"> + <xsl:call-template name="sect4.titlepage.before.recto"/> + <xsl:call-template name="sect4.titlepage.recto"/> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:variable name="recto.elements.count"> + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="function-available('exsl:node-set')"><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($recto.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="contains(system-property('xsl:vendor'), 'Apache Software Foundation')"> + <!--Xalan quirk--><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($recto.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:otherwise>1</xsl:otherwise> + </xsl:choose> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:if test="(normalize-space($recto.content) != '') or ($recto.elements.count > 0)"> + <div><xsl:copy-of select="$recto.content"/></div> + </xsl:if> + <xsl:variable name="verso.content"> + <xsl:call-template name="sect4.titlepage.before.verso"/> + <xsl:call-template name="sect4.titlepage.verso"/> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:variable name="verso.elements.count"> + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="function-available('exsl:node-set')"><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($verso.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="contains(system-property('xsl:vendor'), 'Apache Software Foundation')"> + <!--Xalan quirk--><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($verso.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:otherwise>1</xsl:otherwise> + </xsl:choose> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:if test="(normalize-space($verso.content) != '') or ($verso.elements.count > 0)"> + <div><xsl:copy-of select="$verso.content"/></div> + </xsl:if> + <xsl:call-template name="sect4.titlepage.separator"/> + </div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="*" mode="sect4.titlepage.recto.mode"> + <!-- if an element isn't found in this mode, --> + <!-- try the generic titlepage.mode --> + <xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="titlepage.mode"/> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="*" mode="sect4.titlepage.verso.mode"> + <!-- if an element isn't found in this mode, --> + <!-- try the generic titlepage.mode --> + <xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="titlepage.mode"/> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="title" mode="sect4.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="sect4.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="sect4.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="subtitle" mode="sect4.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="sect4.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="sect4.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="corpauthor" mode="sect4.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="sect4.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="sect4.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="authorgroup" mode="sect4.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="sect4.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="sect4.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="author" mode="sect4.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="sect4.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="sect4.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="othercredit" mode="sect4.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="sect4.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="sect4.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="releaseinfo" mode="sect4.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="sect4.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="sect4.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="copyright" mode="sect4.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="sect4.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="sect4.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="legalnotice" mode="sect4.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="sect4.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="sect4.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="pubdate" mode="sect4.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="sect4.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="sect4.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="revision" mode="sect4.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="sect4.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="sect4.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="revhistory" mode="sect4.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="sect4.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="sect4.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="abstract" mode="sect4.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="sect4.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="sect4.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="sect5.titlepage.recto"> + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="sect5info/title"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect5.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="sect5info/title"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="info/title"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect5.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/title"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="title"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect5.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="title"/> + </xsl:when> + </xsl:choose> + + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="sect5info/subtitle"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect5.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="sect5info/subtitle"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="info/subtitle"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect5.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/subtitle"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="subtitle"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect5.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="subtitle"/> + </xsl:when> + </xsl:choose> + + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect5.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="sect5info/corpauthor"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect5.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/corpauthor"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect5.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="sect5info/authorgroup"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect5.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/authorgroup"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect5.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="sect5info/author"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect5.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/author"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect5.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="sect5info/othercredit"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect5.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/othercredit"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect5.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="sect5info/releaseinfo"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect5.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/releaseinfo"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect5.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="sect5info/copyright"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect5.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/copyright"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect5.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="sect5info/legalnotice"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect5.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/legalnotice"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect5.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="sect5info/pubdate"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect5.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/pubdate"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect5.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="sect5info/revision"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect5.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/revision"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect5.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="sect5info/revhistory"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect5.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/revhistory"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect5.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="sect5info/abstract"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sect5.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/abstract"/> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="sect5.titlepage.verso"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="sect5.titlepage.separator"><xsl:if test="count(parent::*)='0'"><hr/></xsl:if> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="sect5.titlepage.before.recto"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="sect5.titlepage.before.verso"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="sect5.titlepage"> + <div class="titlepage"> + <xsl:variable name="recto.content"> + <xsl:call-template name="sect5.titlepage.before.recto"/> + <xsl:call-template name="sect5.titlepage.recto"/> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:variable name="recto.elements.count"> + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="function-available('exsl:node-set')"><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($recto.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="contains(system-property('xsl:vendor'), 'Apache Software Foundation')"> + <!--Xalan quirk--><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($recto.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:otherwise>1</xsl:otherwise> + </xsl:choose> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:if test="(normalize-space($recto.content) != '') or ($recto.elements.count > 0)"> + <div><xsl:copy-of select="$recto.content"/></div> + </xsl:if> + <xsl:variable name="verso.content"> + <xsl:call-template name="sect5.titlepage.before.verso"/> + <xsl:call-template name="sect5.titlepage.verso"/> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:variable name="verso.elements.count"> + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="function-available('exsl:node-set')"><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($verso.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="contains(system-property('xsl:vendor'), 'Apache Software Foundation')"> + <!--Xalan quirk--><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($verso.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:otherwise>1</xsl:otherwise> + </xsl:choose> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:if test="(normalize-space($verso.content) != '') or ($verso.elements.count > 0)"> + <div><xsl:copy-of select="$verso.content"/></div> + </xsl:if> + <xsl:call-template name="sect5.titlepage.separator"/> + </div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="*" mode="sect5.titlepage.recto.mode"> + <!-- if an element isn't found in this mode, --> + <!-- try the generic titlepage.mode --> + <xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="titlepage.mode"/> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="*" mode="sect5.titlepage.verso.mode"> + <!-- if an element isn't found in this mode, --> + <!-- try the generic titlepage.mode --> + <xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="titlepage.mode"/> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="title" mode="sect5.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="sect5.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="sect5.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="subtitle" mode="sect5.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="sect5.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="sect5.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="corpauthor" mode="sect5.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="sect5.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="sect5.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="authorgroup" mode="sect5.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="sect5.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="sect5.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="author" mode="sect5.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="sect5.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="sect5.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="othercredit" mode="sect5.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="sect5.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="sect5.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="releaseinfo" mode="sect5.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="sect5.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="sect5.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="copyright" mode="sect5.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="sect5.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="sect5.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="legalnotice" mode="sect5.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="sect5.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="sect5.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="pubdate" mode="sect5.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="sect5.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="sect5.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="revision" mode="sect5.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="sect5.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="sect5.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="revhistory" mode="sect5.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="sect5.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="sect5.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="abstract" mode="sect5.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="sect5.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="sect5.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="simplesect.titlepage.recto"> + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="simplesectinfo/title"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="simplesectinfo/title"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="docinfo/title"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/title"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="info/title"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/title"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="title"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="title"/> + </xsl:when> + </xsl:choose> + + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="simplesectinfo/subtitle"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="simplesectinfo/subtitle"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="docinfo/subtitle"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/subtitle"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="info/subtitle"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/subtitle"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="subtitle"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="subtitle"/> + </xsl:when> + </xsl:choose> + + <xsl:apply-templates mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="simplesectinfo/corpauthor"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/corpauthor"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/corpauthor"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="simplesectinfo/authorgroup"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/authorgroup"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/authorgroup"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="simplesectinfo/author"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/author"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/author"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="simplesectinfo/othercredit"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/othercredit"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/othercredit"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="simplesectinfo/releaseinfo"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/releaseinfo"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/releaseinfo"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="simplesectinfo/copyright"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/copyright"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/copyright"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="simplesectinfo/legalnotice"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/legalnotice"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/legalnotice"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="simplesectinfo/pubdate"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/pubdate"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/pubdate"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="simplesectinfo/revision"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/revision"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/revision"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="simplesectinfo/revhistory"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/revhistory"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/revhistory"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="simplesectinfo/abstract"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/abstract"/> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/abstract"/> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="simplesect.titlepage.verso"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="simplesect.titlepage.separator"><xsl:if test="count(parent::*)='0'"><hr/></xsl:if> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="simplesect.titlepage.before.recto"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="simplesect.titlepage.before.verso"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="simplesect.titlepage"> + <div class="titlepage"> + <xsl:variable name="recto.content"> + <xsl:call-template name="simplesect.titlepage.before.recto"/> + <xsl:call-template name="simplesect.titlepage.recto"/> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:variable name="recto.elements.count"> + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="function-available('exsl:node-set')"><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($recto.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="contains(system-property('xsl:vendor'), 'Apache Software Foundation')"> + <!--Xalan quirk--><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($recto.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:otherwise>1</xsl:otherwise> + </xsl:choose> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:if test="(normalize-space($recto.content) != '') or ($recto.elements.count > 0)"> + <div><xsl:copy-of select="$recto.content"/></div> + </xsl:if> + <xsl:variable name="verso.content"> + <xsl:call-template name="simplesect.titlepage.before.verso"/> + <xsl:call-template name="simplesect.titlepage.verso"/> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:variable name="verso.elements.count"> + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="function-available('exsl:node-set')"><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($verso.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="contains(system-property('xsl:vendor'), 'Apache Software Foundation')"> + <!--Xalan quirk--><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($verso.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:otherwise>1</xsl:otherwise> + </xsl:choose> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:if test="(normalize-space($verso.content) != '') or ($verso.elements.count > 0)"> + <div><xsl:copy-of select="$verso.content"/></div> + </xsl:if> + <xsl:call-template name="simplesect.titlepage.separator"/> + </div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="*" mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.mode"> + <!-- if an element isn't found in this mode, --> + <!-- try the generic titlepage.mode --> + <xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="titlepage.mode"/> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="*" mode="simplesect.titlepage.verso.mode"> + <!-- if an element isn't found in this mode, --> + <!-- try the generic titlepage.mode --> + <xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="titlepage.mode"/> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="title" mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="simplesect.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="subtitle" mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="simplesect.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="corpauthor" mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="simplesect.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="authorgroup" mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="simplesect.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="author" mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="simplesect.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="othercredit" mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="simplesect.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="releaseinfo" mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="simplesect.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="copyright" mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="simplesect.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="legalnotice" mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="simplesect.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="pubdate" mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="simplesect.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="revision" mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="simplesect.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="revhistory" mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="simplesect.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="abstract" mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="simplesect.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="simplesect.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="bibliography.titlepage.recto"> + <div xsl:use-attribute-sets="bibliography.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:call-template name="component.title"> +<xsl:with-param name="node" select="ancestor-or-self::bibliography[1]"/> +</xsl:call-template></div> + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="bibliographyinfo/subtitle"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="bibliography.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="bibliographyinfo/subtitle"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="docinfo/subtitle"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="bibliography.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/subtitle"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="info/subtitle"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="bibliography.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/subtitle"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="subtitle"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="bibliography.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="subtitle"/> + </xsl:when> + </xsl:choose> + +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="bibliography.titlepage.verso"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="bibliography.titlepage.separator"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="bibliography.titlepage.before.recto"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="bibliography.titlepage.before.verso"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="bibliography.titlepage"> + <div class="titlepage"> + <xsl:variable name="recto.content"> + <xsl:call-template name="bibliography.titlepage.before.recto"/> + <xsl:call-template name="bibliography.titlepage.recto"/> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:variable name="recto.elements.count"> + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="function-available('exsl:node-set')"><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($recto.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="contains(system-property('xsl:vendor'), 'Apache Software Foundation')"> + <!--Xalan quirk--><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($recto.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:otherwise>1</xsl:otherwise> + </xsl:choose> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:if test="(normalize-space($recto.content) != '') or ($recto.elements.count > 0)"> + <div><xsl:copy-of select="$recto.content"/></div> + </xsl:if> + <xsl:variable name="verso.content"> + <xsl:call-template name="bibliography.titlepage.before.verso"/> + <xsl:call-template name="bibliography.titlepage.verso"/> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:variable name="verso.elements.count"> + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="function-available('exsl:node-set')"><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($verso.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="contains(system-property('xsl:vendor'), 'Apache Software Foundation')"> + <!--Xalan quirk--><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($verso.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:otherwise>1</xsl:otherwise> + </xsl:choose> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:if test="(normalize-space($verso.content) != '') or ($verso.elements.count > 0)"> + <div><xsl:copy-of select="$verso.content"/></div> + </xsl:if> + <xsl:call-template name="bibliography.titlepage.separator"/> + </div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="*" mode="bibliography.titlepage.recto.mode"> + <!-- if an element isn't found in this mode, --> + <!-- try the generic titlepage.mode --> + <xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="titlepage.mode"/> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="*" mode="bibliography.titlepage.verso.mode"> + <!-- if an element isn't found in this mode, --> + <!-- try the generic titlepage.mode --> + <xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="titlepage.mode"/> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="subtitle" mode="bibliography.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="bibliography.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="bibliography.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="glossary.titlepage.recto"> + <div xsl:use-attribute-sets="glossary.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:call-template name="component.title"> +<xsl:with-param name="node" select="ancestor-or-self::glossary[1]"/> +</xsl:call-template></div> + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="glossaryinfo/subtitle"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="glossary.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="glossaryinfo/subtitle"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="docinfo/subtitle"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="glossary.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/subtitle"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="info/subtitle"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="glossary.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/subtitle"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="subtitle"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="glossary.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="subtitle"/> + </xsl:when> + </xsl:choose> + +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="glossary.titlepage.verso"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="glossary.titlepage.separator"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="glossary.titlepage.before.recto"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="glossary.titlepage.before.verso"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="glossary.titlepage"> + <div class="titlepage"> + <xsl:variable name="recto.content"> + <xsl:call-template name="glossary.titlepage.before.recto"/> + <xsl:call-template name="glossary.titlepage.recto"/> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:variable name="recto.elements.count"> + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="function-available('exsl:node-set')"><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($recto.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="contains(system-property('xsl:vendor'), 'Apache Software Foundation')"> + <!--Xalan quirk--><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($recto.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:otherwise>1</xsl:otherwise> + </xsl:choose> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:if test="(normalize-space($recto.content) != '') or ($recto.elements.count > 0)"> + <div><xsl:copy-of select="$recto.content"/></div> + </xsl:if> + <xsl:variable name="verso.content"> + <xsl:call-template name="glossary.titlepage.before.verso"/> + <xsl:call-template name="glossary.titlepage.verso"/> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:variable name="verso.elements.count"> + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="function-available('exsl:node-set')"><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($verso.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="contains(system-property('xsl:vendor'), 'Apache Software Foundation')"> + <!--Xalan quirk--><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($verso.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:otherwise>1</xsl:otherwise> + </xsl:choose> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:if test="(normalize-space($verso.content) != '') or ($verso.elements.count > 0)"> + <div><xsl:copy-of select="$verso.content"/></div> + </xsl:if> + <xsl:call-template name="glossary.titlepage.separator"/> + </div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="*" mode="glossary.titlepage.recto.mode"> + <!-- if an element isn't found in this mode, --> + <!-- try the generic titlepage.mode --> + <xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="titlepage.mode"/> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="*" mode="glossary.titlepage.verso.mode"> + <!-- if an element isn't found in this mode, --> + <!-- try the generic titlepage.mode --> + <xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="titlepage.mode"/> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="subtitle" mode="glossary.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="glossary.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="glossary.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="index.titlepage.recto"> + <div xsl:use-attribute-sets="index.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:call-template name="component.title"> +<xsl:with-param name="node" select="ancestor-or-self::index[1]"/> +</xsl:call-template></div> + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="indexinfo/subtitle"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="index.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="indexinfo/subtitle"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="docinfo/subtitle"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="index.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/subtitle"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="info/subtitle"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="index.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/subtitle"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="subtitle"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="index.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="subtitle"/> + </xsl:when> + </xsl:choose> + +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="index.titlepage.verso"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="index.titlepage.separator"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="index.titlepage.before.recto"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="index.titlepage.before.verso"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="index.titlepage"> + <div class="titlepage"> + <xsl:variable name="recto.content"> + <xsl:call-template name="index.titlepage.before.recto"/> + <xsl:call-template name="index.titlepage.recto"/> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:variable name="recto.elements.count"> + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="function-available('exsl:node-set')"><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($recto.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="contains(system-property('xsl:vendor'), 'Apache Software Foundation')"> + <!--Xalan quirk--><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($recto.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:otherwise>1</xsl:otherwise> + </xsl:choose> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:if test="(normalize-space($recto.content) != '') or ($recto.elements.count > 0)"> + <div><xsl:copy-of select="$recto.content"/></div> + </xsl:if> + <xsl:variable name="verso.content"> + <xsl:call-template name="index.titlepage.before.verso"/> + <xsl:call-template name="index.titlepage.verso"/> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:variable name="verso.elements.count"> + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="function-available('exsl:node-set')"><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($verso.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="contains(system-property('xsl:vendor'), 'Apache Software Foundation')"> + <!--Xalan quirk--><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($verso.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:otherwise>1</xsl:otherwise> + </xsl:choose> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:if test="(normalize-space($verso.content) != '') or ($verso.elements.count > 0)"> + <div><xsl:copy-of select="$verso.content"/></div> + </xsl:if> + <xsl:call-template name="index.titlepage.separator"/> + </div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="*" mode="index.titlepage.recto.mode"> + <!-- if an element isn't found in this mode, --> + <!-- try the generic titlepage.mode --> + <xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="titlepage.mode"/> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="*" mode="index.titlepage.verso.mode"> + <!-- if an element isn't found in this mode, --> + <!-- try the generic titlepage.mode --> + <xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="titlepage.mode"/> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="subtitle" mode="index.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="index.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="index.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="setindex.titlepage.recto"> + <div xsl:use-attribute-sets="setindex.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:call-template name="component.title"> +<xsl:with-param name="node" select="ancestor-or-self::setindex[1]"/> +</xsl:call-template></div> + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="setindexinfo/subtitle"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="setindex.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="setindexinfo/subtitle"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="docinfo/subtitle"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="setindex.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/subtitle"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="info/subtitle"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="setindex.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/subtitle"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="subtitle"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="setindex.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="subtitle"/> + </xsl:when> + </xsl:choose> + +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="setindex.titlepage.verso"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="setindex.titlepage.separator"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="setindex.titlepage.before.recto"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="setindex.titlepage.before.verso"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="setindex.titlepage"> + <div class="titlepage"> + <xsl:variable name="recto.content"> + <xsl:call-template name="setindex.titlepage.before.recto"/> + <xsl:call-template name="setindex.titlepage.recto"/> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:variable name="recto.elements.count"> + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="function-available('exsl:node-set')"><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($recto.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="contains(system-property('xsl:vendor'), 'Apache Software Foundation')"> + <!--Xalan quirk--><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($recto.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:otherwise>1</xsl:otherwise> + </xsl:choose> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:if test="(normalize-space($recto.content) != '') or ($recto.elements.count > 0)"> + <div><xsl:copy-of select="$recto.content"/></div> + </xsl:if> + <xsl:variable name="verso.content"> + <xsl:call-template name="setindex.titlepage.before.verso"/> + <xsl:call-template name="setindex.titlepage.verso"/> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:variable name="verso.elements.count"> + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="function-available('exsl:node-set')"><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($verso.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="contains(system-property('xsl:vendor'), 'Apache Software Foundation')"> + <!--Xalan quirk--><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($verso.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:otherwise>1</xsl:otherwise> + </xsl:choose> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:if test="(normalize-space($verso.content) != '') or ($verso.elements.count > 0)"> + <div><xsl:copy-of select="$verso.content"/></div> + </xsl:if> + <xsl:call-template name="setindex.titlepage.separator"/> + </div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="*" mode="setindex.titlepage.recto.mode"> + <!-- if an element isn't found in this mode, --> + <!-- try the generic titlepage.mode --> + <xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="titlepage.mode"/> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="*" mode="setindex.titlepage.verso.mode"> + <!-- if an element isn't found in this mode, --> + <!-- try the generic titlepage.mode --> + <xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="titlepage.mode"/> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="subtitle" mode="setindex.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="setindex.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="setindex.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="sidebar.titlepage.recto"> + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="sidebarinfo/title"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sidebar.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="sidebarinfo/title"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="docinfo/title"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sidebar.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/title"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="info/title"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sidebar.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/title"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="title"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sidebar.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="title"/> + </xsl:when> + </xsl:choose> + + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="sidebarinfo/subtitle"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sidebar.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="sidebarinfo/subtitle"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="docinfo/subtitle"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sidebar.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="docinfo/subtitle"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="info/subtitle"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sidebar.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="info/subtitle"/> + </xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="subtitle"> + <xsl:apply-templates mode="sidebar.titlepage.recto.auto.mode" select="subtitle"/> + </xsl:when> + </xsl:choose> + +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="sidebar.titlepage.verso"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="sidebar.titlepage.separator"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="sidebar.titlepage.before.recto"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="sidebar.titlepage.before.verso"> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template name="sidebar.titlepage"> + <div class="titlepage"> + <xsl:variable name="recto.content"> + <xsl:call-template name="sidebar.titlepage.before.recto"/> + <xsl:call-template name="sidebar.titlepage.recto"/> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:variable name="recto.elements.count"> + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="function-available('exsl:node-set')"><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($recto.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="contains(system-property('xsl:vendor'), 'Apache Software Foundation')"> + <!--Xalan quirk--><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($recto.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:otherwise>1</xsl:otherwise> + </xsl:choose> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:if test="(normalize-space($recto.content) != '') or ($recto.elements.count > 0)"> + <div><xsl:copy-of select="$recto.content"/></div> + </xsl:if> + <xsl:variable name="verso.content"> + <xsl:call-template name="sidebar.titlepage.before.verso"/> + <xsl:call-template name="sidebar.titlepage.verso"/> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:variable name="verso.elements.count"> + <xsl:choose> + <xsl:when test="function-available('exsl:node-set')"><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($verso.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:when test="contains(system-property('xsl:vendor'), 'Apache Software Foundation')"> + <!--Xalan quirk--><xsl:value-of select="count(exsl:node-set($verso.content)/*)"/></xsl:when> + <xsl:otherwise>1</xsl:otherwise> + </xsl:choose> + </xsl:variable> + <xsl:if test="(normalize-space($verso.content) != '') or ($verso.elements.count > 0)"> + <div><xsl:copy-of select="$verso.content"/></div> + </xsl:if> + <xsl:call-template name="sidebar.titlepage.separator"/> + </div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="*" mode="sidebar.titlepage.recto.mode"> + <!-- if an element isn't found in this mode, --> + <!-- try the generic titlepage.mode --> + <xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="titlepage.mode"/> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="*" mode="sidebar.titlepage.verso.mode"> + <!-- if an element isn't found in this mode, --> + <!-- try the generic titlepage.mode --> + <xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="titlepage.mode"/> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="title" mode="sidebar.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="sidebar.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:call-template name="formal.object.heading"> +<xsl:with-param name="object" select="ancestor-or-self::sidebar[1]"/> +</xsl:call-template> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +<xsl:template match="subtitle" mode="sidebar.titlepage.recto.auto.mode"> +<div xsl:use-attribute-sets="sidebar.titlepage.recto.style"> +<xsl:apply-templates select="." mode="sidebar.titlepage.recto.mode"/> +</div> +</xsl:template> + +</xsl:stylesheet> + diff --git a/documentation/yocto-project-qs/yocto-project-qs.xml b/documentation/yocto-project-qs/yocto-project-qs.xml new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5ffe674 --- /dev/null +++ b/documentation/yocto-project-qs/yocto-project-qs.xml @@ -0,0 +1,998 @@ +<!DOCTYPE chapter PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN" +"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd" +[<!ENTITY % poky SYSTEM "../poky.ent"> %poky; ] > + +<article id='intro'> + <articleinfo> + <title>Yocto Project Quick Start + + + ©RIGHT_YEAR; + Linux Foundation + + + + + Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under + the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales as published by Creative Commons. + + + For the latest version of this manual associated with this + Yocto Project release, see the + Yocto Project Quick Start + from the Yocto Project website. + + + + + + + + + +
+ Welcome! + + Welcome to the Yocto Project! + The Yocto Project is an open-source collaboration project focused on + embedded Linux developers. + Among other things, the Yocto Project uses a build system based on the + OpenEmbedded (OE) project, which uses the + BitBake + tool, to construct complete Linux images. + The BitBake and OE components are combined together to form + Poky, + a reference build system. + + + + If you don't have a system that runs Linux and you want to give the Yocto Project a test run, + you might consider using the Yocto Project Build Appliance. + The Build Appliance allows you to build and boot a custom embedded Linux image with the Yocto + Project using a non-Linux development system. + See the Yocto + Project Build Appliance for more information. + + + + On the other hand, if you know all about open-source development, Linux development environments, + Git source repositories and the like and you just want some quick information that lets you try out + the Yocto Project on your Linux system, skip right to the + "Super User" section at the end of this quick start. + + + + For the rest of you, this short document will give you some basic information about the environment and + let you experience it in its simplest form. + After reading this document, you will have a basic understanding of what the Yocto Project is + and how to use some of its core components. + This document steps you through a simple example showing you how to build a small image + and run it using the Quick EMUlator (QEMU emulator). + + + + For more detailed information on the Yocto Project, you should check out these resources: + + Website: The Yocto Project Website + provides the latest builds, breaking news, full development documentation, and a rich Yocto + Project Development Community into which you can tap. + + FAQs: Lists commonly asked Yocto Project questions and answers. + You can find two FAQs: Yocto Project FAQ on + a wiki, and the + "FAQ" chapter in + the Yocto Project Reference Manual. + + Developer Screencast: The + Getting Started with the Yocto Project - New + Developer Screencast Tutorial provides a 30-minute video + created for users unfamiliar with the Yocto Project but familiar + with Linux build systems. + + +
+ +
+ Introducing the Yocto Project Development Environment + + The Yocto Project through the OpenEmbedded build system provides an open source development + environment targeting the ARM, MIPS, PowerPC and x86 architectures for a variety of + platforms including x86-64 and emulated ones. + You can use components from the Yocto Project to design, develop, build, debug, simulate, + and test the complete software stack using Linux, the X Window System, GNOME Mobile-based + application frameworks, and Qt frameworks. + + + + + + + + The Yocto Project Development Environment + + + + + Here are some highlights for the Yocto Project: + + + + + Provides a recent Linux kernel along with a set of system commands and libraries suitable for the embedded environment. + + + Makes available system components such as X11, GTK+, Qt, Clutter, and SDL + (among others) so you can create a rich user experience on devices + that have display hardware. + For devices that do not have a display or where you wish to use alternative UI + frameworks, these components need not be installed. + + + Creates a focused and stable core compatible with the OpenEmbedded + project with which you can easily and reliably build and develop. + + + Fully supports a wide range of hardware and device emulation through the QEMU + Emulator. + + + + + The Yocto Project can generate images for many kinds of devices. + However, the standard example machines target QEMU full-system emulation for x86, x86-64, ARM, MIPS, + and PPC-based architectures as well as specific hardware such as the + Intel Desktop Board DH55TC. + Because an image developed with the Yocto Project can boot inside a QEMU emulator, the + development environment works nicely as a test platform for developing embedded software. + + + + Another important Yocto Project feature is the Sato reference User Interface. + This optional GNOME mobile-based UI, which is intended for devices with + restricted screen sizes, sits neatly on top of a device using the + GNOME Mobile Stack and provides a well-defined user experience. + Implemented in its own layer, it makes it clear to developers how they can implement + their own user interface on top of a Linux image created with the Yocto Project. + +
+ +
+ What You Need and How You Get It + + + You need these things to develop projects in the Yocto Project + environment: + + + + + A host system running a supported Linux distribution + (i.e. recent releases of Fedora, openSUSE, CentOS, Debian, + and Ubuntu). + If the host system supports multiple cores and threads, you can configure the + Yocto Project build system to decrease the time needed to build images + significantly. + + + + The right packages. + + + A release of the Yocto Project. + + + +
+ The Linux Distribution + + + The Yocto Project team is continually verifying more and more Linux + distributions with each release. + In general, if you have the current release minus one of the following + distributions you should have no problems. + + Ubuntu + Fedora + openSUSE + CentOS + Debian + + For a more detailed list of distributions that support the Yocto Project, + see the + "Supported Linux Distributions" section + in the Yocto Project Reference Manual. + + + The OpenEmbedded build system should be able to run on any modern + distribution that has the following versions for Git, tar, and + Python. + + Git 1.7.5 or greater + tar 1.24 or greater + Python 2.7.3 or greater excluding Python + 3.x, which is not supported. + + Earlier releases of Python are known to not work and the + system does not support Python 3 at this time. + If your system does not meet any of these three listed + version requirements, you can + take steps to prepare the system so that you can still use the build + system. + See the + "Required Git, tar, and Python Versions" + section in the Yocto Project Reference Manual for information. + + + This document assumes you are running one of the previously noted + distributions on your Linux-based host systems. + + + + If you attempt to use a distribution not in the above list, + you may or may not have success. + Yocto Project releases are tested against the stable Linux + distributions listed in the + "Supported Linux Distributions" + section of the Yocto Project Reference Manual. + If you encounter problems, please go to + Yocto Project Bugzilla + and submit a bug. + We are interested in hearing about your experience. + + +
+ +
+ The Packages + + + Packages and package installation vary depending on your development system + and on your intent. + For example, if you want to build an image that can run + on QEMU in graphical mode (a minimal, basic build + requirement), then the number of packages is different than if you want to + build an image on a headless system or build out the Yocto Project + documentation set. + Collectively, the number of required packages is large + if you want to be able to cover all cases. + In general, you need to have root access and then install the + required packages. + Thus, the commands in the following section may or may not work + depending on whether or not your Linux distribution has + sudo installed. + + + + The next few sections list, by supported Linux Distributions, the required + packages needed to build an image that runs on QEMU in graphical mode + (e.g. essential plus graphics support). + + + + For lists of required packages for other scenarios, see the + "Required Packages for the Host Development System" + section in the Yocto Project Reference Manual. + + +
+ Ubuntu and Debian + + + The essential and graphical support packages you need for a + supported Ubuntu or Debian distribution are shown in the + following command: + + $ sudo apt-get install &UBUNTU_HOST_PACKAGES_ESSENTIAL; libsdl1.2-dev xterm + + +
+ +
+ Fedora + + + The essential and graphical packages you need for a supported + Fedora distribution are shown in the following command: + + $ sudo yum install &FEDORA_HOST_PACKAGES_ESSENTIAL; SDL-devel xterm + + +
+ +
+ OpenSUSE + + + The essential and graphical packages you need for a supported + OpenSUSE distribution are shown in the following command: + + $ sudo zypper install &OPENSUSE_HOST_PACKAGES_ESSENTIAL; libSDL-devel xterm + + +
+ +
+ CentOS + + + The essential and graphical packages you need for a supported + CentOS distribution are shown in the following command: + + $ sudo yum install &CENTOS_HOST_PACKAGES_ESSENTIAL; SDL-devel xterm + + Depending on the CentOS version you are using, other requirements + and dependencies might exist. + For details, you should look at the CentOS sections on the + Poky/GettingStarted/Dependencies + wiki page. + +
+
+ +
+ Yocto Project Release + + + It is recommended that you get the latest Yocto Project files + by setting up (cloning in + Git terms) a local + copy of the + poky Git repository on your host development + system. + Doing so allows you to contribute back to the Yocto Project project. + For information on how to get set up using this method, see the + "Yocto + Project Release" item in the Yocto Project Development Manual. + + + + You can also get the Yocto Project Files by downloading + Yocto Project releases from the + Yocto Project website. + From the website, you just click "Downloads" in the navigation pane + to the left to display all Yocto Project downloads. + Current and archived releases are available for download. + Nightly and developmental builds are also maintained at + . + However, for this document a released version of Yocto Project is used. + + +
+
+ +
+ A Quick Test Run + + + Now that you have your system requirements in order, you can give the Yocto Project a try. + This section presents some steps that let you do the following: + + + + + + Build an image and run it in the QEMU emulator. + + + + + Use a pre-built image and run it in the QEMU emulator. + + + + +
+ Building an Image + + + In the development environment you will need to build an image whenever you change hardware + support, add or change system libraries, or add or change services that have dependencies. + + + + + + + + Building an Image + + + + + Use the following commands to build your image. + The OpenEmbedded build process creates an entire Linux distribution, including the toolchain, + from source. + + + + The build process using Sato currently consumes about 50GB of disk space. + To allow for variations in the build process and for future package expansion, we + recommend having at least 50 Gbytes of free disk space. + + + + + By default, the build process searches for source code using + a pre-determined order through a set of locations. + If you encounter problems with the build process finding and + downloading source code, see the + "How does the OpenEmbedded build system obtain source code and will it work behind my firewall or proxy server?" + entry in the Yocto Project Reference Manual FAQ. + + + + + + $ git clone &YOCTO_GIT_URL;/git/poky + $ cd poky + $ git checkout -b &DISTRO_NAME; origin/&DISTRO_NAME; + $ source &OE_INIT_FILE; + + + + + + To help conserve disk space during builds, you can add the + following statement to your project's configuration file, + which for this example is + poky/build/conf/local.conf. + Adding this statement deletes the work directory used for + building a package once the package is built. + + INHERIT += "rm_work" + + + + + + In the previous example, the first command uses + Git to create + a local repository named poky that is a + clone of the upstream Yocto Project + poky repository. + The third command checks out a local branch and + names it &DISTRO_NAME;. + The local branch tracks the upstream branch of the same name. + Creating your own branch based on the released branch ensures + you are using the latest files for that release. + + + The final command runs the Yocto Project + &OE_INIT_FILE; + environment setup script. + Running this script defines OpenEmbedded build environment + settings needed to complete the build. + The script also creates the + Build Directory, + which is build in this case and is located + in the + Source Directory. + After the script runs, your current working directory is set + to the Build Directory. + Later, when the build completes, the Build Directory contains + all the files created during the build. + + For information on running a memory-resident + BitBake, + see the + oe-init-build-env-memres + setup script. + + + + Take some time to examine your local.conf file + in your project's configuration directory, which is found in the Build Directory. + The defaults in that file should work fine. + However, there are some variables of interest at which you might look. + + + + By default, the target architecture for the build is qemux86, + which produces an image that can be used in the QEMU emulator and is targeted at an + Intel 32-bit based architecture. + To change this default, edit the value of the + MACHINE + variable in the configuration file before launching the build. + + + + Another couple of variables of interest are the + BB_NUMBER_THREADS and the + PARALLEL_MAKE variables. + By default, these variables are set to how ever many processor + cores your build host uses. + However, if your build host uses multiple processor cores, + you should increase these settings to twice the number of + cores used. + Doing so can significantly shorten your build time. + + + + Another consideration before you build is the package manager used when creating + the image. + By default, the OpenEmbedded build system uses the RPM package manager. + You can control this configuration by using the + PACKAGE_CLASSES variable. + For additional package manager selection information, see the + "package*.bbclass" + section in the Yocto Project Reference Manual. + + + + Continue with the following command to build an OS image for the target, which is + core-image-sato in this example. + For information on the -k option use the + bitbake --help command, see the + "BitBake" + section in the Yocto Project Reference Manual, or see the + "BitBake Command" + section in the BitBake User Manual. + + $ bitbake -k core-image-sato + + + BitBake requires Python 2.6 or 2.7. For more information on + this requirement, see the + "Required Git, tar, and Python" + section in the Yocto Project Reference Manual. + + The final command runs the image: + + $ runqemu qemux86 + + + + Depending on the number of processors and cores, the amount + of RAM, the speed of your Internet connection and other + factors, the build process could take several hours the + first time you run it. + Subsequent builds run much faster since parts of the build + are cached. + + + +
+ +
+ Using Pre-Built Binaries and QEMU + + + If hardware, libraries and services are stable, you can get started by using a pre-built binary + of the filesystem image, kernel, and toolchain and run it using the QEMU emulator. + This scenario is useful for developing application software. + + + + + + + + Using a Pre-Built Image + + + + + For this scenario, you need to do several things: + + + + Install the appropriate stand-alone toolchain tarball. + Download the pre-built image that will boot with QEMU. + You need to be sure to get the QEMU image that matches your target machine’s + architecture (e.g. x86, ARM, etc.). + Download the filesystem image for your target machine's architecture. + + Set up the environment to emulate the hardware and then start the QEMU emulator. + + + +
+ Installing the Toolchain + + + You can download a tarball installer, which includes the + pre-built toolchain, the runqemu + script, and support files from the appropriate directory under + . + Toolchains are available for 32-bit and 64-bit x86 development + systems from the i686 and + x86_64 directories, respectively. + The toolchains the Yocto Project provides are based off the + core-image-sato image and contain + libraries appropriate for developing against that image. + Each type of development system supports five or more target + architectures. + + + + The names of the tarball installer scripts are such that a + string representing the host system appears first in the + filename and then is immediately followed by a string + representing the target architecture. + + + + poky-eglibc-<host_system>-<image_type>-<arch>-toolchain-<release_version>.sh + + Where: + <host_system> is a string representing your development system: + + i686 or x86_64. + + <image_type> is a string representing the image you wish to + develop a Software Development Toolkit (SDK) for use against. + The Yocto Project builds toolchain installers using the + following BitBake command: + + bitbake core-image-sato -c populate_sdk + + <arch> is a string representing the tuned target architecture: + + i586, x86_64, powerpc, mips, armv7a or armv5te + + <release_version> is a string representing the release number of the + Yocto Project: + + &DISTRO;, &DISTRO;+snapshot + + + + For example, the following toolchain installer is for a 64-bit + development host system and a i586-tuned target architecture + based off the SDK for core-image-sato: + + poky-eglibc-x86_64-core-image-sato-i586-toolchain-&DISTRO;.sh + + + + + Toolchains are self-contained and by default are installed into + /opt/poky. + However, when you run the toolchain installer, you can choose an + installation directory. + + + + The following command shows how to run the installer given a toolchain tarball + for a 64-bit x86 development host system and a 32-bit x86 target architecture. + You must change the permissions on the toolchain + installer script so that it is executable. + + + + The example assumes the toolchain installer is located in ~/Downloads/. + + If you do not have write permissions for the directory into which you are installing + the toolchain, the toolchain installer notifies you and exits. + Be sure you have write permissions in the directory and run the installer again. + + + + + + $ ~/Downloads/poky-eglibc-x86_64-core-image-sato-i586-toolchain-&DISTRO;.sh + + + + + For more information on how to install tarballs, see the + "Using a Cross-Toolchain Tarball" and + "Using BitBake and the Build Directory" sections in the Yocto Project Application Developer's Guide. + +
+ +
+ Downloading the Pre-Built Linux Kernel + + + You can download the pre-built Linux kernel suitable for running in the QEMU emulator from + . + Be sure to use the kernel that matches the architecture you want to simulate. + Download areas exist for the five supported machine architectures: + qemuarm, qemumips, qemuppc, + qemux86, and qemux86-64. + + + + Most kernel files have one of the following forms: + + *zImage-qemu<arch>.bin + vmlinux-qemu<arch>.bin + + Where: + <arch> is a string representing the target architecture: + x86, x86-64, ppc, mips, or arm. + + + + + You can learn more about downloading a Yocto Project kernel in the + "Yocto Project Kernel" + bulleted item in the Yocto Project Development Manual. + +
+ +
+ Downloading the Filesystem + + + You can also download the filesystem image suitable for your target architecture from + . + Again, be sure to use the filesystem that matches the architecture you want + to simulate. + + + + The filesystem image has two tarball forms: ext3 and + tar. + You must use the ext3 form when booting an image using the + QEMU emulator. + The tar form can be flattened out in your host development system + and used for build purposes with the Yocto Project. + + core-image-<profile>-qemu<arch>.ext3 + core-image-<profile>-qemu<arch>.tar.bz2 + + Where: + <profile> is the filesystem image's profile: + lsb, lsb-dev, lsb-sdk, lsb-qt3, minimal, minimal-dev, sato, + sato-dev, or sato-sdk. For information on these types of image + profiles, see the "Images" chapter in the Yocto Project + Reference Manual. + + <arch> is a string representing the target architecture: + x86, x86-64, ppc, mips, or arm. + + +
+ +
+ Setting Up the Environment and Starting the QEMU Emulator + + + Before you start the QEMU emulator, you need to set up the emulation environment. + The following command form sets up the emulation environment. + + $ source &YOCTO_ADTPATH_DIR;/environment-setup-<arch>-poky-linux-<if> + + Where: + <arch> is a string representing the target architecture: + i586, x86_64, ppc603e, mips, or armv5te. + + <if> is a string representing an embedded application binary interface. + Not all setup scripts include this string. + + + + + Finally, this command form invokes the QEMU emulator + + $ runqemu <qemuarch> <kernel-image> <filesystem-image> + + Where: + <qemuarch> is a string representing the target architecture: qemux86, qemux86-64, + qemuppc, qemumips, or qemuarm. + + <kernel-image> is the architecture-specific kernel image. + + <filesystem-image> is the .ext3 filesystem image. + + + + + + Continuing with the example, the following two commands setup the emulation + environment and launch QEMU. + This example assumes the root filesystem (.ext3 file) and + the pre-built kernel image file both reside in your home directory. + The kernel and filesystem are for a 32-bit target architecture. + + $ cd $HOME + $ source &YOCTO_ADTPATH_DIR;/environment-setup-i586-poky-linux + $ runqemu qemux86 bzImage-qemux86.bin \ + core-image-sato-qemux86.ext3 + + + + + The environment in which QEMU launches varies depending on the filesystem image and on the + target architecture. + For example, if you source the environment for the ARM target + architecture and then boot the minimal QEMU image, the emulator comes up in a new + shell in command-line mode. + However, if you boot the SDK image, QEMU comes up with a GUI. + Booting the PPC image results in QEMU launching in the same shell in + command-line mode. + +
+
+
+ +
+ Super User + + + + This section + + + Kudos and thanks to Robert P. J. Day of + CrashCourse for providing the basis + for this "expert" section with information from one of his + wiki + pages. + + + gives you a minimal description of how to use the Yocto Project to build + images for Beaglebone hardware starting from scratch. + The steps were performed on a 64-bit Ubuntu 12.04 system that + has four cores. + + +
+ Getting the Yocto Project + + + Set up your + Source Directory + by using Git to clone the poky + repository and then check out the release branch: + + $ cd ~ + $ git clone git://git.yoctoproject.org/poky + $ cd poky + $ git checkout -b &DISTRO_NAME; origin/&DISTRO_NAME; + + +
+ +
+ Setting Up Your Host + + + You need some packages for everything to work. + Rather than duplicate them here, look at the + "The Packages" + section earlier in this quick start. + +
+ +
+ Initializing the Build Environment + + + From the root directory of your + Source Directory, + initialize your environment and provide a meaningful + Build Directory + name: + + $ source &OE_INIT_FILE; mybuilds + + At this point, the mybuilds directory has + been created for you and it is now your current working directory. + If you do not provide your own directory name, + it defaults to build, + which is inside the Source Directory. + +
+ +
+ Configuring the local.conf File + + + Initializing the build environment creates a + conf/local.conf configuration file + in the Build Directory. + You need to manually edit this file to specify the machine you + are building and to optimize your build time. + Here are the minimal changes to make: + + BB_NUMBER_THREADS = "8" + PARALLEL_MAKE = "-j 8" + MACHINE ?= "beaglebone" + + Briefly, set + BB_NUMBER_THREADS + and + PARALLEL_MAKE to + twice your host processor's number of cores. + + + + A good deal that goes into a Yocto Project build is simply + downloading all of the source tarballs. + Maybe you have been working with another build system + (OpenEmbedded or Angstrom) for which you have built up a sizable + directory of source tarballs. + Or, perhaps someone else has such a directory for which you have + read access. + If so, you can save time by adding statements to your + configuration file so that the build process checks local + directories first for existing tarballs before checking the + Internet. + Here is an efficient way to set it up in your + local.conf file: + + SOURCE_MIRROR_URL ?= "file:///home/you/your-download-dir/" + INHERIT += "own-mirrors" + BB_GENERATE_MIRROR_TARBALLS = "1" + # BB_NO_NETWORK = "1" + + + + + In the previous example, the + BB_GENERATE_MIRROR_TARBALLS + variable causes the OpenEmbedded build system to generate tarballs + of the Git repositories and store them in the + DL_DIR + directory. + Due to performance reasons, generating and storing these tarballs + is not the build system's default behavior. + + + + You can also use the + PREMIRRORS + variable. + For an example, see the variable's glossary entry in the + Yocto Project Reference Manual. + +
+ +
+ Building the Image + + + At this point, you need to select an image to build for the + Beaglebone hardware. + If this is your first build using the Yocto Project, you should try + the smallest and simplest image: + + $ bitbake core-image-minimal + + Now you just wait for the build to finish. + + + + Here are some variations on the build process that could be helpful: + + Fetch all the necessary sources without starting + the build: + + $ bitbake -c fetchall core-image-minimal + + This variation guarantees that you have all the sources for + that BitBake target should you disconnect from the net and + want to do the build later offline. + Specify to continue the build even if BitBake + encounters an error. + By default, BitBake aborts the build when it encounters an + error. + This command keeps a faulty build going: + + $ bitbake -k core-image-minimal + + + + + + Once you have your image, you can take steps to load and boot it on + the target hardware. + + + + You can learn about BitBake in general by reading the + BitBake User Manual. + +
+
+ + + diff --git a/presentations/automotive-linux-summit-2012/automotive.pin b/presentations/automotive-linux-summit-2012/automotive.pin new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c5292fb --- /dev/null +++ b/presentations/automotive-linux-summit-2012/automotive.pin @@ -0,0 +1,369 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env pinpoint + +[fill] +[bottom] +[font=ITC Kabel Semi-Bold 60px] +[transition=fade] +-- [yocto.jpg] [duration=15.152699] + +# Ross Burton, Userspace Architect for Yocto +# Open Source Technology Centre at Intel +# This session is a high level introduction to the Yocto Project + +-- [cars2.jpg] [duration=18.412748] +What is the Yocto Project? +# Appears to be confusion in the automotive community about the Yocto Project. +# What is is, what it can offer and so on. +# We were invited by the LF to come here and clarify what Yocto is. +# So, the Yocto Project is... + +-- [umbrella.jpg] [duration=13.583521] +Umbrella project +# An umbrella project. +# You don't download or install the Yocto Project itself +# Just like you don't install the Apache Foundation + +-- [tools.jpg] [duration=27.991919] +Build environment +and development tools +# An embedded build environment and development tools +# Specifically, a build system (bitbake), package metadata (oe-core), +# Eclipse plugin, Application Development Toolkit (deployable toolchain) + +-- [cpus.jpg] [text-align=center] [center] [duration=49.765675] +x86 • ARM +MIPS • PowerPC +# We support all of the big architectures. +# oe-core builds for qemu machines for all of these architectures +# Ensures that the core builds for everything +# Optional BSPs for specific platform support +# Everything is cross compiled, so no "but it worked for x86" problems + +-- [people.jpg] [duration=22.377592] +Collaboration space +# Finally YP is a collaboration space, providing a forum +# for users to share their problems and solutions +# Public mailing lists and weekly phone conference +# PAUSE + +-- [minifigs.jpg] [center] [duration=18.553514] +So many choices… +# When picking a platform what's the difference between yocto and +# android, linaro, tizen, buildroot, baserock, or hacking your +# favourite desktop distribution... + +-- [engineer.jpg] [duration=56.184429] +…why pick the Yocto Project? +# YP is Linux for embedded, from a small ARM board to mission critical +# xeon clusters +# Builds a custom distro suited to your needs +# Easy to add, remove, or change components +# Open development process, no code drops or license complications + +-- [cables.jpg] [duration=40.872715] +Some are easy to hack on, +but you’ll regret it later +# Especially if your target is x86, it's easy to start with a +# desktop distribution and chop pieces out +# Building new pieces and rebuilding the pieces that need changes +# But when you need to change hardware, or rebuild with different compiler flags +# It's not that easy any more + +-- [road.jpg] [top] [duration=47.108444] +Designed for the long term +# Yocto is designed for long term use +# Six monthly release cycle but maintained release branches +# Commercial support from OSVs +# Tools to help do the mundane distribution building +# - Generate package repos and disk images +# - Static release archives for license compliance + +-- [tumble.jpg] [top] [duration=45.338825] +Won’t fall apart in time +# Yocto won't surprise you late in product development +# Reproducable builds for the entire system +# Clear process for updates - easy to make the changes +# and publish a new image or repo +# GPL compliant - trivial to public source *and* build instructions + +-- [group.jpg] [duration=9.779828] +Who is in the Yocto Project? +# Not a complete list + +-- [chip.jpg] [duration=15.615728] +Hardware manufacturers +# i.e. Intel, Texas Instruments, Freescale + +-- [tins.jpg] [duration=26.482639] +Embedded OSVs +# i.e. Wind River, MontaVista, Enea Software, Mentor Graphics +# Commercial supported linux from these vendors + +-- [cat.jpg] [duration=31.311359] +Consultants and individuals +# Consultants, small and large +# individuals "scratching an itch" for their own projects + +-- [owl.jpg] [top] [duration=60.471573] +Advisory Board +# finally should mention the advisory board. +# Yocto is a project at the Linux Foundation, not owned by any +# particular company +# The advisory board is comprised of reps from member companies +# working on Yocto +# The boards first action was to name itself "advisory board" rather +# than "steering group" to reflect that it offers advice and input and +# doesn't control the project technical direction entirely in the +# hands of the architects and maintainers + +-- [xwing.jpg] [duration=10.061844] +How does it work? +# Enough about what the Yocto Project can do +# How does it work? + +-- [cake.jpg] [duration=36.383984] +It’s all about the layers +# A YP distribution is assembled from a number of layers +# Layers are modular and you can combine layers from different sources +# An example + +-- [blueprint.jpg] [text-align=center] [duration=19.801914] +Bitbake +# Build system + +-- [blueprint.jpg] [text-align=center] [transition=none] [duration=42.480724] +oe-core +Bitbake +# core metadata +# toolchain, kernel, eglibc, cairo, gstreamer, Xorg, Wayland (soon), gtk/qt + +-- [blueprint.jpg] [text-align=center] [transition=none] [duration=27.569431] +meta-intel +oe-core +Bitbake +# unless you happy with a qemu emulated machine you'll need a bsp +# Intel hardware BSP, such as cedar trail (atom, netbook/industrial), fish river +# island 2 (atom, digital signage, smart services), jasper forest (xeon, server) + +-- [blueprint.jpg] [text-align=center] [transition=none] [duration=42.118870] +meta-yocto +meta-intel +oe-core +Bitbake +# Distribution policy +# (Poky in meta-yocto for historial reasons) + +-- [corridor.jpg] [duration=15.193717] +Let’s build something! +# Enough talk, let's pretend to build something. + +-- [corridor.jpg] [center] [duration=58.901318] +$ wget http://downloads.yoctoproject.org/… + /poky-denzil-7.0.tar.bz2 +$ tar xjf poky-denzil-7.0.tar.bz2 +$ cd poky-denzil-7.0 +# One of the downloads from the Yocto Project is Poky, a reference +# distribution. This is basically Bitbake, oe-core, and meta-yocto +# glued together for convenience Grabbing and extracting the tarball +# of the 7.0 "denzil" release is as you'd expect + +-- [corridor.jpg] [center] [duration=44.895329] + $ ./oe-init-build-env + ### Shell environment set up for builds. + ### You can now run 'bitbake <target>‘ + Common targets are: + core-image-minimal + core-image-sato + … + $ emacs conf/local.conf +# First you need to source a shell script to setup the environment. +# Now lets have a quick look at the configuration file + +-- [corridor.jpg] [center] [duration=64.857567] + # BB_NUMBER_THREADS = "4" + # PARALLEL_MAKE = "-j 4" + + MACHINE ??= "qemux86" + … + #MACHINE ?= "qemuarm" + #MACHINE ?= "qemumips" + #MACHINE ?= "atom-pc" + #MACHINE ?= "beagleboard" +# Just a small fragment of the options available. Defaults are all +# reasonable and it will successfully build out of the box. +# For a faster build, change the parallel options. My build machine is +# a quad core with hyperthreading, so I set both of those to 8 to keep +# it busy +# Default target is x86 on qemu. This is trivially changed by simply +# changing the MACHINE variable. +# Other options include where to keep downloaded tarballs; location of +# any mirrors; features to enable such as multiarch, installing the +# toolchain in the image for development, what package format to use, +# and more. + +-- [corridor.jpg] [center] [duration=38.235931] + $ bitbake core-image-minimal +# Then, you can run bitbake with the name of the target you want +# Targets can be anything - images, packages, or operations. +# Let's build core-image-minimal, a small system that boots to a +# console good start to build up from if you're making a +# single-purpose system + +-- [corridor.jpg] [center] [duration=61.638290] +Currently 7 running tasks (5452 of 9438): +0: webkit-gtk-1.8.2-r1 do_compile (pid 27137) +1: qt4-embedded-4.8.1-r48.1 do_compile (pid 27129) +2: qt4-x11-free-4.8.1-r46.1 do_compile (pid 27096) +3: systemtap-1.8+git1…-r0 do_compile (pid 27130) +4: gmp-5.0.5-r0 do_package_write_rpm (pid 27131) +5: libglade-2.6.4-r4 do_package_write_rpm (pid 27134) +6: nfs-utils-1.2.3-r5 do_unpack (pid 27187) +# While bitbake is running you'll see a report of what it's doing, +# something like this. This isn't actually the output from +# core-image-minimal but a colleague's world build that happened to be +# running when I was writing the slides. Poor guy is in for a long +# wait, webkit and two qt builds. + +-- [corridor.jpg] [center] [duration=33.001926] +$ ls tmp/deploy/images/ +… +core-image-minimal-atom-pc-20120918205848.hddimg +core-image-minimal-atom-pc-20120918205848.iso +core-image-minimal-atom-pc-20120918205848.rootfs.cpio.gz +core-image-minimal-atom-pc-20120918205848.rootfs.ext3 + +# When it finishes building the results are in the deploy directory +# Here we can see the constructed root file system as a cpio archive, +# a bare filesystem, a bootable ISO image, and a disk image. +# Generally I'd be writing the disk image to a fast USB stick with dd +# and booting from that for testing. +# The build output is configurable per build and per machine. This +# build was for a fairly standard Intel system so the final output is +# typically bootable on those. Build for a say beagleboard and you'll +# get kernel, bootloader and rootfs tarballs to write a SD card. +# alongside the images directory there is the package repository that +# was used to construct the root fs. This can be shared on the network +# and used as a normal repository, ie install some development or +# debug symbol packages to fix a bug. + +-- [hob.jpg] [duration=47.693535] +Hob +# Hob is a graphical interface to bitbake +# demo gremlins have decided to break hob on this laptop - works on my build machine +# 1st iteration, gtk+ application to configure an image and monitor the build +# 2nd iteration, web-based. currently under development. + +-- [question.jpg] [duration=17.024797] +Now what? +# So that's how to build an image, but what could we do with it? +# Two quick ideas + +-- [dolls.jpg] [top] [duration=42.701355] +Virtualisation +# I expect virtualisation to be common in next-generation automotive +# systems as individual processors become more powerful and logically +# separate systems are ran in virtual machines on fewer physical +# processors. +# Because systems built by Yocto can be trivially tuned to be exactly +# what is required and nothing else they are a good match for +# virtualised systems, both as a minimal host that does simply manages +# the virtual machines, or as a specialized virtual machine itself. + +-- [dash.jpg] [top] [duration=24.712542] +Specialised subsystem +# Cars are complicated beasts these days with many processors performing specialised roles +# Dashboard, engine management, and so on. + +-- [qa.jpg] [duration=10.726003] +Q&A + +-- [yocto.jpg] +Thanks! + +# Credits +# +# cars2.jpg +# http://www.flickr.com/photos/15443451@N00/516336421/ +# Creative Commons 2.0 BY-NC-SA (C) Piyapat Ch. +# +# cables.jpg +# group.jpg +# tumble.jpg +# umbrella.jpg +# (C) David Stewart, All Rights Reserved, Used with Permission. +# +# tools.jpg +# http://www.flickr.com/photos/22749993@N08/5386712834/ +# Creative Commons 2.0 BY (C) Jim Pennucci +# +# cpus.jpg +# http://www.flickr.com/photos/17642817@N00/4553998825/ +# Creative Commons 2.0 BY (C) Jason Rogers +# +# people.jpg +# http://www.flickr.com/photos/29370225@N03/6292167005/ +# Creative Commons 2.0 BY (C) Roberto Trm +# +# minifigs.jpg +# http://www.flickr.com/photos/40646519@N00/305410323/ +# Creative Commons 2.0 BY (C) peter dutton +# +# engineer.jpg +# http://www.flickr.com/photos/39066002@N05/3595313340/ +# Creative Commons 2.0 BY-NC-SA (C) RoberthK +# +# road.jpg +# http://www.flickr.com/photos/81851211@N00/5861614/ +# Creative Commons 2.0 BY-NC-SA (C) Rick Harrison +# +# chip.jpg +# http://www.flickr.com/photos/19616961@N00/41549347/ +# Creative Commons 2.0 BY (C) Rodrigo Senna +# +# tins.jpg +# http://www.flickr.com/photos/75771631@N00/5185871835/ +# Creative Commons 2.0 BY (C) Matthew Hine +# +# cat.jpg +# http://www.flickr.com/photos/9516941@N08/2286083797/ +# Creative Commons 2.0 BY (C) Tristan Bowersox +# +# owl.jpg +# http://www.flickr.com/photos/95962912@N00/161060725/ +# Creative Commons 2.0 BY-NC-SA (C) Nuno Barreto +# +# xwing.jpg +# http://www.flickr.com/photos/55723329@N00/6657150957/ +# Creative Commons 2.0 BY (C) psiaki +# +# cake.jpg +# http://www.flickr.com/photos/megpi/2690878513/ +# Creative Commons 2.0 BY-NC-SA (C) megpi +# +# blueprint.jpg +# http://www.flickr.com/photos/71745913@N00/2576799956/ +# Creative Commons 2.0 BY-NC-SA (C) HD41117 +# +# corridor.jpg +# http://www.flickr.com/photos/71865026@N00/1264424156/ +# Creative Commons 2.0 BY-SA (C) Mark Sebastian +# +# hob.jpg +# http://www.flickr.com/photos/11247388@N00/5436586179/ +# Creative Commons 2.0 BY (C) sunshinecity +# +# question.jpg +# http://www.flickr.com/photos/65555826@N00/1447024668/ +# Creative Commons 2.0 BY (C) wonderferret +# +# dolls.jpg +# http://www.flickr.com/photos/30692297@N07/5454308102/ +# Creative Commons 2.0 BY-NC-SA (C) Adrian S Jones +# +# dash.jpg +# http://www.flickr.com/photos/97856361@N00/167428099/ +# Creative Commons 2.0 BY-NC-SA (C) Albert Lynn +# +# qa.jpg +# http://www.flickr.com/photos/39039882@N00/22778226/ +# Creative Commons 2.0 BY-NC (C) Tantek Çelik diff --git 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-0,0 +1,254 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env pinpoint + +[fill] +[bottom] +[font=ITC Kabel Semi-Bold 80px] +[transition=fade] +-- [yocto.jpg] + +# Ross Burton, a senior engineer on the Yocto Project +# +# Been working on Yocto for nearly a year, but also worked on the precursor to Yocto, Poky, before working on moblin, meego and tizen. + +-- [black] [text-align=center] [center] +Why you should use +the Yocto Project +(instead of a desktop Linux) +for your product +#I'm talking about why you should use the Yocto Project (instead of a desktop Linux) for your pproduct +# +#They say when you can't summarise your talk in three words, why not use thirty, so I added a subtitle + +-- [bomb.jpg] [text-align=center] +or, +How I Learned To Stop Worrying +And Love Building Distros +#How I learned to stop worrying and love building distros. +# +#Because every conference should have a Dr Strangelove reference. +# +#Although this is less funny now that BAE systems have just appeared on the support mailing list. + +-- [yocto.jpg] +“It's not an embedded Linux distribution +— it creates a custom one for you” +#What is the Yocto Project? +# +#YP is not a Linux distribution in the traditional sense, it helps you build a tailored Linux distribution for your embedded Linux product +# +#But what do we mean by embedded? Embedded means different things to different people. + +-- [apple.jpg] +Not a “PC” +#Basically, "not general purpose desktop computing". +# +#There are many examples where the YP is a good fit + +-- [tv.jpg] +Home Media +#Home media: Televisions, digital video recorders, set-top boxes, wireless speakers, internet radios. +# +#Our set-top box division is rebasing their SDK to YP right now, after maintaining their own linux distro. + +-- [advert.jpg] +Digital Signage +#Digital signage, such as the schedule displays you can see in the hallway, airport departure panels, so on. +# +#I certainy hope that next year instead of mac minis we're using minnow boards. + +-- [data.jpg] [text-align=center] +Telecoms +Data Centre +#Telecoms and data centres, where you'll have clusters of xeons running core networking, or other specialised applications +# +#These are basically incredible powerful appliances, not general purpose machines. they need every bit of power squeezed out of their hardware, and generalising, even with an enterprise distro, may not be enough. + +-- [xeon-phi.jpg] +Intel® Xeon Phi™ +(ding dong ding dong!) +#Xeon Phi, aka MIC or Knights Corner. +# +#Can't get much more embedded than a PCI Express board with 64 x86 cores on. These are for massive number crunching, and each runs a Linux platform built by the Yocto Project. +# +#The processor was once upon a time a Pentium but is substantially extended, and the system is totally unlike anything else, so they needed a Linux system that could be massively customised to fit their needs. + +-- [labquest.jpg] +Misc and Other +#The fun thing about YP is you can't predict where people use it. +# +#This is the Vernier LabQuest, a flexible science probe for education. +# +#webOS, the platform on the palm phone and tablets, is built using YP. +# +#If you update the firmware in your Intel SSD, that tool is built with Yocto +# +#Concordia, our software defined radio platform, runs on YP. +# +#PAUSE. +# +#Now we know what sort of products the YP is aimed at, why should you use it? + +-- [minifigs.jpg] [center] +So many choices! +#When picking a platform what's the difference between Yocto and Android, Linaro, Tizen, Buildroot, Baserock, or hacking your favourite desktop distribution such as Fedora or Debian, especially as some have embedded versions such as emdebian. + +-- [cables.jpg] +Easy to hack on at first, +but you’ll regret it later +#When your processor is x86, it's easy to prototype with a desktop distribution and chop pieces off +# +#Building new packages and rebuilding the pieces that need changes +# +#By the time the prototype is working well, you've invested enough effort that starting again to remove the hacks is off-putting. +# +#But you may end up with a fragile system, or the need to do something invasive such as rebuild the entire product with new compiler flags, it's not that easy any more + +-- [road.jpg] [top] +Designed to go +the distance +#Yocto is proven technology and designed for long term use +# +#The build tool and package metadata (BitBake and OpenEmbedded) have been around for ten years with major deployments +# +#Builds on standard hardware (use your laptop to try it out) without any special requirements (eg no VM or root permission), just disk space and a compiler to bootstrap. +# +#Commercial support from major OSVs and specialized consultancies +# +#Finally no restrictions in it's use, the build system is GPL/MIT, no terms to agree to. +# +#Speaking of licensing + +-- [license.jpg] [center] + +Licensing Hell +#It's easy to accidently break OSS licensing terms, so YP tries to help. +# +#Around $100k per violation +# +#All recipes need a license statement, and checksums to validate. if a new upstream release changes their license statements and you didn't notice, the build errors and the maintainer must verify the license situation. +# +#"No GPLv3" button when building that can will disable v3 features or whole packages if the v3 bothers you. +# +# Generate release archives for license compliance, full source and patches. Easy to split open/closed components and publish the "build instructions" (your build metadata) for true GPL compliance. + +-- [train.jpg] [top] + +Won’t fall apart over time +#Yocto won't surprise you late in product development +# +#Reproducable builds for the entire system. minimal host dependencies and ability to blow away build tree results in same image. +# +#Six monthly release cycle with maintained release branches (about to release the first point release of 1.3, and 1.2 is still getting fixes in its branch) +# +#Open planning process for future releases, no development in private repos or not-quite open source model. + +-- [bike.jpg] +Exactly how you want it + +#Numerous functional layers, with more packages (network daemons, multimedia support, selinux). these are all optional, you start from a minimal system and build up instead of from a large system and removing pieces. +# +#Entirely override existing packaging in your own layers, or just tweak behavior by appending packaging fragments. +# +#Generate a machine configuration for your exact target, so you can compile everything with optimal compiler flags, tuned libraries (jpeg, zlib, etc), specific kernel. +# +#meta-intel has BSPs for key Intel platforms with targetted hardware support, such as NUC, FRI2, Xeon and IVB/SNB platforms. + +-- [engineer.jpg] + +Developer friendly + +# YP is developer friendly +# +# Generate standalone toolchain with headers and libraries so app developers don't actually need to build the whole distro. +# +# Development images with compilers/headers, debug images with full symbols and source +# +# Eclipse based SDK for anyone who has an irrational fear of emacs and xterm. +# +# Bogdan just spoke about hob, the graphical interface to bitbake. also starting work on webhob +# +# Documentation is never finished but we've a paid documentation writer +# +# Our autobuild setup is open source and documented, so anyone else can do the same. +# +# Fast to build. Highly parallel builds. my consumer i7 does a build in under an hour, pre-built objects can be shared on the network. + +-- [clay.jpg] +Malleable + +#YP is incredibly flexible. +# +#Easily swap or change components, such as systemd for sysvinit, uclibc for eglibc, use Wayland, X11 or DirectFB. +# +#choice of packaging system, and no need to keep it on the image. +# +#Easily shrinks down to a fastboot few meg filesystem for tiny single-application systems, but can also build a full desktop environment. + +-- [qa.jpg] +Q&A + +-- [yocto.jpg] +Thanks! + +# Credits +# +# bomb.png +# Public Domain, apparently. Fair use, if not, right? +# http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dr._Strangelove_-_Riding_the_Bomb.png +# +# apple.jpg +# Creative Commons 2.0 BY (C) Steve Jurvetson +# http://www.flickr.com/photos/44124348109@N01/7515248418/ +# +# tv.jpg +# Creative Commons 2.0 BY (C) Sarah Reid +# http://www.flickr.com/photos/sarahreido/3245498261/ +# +# advert.jpg +# Creative Commons 2.0 BY-NC-SA (C) Justin Brown +# http://www.flickr.com/photos/40708728@N04/8496770124/ +# +# data.jpg +# Creative Commons 2.0 BY-SA (C) Leonardo Rizzi +# http://www.flickr.com/photos/29479498@N05/4381851322/ +# +# xeon-phi.jpg +# (C) Intel, press material +# +# labquest.jpg +# www.venier.com, press material +# +# minifigs.jpg +# Creative Commons 2.0 BY (C) peter dutton +# http://www.flickr.com/photos/40646519@N00/305410323/ +# +# cables.jpg +# (C) David Stewart, All Rights Reserved, Used with Permission. +# +# road.jpg +# Creative Commons 2.0 BY-NC-SA (C) Rick Harrison +# http://www.flickr.com/photos/81851211@N00/5861614/ +# +# license.jpg +# Creative Commons 2.0 BY-NC (C) Daniel Hoherd +# http://www.flickr.com/photos/warzauwynn/2553621029/ +# +# train.jpg +# Creative Commons 2.0 BY-NC (C) Ian Britton +# http://www.flickr.com/photos/freefoto/8488902378/ +# +# bike.jpg +# Creative Commons 2.0 BY (C) Gerry Lauzon +# http://www.flickr.com/photos/26745132@N00/1677527193/ +# +# engineer.jpg +# Creative Commons 2.0 BY-NC-SA (C) RoberthK +# http://www.flickr.com/photos/39066002@N05/3595313340/ +# +# clay.jpg +# Creative Commons 2.0 BY-NC (C) Toby Thain +# http://www.flickr.com/photos/qu1j0t3/47174053/ +# +# qa.jpg +# Creative Commons 2.0 BY-NC (C) Tantek Çelik +# http://www.flickr.com/photos/39039882@N00/22778226/ -- cgit v1.2.3-54-g00ecf