nodejs: Fix build with libc++ 19

As noted in the libc++ 19 release notes [1], std::char_traits<> is now
only provided for char, char8_t, char16_t, char32_t and wchar_t, and any
instantiation for other types will fail.

This causes nodejs-20 to fail to compile with clang 19 and libc++ 19,
resulting in errors similar to:

    /usr/include/c++/v1/string:820:42: error: implicit instantiation of undefined template 'std::char_traits<unsigned short>'
      820 |   static_assert(is_same<_CharT, typename traits_type::char_type>::value,
          |                                          ^
    ../deps/v8/src/inspector/string-16.h:114:28: note: in instantiation of template class 'std::basic_string<unsigned short>' requested here
      114 |   std::basic_string<UChar> m_impl;
          |                            ^
    /usr/include/c++/v1/__fwd/string.h:23:29: note: template is declared here
       23 | struct _LIBCPP_TEMPLATE_VIS char_traits;
          |                             ^

Upstream v8 has fixed this in commit 182d9c05e78 [2], so add it as a
backported patch, until the next version of node is released.

[1] https://libcxx.llvm.org/ReleaseNotes/19.html#deprecations-and-removals
[2] https://chromium.googlesource.com/v8/v8.git/+/182d9c05e78

Signed-off-by: Khem Raj <raj.khem@gmail.com>

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